Integration and use of ict in counties3
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This document summarizes a study on the integration and use of information and communication technology (ICT) in county government management in Kenya, specifically focusing on Machakos County Government. The study examines how ICT infrastructure, staff capacity and training, management support, and government policies influence the adoption and use of ICT. It reviews literature on factors impacting ICT integration in developing countries. The conceptual framework proposes relationships between the independent variables of infrastructure, staff skills, management support, and policies, and the dependent variable of ICT integration and use. The methodology chapter will describe how data was collected, analyzed, and reported on to investigate these relationships.
Integration and use of ict in counties3
- 1. Integration and Use of ICT in Management of Counties in Kenya Author:Shadrack Kitolo Kioko Publisher:Lambert Academic Publishing Copyright ©Shadrack kioko 2018
- 2. ABSTRACT • ICT Has been recognized as the Engine of growth and source of Energy for the social and Economic empowerment • ICT can prove to be the effective shortcut to higher levels of good Governance • Integrationof ICT can make significance contributionto the achievement of Good Governance in County Governments
- 3. STUDY AREAS • Infrastructure • Staff Capacity and Competence • ManagementSupport • Government Policies and procedures
- 4. DEFINATIONS • Insfrastructure:PhysicalComponents • Hardware • Softwares • Media • NetworkingComponents • Telephones • Mobile phones • Internet
- 5. Staff Capacity and Competency • Relevant Training • Development of Skills • ICT uptake
- 6. Skills and Capacity • Knowledge • Level of Training • Experience • Relevant skills to job description
- 7. Management Support • Resources • Facilitation • Training • Capacity Building • Motivation and encouragement
- 8. Government Support • ICT National policy • Broadcasting • Telecommunications • Postal Services
- 9. CHAPTER ONE • Introductionto ICT-Both local and Global • Expectation • Objectives • Research questions • Significanceof the study • Limitations • Solutions
- 10. BACKGROUND • ICT as the Benchmark of 20th Century and beginning of 21st Century • Disseminationof ICT tools • The ICT gap between those who have and have nots • How ICT can be a powerful tool for the development • Citizen Participation
- 11. ICT • ICT as a Economic enabler • Improvement of Gross Domestic Product • Improves Marketing Services and products • Good Governance • InternationalEconomic integration • Improve living standards • Improve biodiversity • General Management of resources
- 12. The Network Society • Enhancedgrowth and development • Improvement of social indicators • New development opportunities • Strengthening of Democracies • Improve the life of the poor • Improve the religion
- 13. INTEGRATION • Link to local good Governance • Creation of Job Incentives • Expansionof Educational services • Distancelearning • Cultural activities • Judicial Services and control of justice • Public safety • Engagementof social groups • Monitoring of public projects • Rendering of essential services • Social security • Energy • Health • Local Languages • Hunger • Disease
- 14. IMPACTS • Improve Governance • Improve Efficiency • Improve transparency • Improve Revenue Collection • Improve Services • Improve Communication • Monitoring of Projects • Legislative activities • Delivery of services to the public
- 15. INTEGRATION • Generates democratizations • Creates mechanisms and policies for learning • Sharing of solutions • Connecting Some Government Ministries eg.IFMIS
- 16. INTEGRATION V/S VISION 2030 • E-government strategy • Vision 2030 identifies ICT as the core driver • Middle income country by year 2030 through ICT for growth and development • Access to ICTs Based services to increase productivity • Access to internet
- 17. ICT Uptake • ICT uptake in the counties very low • Poor infrastructure • InadequateHardware • No suitable Software • Lack of Internet related infrastructure • ICT skills and capacity and Training • Integrationinto existing manual system
- 18. Factors that Impede ICT Integration • Relationshipbetween ICT Infrastructure • Relationshipof Staff skills and Capacity • Relationshipof Management Support • Relationshipof Government policies and practices
- 19. SIGNIFICANCE • Areas of Concern • Give suggestions • Clear Road Map for Development • Deployment of ICT applications • Managementefficiency
- 20. POLICY MAKERS • Formulate a ICT strategy • Enlightenstakeholders • Objectives of National ICT policy of 2006 • Enrich the existing knowledge • Researchers and Academicians
- 21. SCOPE • Machakos County Government • The following Ministries; 1. Administration-Governors Office 2. Land 3. Water 4. Roads 5. Culture 6. Education 7. Agriculture 8. Trade 9. Finance 10. Health
- 22. LITERATURE REVIEW • Empirical literature Review • Gaps • Conceptualframework • Relationshipbetween the independent and the dependent variables
- 23. THEORETICAL REVIEW • Rodger’s Theory of Diffusion of Innovation • Technology Acceptance Model • Resource Based View theory Main theory is underpinnedon Rodger's Theory of Diffusion of Innovation.
