Interactions in Ecosystems ch 14
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This document provides information about ecological interactions and succession for a biology class. It includes key concepts about habitats and niches, different types of ecological interactions like competition, predation, and symbiosis. It also discusses population ecology, including population growth patterns, limiting factors, and carrying capacity. Succession is introduced as the process of ecological change in a community over time following a disturbance. Students are assigned to take notes on the chapter, learn about niches from a video, and complete a multiple choice quiz as homework.
Interactions in Ecosystems ch 14
- 2. KEY CONCEPT: Every organism has a habitat and a niche. Ch-14.1 Interactions in Ecosystems https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/community- ecosystem-ecology/a/ecological-interactions HW #1: Ecological Interactions Article • 15 facts from the article * What did you find to be the most important idea from this article? go to www.mrestrella.com -> biology -> Ch-14 -> Ecological Interactions or use the link at the bottom. • If you don’t have internet access, pick up an article after-school by 3:15pm.
- 3. A habitat differs from a niche. • A habitat is the natural environment where an organism lives. Includes: biotic & abiotic factors • Ecological niche: the role a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food, shelter, how it survives, how it reproduces. A species' niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment. Ch-14.1 Interactions in Ecosystems
- 4. Resource availability gives structure to a community. • Species can share habitats and resources. • Competition occurs when two species use resources in the same way (have similar niches). Ch-14.1 Interactions in Ecosystems
- 5. Interspecific Competition has different outcomes. 1. Competitive Exclusion -Two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist and one will be pushed out of the area, or become completely extinct. 2. Niche Differentiation (Partitioning): something has to change for both to coexist! Similar species with similar niches become specialists in specific areas and create more than one specific niche, which allows both to coexist. Ch-14.1 Interactions in Ecosystems
- 6. • Ecological equivalents are species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions. Madagascar South America Ch-14.1 Interactions in Ecosystems
- 7. 1. What is the difference between an ecological niche and habitat? 2. Using a T-Chart, Place the following words under niche or habitat food, hunting methods, other lions, trees, pond, zebra, sand, temperature, grass, savanna, wildebeest, mating selection, water requirement, prey selection. 3. What is competitive exclusion? 4. What are ecological equivalents? 5. Give an example of how a habitat affects an organism’s niche? Study Guide Review 14.1 T-Chart niche habitat
- 8. 1. What is the difference between an ecological niche and habitat? Niche is the organism’s role, how they affect their habitat and other organisms. 2. Using a T-Chart, Place the following words under niche or habitat food, hunting methods, other lions, trees, pond, zebra, sand, temperature, grass, savanna, wildebeest, mating selection, water requirement, prey selection. 3. What is competitive exclusion? 4. What are two outcomes of interspecific competition? 5. What are ecological equivalents? 6. Give an example of how a habitat affects an organism’s niche? Study Guide Review 14.1 T-Chart Niche Habitat Hunting Food Mating Lions Water Req. Trees Prey Sel. Pond Sand Temp. Grass Sav.
- 10. Warm-Up 14.2 • List 3 open ended questions and 2 close ended questions • Put an asterisk by the most important question 14.2 Community Interactions
- 11. KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. 14.2 Community Interactions
- 12. Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. • Competition occurs when two organisms compete for the same limited resource. – Intraspecific competition: between the same type of species. Ex. Two tigers. – Interspecific competition: between two different types of species. Ex. A lion and a hyena. 14.2 Community Interactions
- 13. • Predation: one organism captures and eats another. 14.2 Community Interactions
- 14. • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. Symbiosis In The Sea 14.2 Community Interactions
- 15. 1. Mutualism: both organisms benefit Honey Love Giraffe's Oxpecker 14.2 Community Interactions
- 16. 2. Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. + Organism benefits+ Ø Ø Organism is not affected Commensalism Dust Mite Under Scope 14.2 Community Interactions
- 17. 3. Parasitism: one organism benefits (parasite), the other is harmed (the host). Host: the organism that is hurt. Organism benefits0 _ Hornworm caterpillar The host hornworm will eventually die as its organs are consumed by wasp larvae. Braconid wasp Braconid larvae feed on their host and release themselves shortly before reaching the pupae stage of development . _ Parasitism + 0 Jewel wasps Leeches 14.2 Community Interactions
- 18. Ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, (such as leeches) and endoparasites live inside the host, (such as hookworms) Leech Hookworm 14.2 Community Interactions
- 20. There will be a quiz on this! What?!!! Parasites And Humans HW #2: Niches & Competition Article • 10 facts from the article * What did you find to be the most important idea from this article? go to www.mrestrella.com -> biology -> Ch-14 -> Ecological Interactions or use the link at the bottom. • If you don’t have internet access, pick up an article after-school by 3:15pm. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/community- ecosystem-ecology/a/niches-competition
- 21. 1. Next to each sentence write either intraspecific or interspecific. Which do you think it is? A. Two squirrels race up a tree to reach a hidden pile of food. B. A hyena chases off a vulture to eat. C. Shrubs and grasses compete for sunlight D. Bears hunting for fish fight for space with each other. E. Male sheep butt heads violently for the females. 2. Mutualism 3. Commensalism 4. Parasitism 5. How is parasitism similar to and how is it different from predation? 6. What is the difference between endoparasites and ectoparasites? 14.2 Review
- 22. KEY CONCEPT Each population has a density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy. 14.3 Population Density & Distribution
- 23. Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. • Scientists can calculate population density. 14.3 Population Density & Distribution
- 24. • Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in an area. Clumped dispersion Uniform dispersion Random dispersion 14.3 Population Density & Distribution Populations Distribution
- 25. Reproductive Strategies Survivorship curves can be type I, II or III. Type I low level of infant mortality and an older population. - common to large mammals and humans Type II survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life – common to birds and reptiles Type III very high birth rate, very high infant mortality -common to invertebrates and plants 14.3 Population Density & Distribution
- 26. 1. What is the formula for population density? 2. What might cause the density of deer to increase? 3. Sketch three boxes and in each one draw and label the three types of population dispersion patterns. 4. Give two reasons why a population might live in a clumped dispersion. 5. Give two reasons why a population. might live in a uniform dispersion. 6. What is a reproductive strategy? What makes reproductive strategies different? 7. What is the difference between population dispersion and popn. Density? 14.3 Review
- 27. 14.3 quiz next time I don’t think I’m ready HW: Niche Video 1-9. facts from the video 10. What did you find to be the most important idea from this video? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7twZJ9xDwkY Niches
- 28. Warm-Up 14.4 List 3 open-ended and 2 close-ended questions. Place an asterisk to the left of your most important one.
