International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC)

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International Journal of Computer
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ISSN 0974 - 9322 (Online); 0975 - 2293 (Print)
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AN EFFICIENT INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM WITH CUSTOM
FEATURES USING FPA-GRADIENT BOOST MACHINE LEARNING
ALGORITHM
D.V. Jeyanthi1
and Dr. B. Indrani2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Sourashtra College, Madurai, India
2
Assistant Professor and Head (i/c), Department of Computer Science, DDE, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai – 625021
ABSTRACT
An efficient Intrusion Detection System has to be given high priority while connecting systems with
a network to prevent the system before an attack happens. It is a big challenge to the network security
group to prevent the system from a variable types of new attacks as technology is growing in parallel.
In this paper, an efficient model to detect Intrusion is proposed to predict attacks with high accuracy
and less false-negative rate by deriving custom features UNSW-CF by using the benchmark intrusion
dataset UNSW-NB15. To reduce the learning complexity, Custom Features are derived and then
Significant Features are constructed by applying meta-heuristic FPA (Flower Pollination algorithm)
and MRMR (Minimal Redundancy and Maximum Redundancy) which reduces learning time and
also increases prediction accuracy. ENC (ElasicNet Classifier), KRRC (Kernel Ridge Regression
Classifier), IGBC (Improved Gradient Boosting Classifier) is employed to classify the attacks in the
datasets UNSW-CF, UNSW and recorded that UNSW-CF with derived custom features using IGBC
integrated with FPA provided high accuracy of 97.38% and a low error rate of 2.16%. Also, the
sensitivity and specificity rate for IGB attains a high rate of 97.32% and 97.50% respectively.
KEYWORDS
Intrusion Detection, IDS, UNSW-B15, Custom Features, Feature Selection, FPA, Gradient Boost
Classifier.
For More Details: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N1/14122cnc07.pdf
Volume Link: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html

REFERENCES
[1] T. A. Tchakoucht and M. Ezziyyani, (2018),“Building A Fast Intrusion Detection System For HighSpeed-
Building A Fast Intrusion Detection System For High-Speed- Networks : Probe and DoS Attacks Detection”,
In Proc. of the First International Conference On Intelligent Computing in Data Sciences, Vol. 127, pp. 521–
530.
[2] Moustafa, N., Slay, J., 2015, “Unsw-nb15: a comprehensive data set for network intrusion detection
systems (unsw-nb15 network data set)”, Military communications and information systems conference
(MilCIS), IEEE, pp. 1–6.
[3] F. A. Khan, A. Gumaei, A. Derhab, and A. Hussain, (2019), “TSDL: A two-stage deep learning model for
efficient network intrusion detection”, IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 30373–30385.
[4] H. M. Anwer, M. Farouk, and A. Addel-Hamid, (2018), “A Framework for Efficient Network Anomaly
Intrusion Detection with Features Selection”, In: Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Information and
Communication Systems (ICICS), pp. 157–162.
[5] Khan NM, Negi A, Thaseen, (2018), “Analysis on improving the performance of machine learning models
using feature selection technique”, In: International conference on intelligent systems design and applications,
Springer, pp. 69–77.
[6] Zong W, Chow Y-W, Susilo W., (2018), “A two-stage classifier approach for network intrusion detection”,
International conference on information security practice and experience. Springer, pp. 329–340.
[7] Gao J, Chai S, Zhang B, Xia Y., (2019), “Research on network intrusion detection based on incremental
extreme learning machine and adaptive principal component analysis”, Energies 2019, Vol. 12, No. 7.
[8] Sydney M. Kasongo and Yanxia Sun, (2020), “Performance Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems
Using a Feature Selection Method on the UNSW-NB15 Dataset”, Journal of Big Data. Springer Open, pp. 1-
20.
[9] Toldinas, J. Venˇckauskas, A. Damaševiˇcius, R.; Grigaliunas, Š. Morkeviˇcius, N. Baranauskas, E.,
(2021), “A Novel Approach for Network Intrusion Detection Using Multistage Deep Learning Image
Recognition”, Electronics 2021, Vol. 10, No. 1854, https://doi.org/10.3390/ electronics10151854.
[10] Agarwal A, Sharma P, Alshehri M, Mohamed AA, Alfarraj O., (2021), “Classification model for
accuracy and intrusion detection using machine learning approach”, PeerJ Computer Science, DOI
10.7717/peerj-cs.437.
[11] Ahmad, M., Riaz, Q., Zeeshan, M., (2021), “Intrusion detection in the internet of things using supervised
machine learning based on application and transport layer features using UNSW-NB15 data-set”, Journal of
Wireless Communication Network 2021, Vol. 10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8.
[12] D.V. Jeyanthi, Dr. B. Indrani, (2021), “Intrusion Detection System intensive on Securing IoT Networking
Environment based on Machine Learning Strategy”, Springer, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference
on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things (ICICI-2021).Lecture Notes on Data
Engineering and Communications Technologies, DOI : 10.1007/978-981-16-7610-9
[13] Mousa Al-Akhras, Mohammed Alawairdhi1 Ali Alkoudari and Samer Atawneh, “using machine learning
to build a classification model for iot networks to detect attack signatures”, International Journal of Computer