- 24. RODGER’S THEORY OF DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION • This theory was developed in 1962 • This theory explains how over time, an idea or product gains momentum and diffuses through a specific population • People as part of the system adopt a new idea, behavior etc • Becomes a new innovation
- 25. RODGERS THEORY • It is the most appropriatein understanding the adoptionof a given technology • This theory enables the investigation of Integrationof ICT by the County Governments • This theory was used in my book to explain embracing of and resistance to integration of ICT in the County Governments
- 26. RODGERS THEORY Four Elements of Diffusion of Innovation 1. Innovation 2. Communicationchannels 3. Time 4. Social System
- 27. EMPRICAL REVIEW • This section looks at previous studies done which are relevant to the objectives of this book • The empirical literature was based on integrationand use, Management and leadership in a Public sector(County Government of Machakos)
- 28. ICT Infrastructure and Integration and Use of ICT • Infrastructureis the physical hardware used to connect computer and users; • Media-Telephone,satellites,repeaters,software • Infrastructureis everything that supports the flow and processing of information • It is the essential foundationfor the informationsociety
- 29. CHALLENGES • Kenya lacks adequate connectivity facilities and network infrastructure • High levels of Poverty • Limited rural electrification-Last mile • Frequentelectricity disruptions • Limited national penetration of physical telecommunication infrastructure in rural areas • Limited access to dedicated telecommunication lines • Fibre optic connectivity • High cost is also a barrier • High cost of Installation
- 30. STAFF CAPACITY & COMPETENCE AND INTEGRATION AND USE OF ICT • Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related Technology. • Also refers to Comfort levels someone has using a computer programs and applications • The basic understanding knowledge • Understanding infrastructure that underpins much of today's ICT’s life • Basic ICT skills • Competency of delivering public services, Education and training
- 31. Continued.. • E-governmentprogram are being implemented in an environment where there is no comprehensive public access to ICT education • Lack of preparednessfor utilizing Government resources • Digital divide-rural and urban • Rural electrification has not reached all schools • Weak human resource management • Management capacity(IFMIS) • Poor Organizational structures, complex change objects and High level of technical management capacity required
- 32. MANAGEMENTSUPPORT ,INTEGRATION AND USE OF ICT • Top management is key in adoption and diffusion of IT innovation • It plays a crucial role in initiation adoption process • It has great power to influence other members behavior in any organization • Strategic vision top management can encourage ICT assimilation. • Necessary resources can allocated through their advise
- 33. Management Support Continued… Managementhas influence on development of E-government in the following fields; 1. Strategy-setting objects, setting structures 2. Incentives 3. Capacity building and Human Resources Management(agingworkforce)
- 34. Continued… • Departmental Silos • Technical and non technical barriers • Managementskills to enable have e-projects • Principles of management control through planningand regulations operations
- 35. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES AND USE OF ICT • Use of ICT for Government Reinvention • Limited Computer application for public sector • Inadequate infrastructure and shortage of skilled manpower • Lack of financial resources • Lack of Coordination • Lack of Institutionalization • Solid guidelines in ICT departments • Fragmentation initiatives in Government agencies • Enforcement mechanisms • Low ICT uptake in government Departments • Liberization of Government policies in regard to traffic etc
- 36. RESEARCH GAPS • Previous Studies in this area indicate that it is an area worthy of doing research • ICT integration continues to be a challenge in many county Governments in Kenya • ICT integration is yet to reach its full potential and its utilization is limited. • Literaturereview highlighted several factors that affect ICT integration • No study on ICT integration in the County Government of Machakos • The book(study) will sought to add to the ICT integration area of knowledge