- 29. KEY CONCEPT: Populations grow in predictable patterns. 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 30. • The size of a population is always changing. • Four factors affect the size of a population. • Immigration: new members of a species coming into an area. • Births: newborns added to a population. • Emigration: members of a species leaving the area. • Deaths: members of a species that died. 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 31. Population growth is based on available resources. Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. (memorize the curve shape) 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 32. Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. (Learn the curve) 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 33. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns CW: 14.4 Review Questions 1. List three things that would limit a population of coyotes living in the wild. 2. Is there a carrying capacity for humans? Explain.
- 34. A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 35. Ecological factors limit population growth. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. 3. List three limiting factors that would keep caribou populations down. 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 36. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – parasitism and disease – predation – competition 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 37. Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns
- 38. 14.4 Populations & Growth Patterns Invasive species is a species that has been introduced to an area outside of its native range and has the potential to cause harm—or has already caused harm—in its new location. Many invasive species are found in the United States, and a few examples are shown in the pictures below. HW: Populations Video 1-9. facts from the video 10. What did you find to be the most important idea from this video? https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=4M5aiPkmBGM Article
- 39. QUIZ NEXT TIME Bad news, quiz next time. I’m not yolking. HW: Ecological Succession 1-9 facts from the article 10. What did you find to be the most important idea from this article? go to www.mrestrella.com -> biology -> Ch-14 -> Ecological Interactions or use the link at the bottom. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/community-structure-and- diversity/a/ecological-succession
- 40. 4. Movement into a population is called ______. 5. What are the four factors that affect a population size? 6. A farmer wants to cut down part of a jungle to raise cows. Explain how this may affect the population of leapords? 7. Sketch the two different popn. growth curves. Write a brief description next to each sketch. 8. What type of popn. growth curve shows a carrying capacity? 9. List three examples of density dependent limiting factors. 10. List three examples of density independent limiting factors. CW: 14.4 Review Questions (continued) Stop whining and get to work!
- 41. Warm Up 14.5 • List 3 open-ended questions about the image and 2 close-ended questions. 14.5 Ecological Succession
- 42. KEY CONCEPT Ecological succession is a process of change in the species that make up a community. 14.5 Ecological Succession
- 43. Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem. • Succession regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance. – a sequence of biotic changes – damaged communities are regenerated – new communities arise in previously uninhabited areas 14.5 Ecological Succession
- 44. There are two types of succession. 1. primary succession — started by pioneer species 14.5 Ecological Succession
- 45. There are two types of succession. Pioneer species: species which recolonize an area after there has been damage or disruption to the ecosystem. Typically hardy plants that need very little to survive, such as lichen or plants with very long roots that give them better access to nutrients. 14.5 Ecological Succession
- 46. There are two types of succession. 2. secondary succession — started by the surviving species Succession After Fire 14.5 Ecological Succession https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7xbyNSxxrI Ecological succession - Khan Academy Mt St Helens
- 47. • Test on Chap 14 on… * Get your Cornell notes in order with a cover page – typed. Full Name Period Date * Ch-14 Notes * 3-5 Questions on left side. * Summary at end of each section. This is your conscious speaking, study for your test Rover… study Ch-14 Interactions in Ecosystems
- 48. I love Mr. Estrella’s tests! He’s soooo cool.
- 49. HW: Populations Video • 10 facts from the video • What did you find to be the most important idea from this video?
- 50. Study Guide 14.5 1. What is ecological succession? 2. Sketch four boxes and show ecological succession as time progresses. 3. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? 4. Why are the first species to colonize a disturbed area called pioneer species? Ch-14.5 Review
- 51. CW or HW: 10 multiple choice questions on ch-14. Two from each section. (3 choices, circle correct letter, no t/f, yes/no, silly, ridiculous questions or answers) That is your work today. Ch-14 Interactions in Ecosystems