Networks & Communications (IJCNC), https://ijcnc.com/2020/12/12/ijcnc-07-15/
[14] Tran Hoang Hai, Le Huy Hoang, and Eui-nam Huh, (2020), “Network Anomaly Detection Based On
Late Fusion Of Several Machine Learning Algorithms”, International Journal of Computer Networks &
Communications (IJCNC), Vol.12, No.6, pp. 117-131, DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2020.12608
[15] Nour Moustafa and Jill Slay, “The evaluation of Network Anomaly Detection Systems: Statistical
analysis of the UNSW-NB15 data set and the comparison with the KDD99 data set” ,Information Security
Journal: A Global Perspective, Taylor & Francisdoi:10.1080/19393555.2015.1125974

GPS SYSTEMS LITERATURE: INACCURACY FACTORS AND
EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS
Li Nyen Thin, Lau Ying Ting, Nor Adila Husna and Mohd Heikal Husin
School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Today, Global Positioning System (GPS) is widely used in almost every aspect of our daily life.
Commonly, users utilize the technology to track the position of a vehicle or an object of interest.
They also use it to safely navigate to the destination of their choice. As a result, there are countless
number of GPS based tracking application that has been developed. But, a main recurring issue that
exists among these applications are the inaccuracy of the tracking faced by users and this issue has
become a rising concern. Most existing research have examined the effects that the inaccuracy of
GPS have on users while others identified suitable methods to improve the accuracy of GPS based
on one or two factors. The objective of this survey paper is to identify the common factors that affects
the accuracy of GPS and identify an effective method which could mitigate or overcome most of
those factors. As part of our research, we conducted a thorough examination of the existing factors
for GPS inaccuracies. According to an initial survey that we have collected, most of the respondents
has faced some form of GPS inaccuracy. Among the common issues faced are inaccurate object
tracking and disconnection of GPS signal while using an application. As such, most of the
respondents agree that it is necessary to improve the accuracy of GPS. This leads to another objective
of this paper, which is to examine and evaluate existing methods as well as to identify the most
effective method that could improve the accuracy of GPS.
KEYWORDS
GPS, accuracy factors, improve accuracy, global positioning system