- 37. RELATED RESEARCH • Magutu and lelei 2010 conducted studies with bias on national Government-State corporations • ICT integration persist in county governments which lead to poor service delivery • The study sought to fill these gaps • Factors that affect integration and use of ICT in the Management of county governments
- 38. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK • Concept is an abstract or general idea derived from specific instances. • A conceptual framework is a set of broad ideas and principles taken from relevant fields of enquiry and used to structure a subsequent presentation. • The dependent variable is ‘Integration and use of ICT’ • Its indicators include, cost reduction, quality of service, improve access to information, transparency and improved decision making • The Independent variable are Infrastructure,staff capacity, Management support and Government policy and procedures.
- 39. Integrationanduse of ICT Cost reduction Quality of service delivery Access to information Transparency Decision making Staff capacity/competence Relevant Training Developingskills andcompetence Changes in job behavior ICT uptake Staff experience ICTinfrastructure presence ofrelevant ICT Hardware-Servers,computers,printers,Scanners and internet Condition ofICT infrastructure Relevance to jobdescription Complexityof ICT infrastructure Use of ICT Infrastructure Management support Resourcefacilitation Trainingand capacity building Motivationandencouragement Response to queries Maintenance of ICT facilities Government policiesand procedures Existence Ease of use Relevance Usage Adequacy
- 40. Research hypotheses • The following were the hypotheses; • H1: There is a significant relationship between ICT infrastructure and the integration and use of information and communication technology in the managementof Machakos county government. • H2: There is a significant relationship between Staff skills and capacity and the integration and use of information and communication technology in the managementof Machakos county government. • H3: There is a significant relationship between Management support and the integration and use of information and communication technology in the managementof Machakos county government. • H4: There is a significant relationship between Government policies and practices and the integration and use of information and communication technology in the managementof Machakos county government.
- 41. Operationalization of the variables Example of Infrastructure • VARIABLE-ICT Infrastructure • MEASUREMENT(LIKERTSCALE) Hardwares Servers,Computers,Printers,Scanners and Internet • QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE 1.Is there ICT Infrastructure? 2.What is the condition of the ICT ,Equipments/Infrastructure? 3.What is the relevance of ICT infrastructure? 4.How is the complexityof ICT infrastructure? 5.What is the use of ICT infrastructure?
- 42. OPERATIONALIZATION OF VARIABLE Staff Capacity Example • VARIABLE- Staff Capacity • MEASUREMENT(LIKERT SCALE) Relevant Training, Developing Skills & competency,Changes in job behavior,ICT uptake • QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE 1.What is the staff Relevant Training? 2.Are the staff developing skills and Competencies? 3.Are there changes in job behavior due To use of ICT? 4.What is the level of ICT uptake? 5.Do employee have experience in the use of ICT?
- 43. SUMMARY • Developed Countries have made remarkable investment in ICT and integration • Developing Countries are heavily investing in ICT despite other challenges like famine and drought. • There is low internet connectivity, inadequate power supply coupled with regular interruptions • Low number of computers • This creates a digital Divide between the developed and developing countries
- 44. CHAPTER THREE-RESEARCH METHODOLOGY • This Chapter discusses the methodology that was used in gathering the data, analyzing and reporting the results. • The methods used and tools • Research design • Sample size • Validity and reliability tests • Ethical practices