REFERENCES
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MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ASSISTED NETWORK
CONDITION AWARE QOS-ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETS:
MNCQM
Shashi Raj K1
and Siddesh G K2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering,
Bengaluru, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru,
India
ABSTRACT
The exponential rise in wireless communication systems and allied applications has revitalized
academiaindustries to achieve more efficient data transmission system to meet Quality-of-Service
(QoS) demands. Amongst major wireless communication techniques, Mobile Ad-hoc Network
(MANET) is found potential to provide decentralized and infrastructure less communication among
multiple distributed nodes across network region. However, dynamic network conditions such as
changing topology, congestion, packet drop, intrusion possibilities etc often make MANET’s routing
a tedious task. On the other hand, mobile network feature broadens the horizon for intruders to
penetrate the network and causes performance degradation. Unlike classical MANET protocols
where major efforts have been made on single network parameter based routing decision, this
research paper proposes a novel Elitist Genetic Algorithm (EGA) Multi-Objective Optimization
assisted Network Condition Aware QoS-Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MNCQM).
Our proposed MNCQM protocol exhibits two phase implementation where at first it performs node-
profiling under dynamic network topology for which three factors; irregular MAC information
exchange, queuing overflow and topological variations have been considered. Towards this objective
node features like Packet Forwarding Probability (PFP) at the MAC layer, Success Probability of
Data Transmission (SPDT) of a neighboring node, and Probability of Successful Data Delivery
(PSDD) have been obtained to estimate Node-Trustworthiness Index (NTI), which is further used to
eliminate untrustworthy nodes. In the second phase of implementation, a novel Evolutionary
Computing assisted nondisjoint best forwarding path selection model is developed that exploits
node’s and allied link’s connectivity and availability features to identify the quasi-sub-optimal
forwarding paths. EGA algorithm intends to reduce hop-counts, connectivity-loss and node or link
unavailability to estimate best forwarding node. One key feature of the proposed model is dual-
supplementary forwarding path selection that enables alternate path formation in case of link outage
and thus avoids any iterative network discovery phase.
KEYWORDS
MANET, QoS communication, Node-trustworthiness, Network awareness, Evolutionary computing
based routing decision.

REFERENCES
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On the Migration of a Large Scale Network from IPv4 to IPv6 Environment
Muhammad Yeasir Arafat1
, Feroz Ahmed2
and M Abdus Sobhan3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer
Science, Independent University, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
This work mainly addresses the design a large scale network using dual stack mechanisms. We
focused on the most important theoretical concepts of the IPv6 protocol, such as addressing, address
allocation, routing with the OSPF and BGP protocols and routing protocols performance in dual
stack network using GNS3 and Wireshark simulators. we have a tendency to measure a perfect model
and a true large-scale network atmosphere victimization out there end-to-end activity techniques that
focuses on a large-scale IPv4 and IPv6 backbone and created performance the IPv4 and IPv6
network. In this paper, we compiled IPv6 address planning in large scale network, performance
statistics of each network in terms of TCP throughput, delay jitters, packet loss rate, and round trip
time. It is found that, a minor degradation within the throughput of the TCP, delay jitter, a lower
packet loss rate, and a rather longer round trip time are occurred in a real large scale dual stack
network.
KEYWORDS
IPv6, IPv4, double stack, BGPv4, OSPFv3, ISP, throughput, TCP and RTT
For More Details: https://airccse.org/journal/cnc/6214cnc10.pdf

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LOCALIZATION SCHEMES FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS: SURVEY
Faiza Al-Salti1
, N. Alzeidi2
and Khaled Day2
1
Department of Computing, Muscat College, Oman
2
Department of Computer Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
ABSTRACT
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) enable a variety of applications such as fish
farming and water quality monitoring. One of the critical tasks in such networks is localization.
Location information can be used in sensor networks for several purposes such as (i) data tagging in
which sensed information is not useful for the application unless the location of the sensed
information is known, (ii) tracking objects or (iii) multi-hop data transmission in geographic routing
protocols. Since GPS does not work well underwater, several localization schemes have been
developed for UWSNs. This paper surveys the state-ofthe-art of localization schemes for UWSNs.
It describes the existing schemes and classifies them into different categories. Furthermore, the paper
discusses some open research issues that need further investigation in this area.
KEYWORDS
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks, Localization, Ranging Methods, Positioning, Range-based
&Range-free.

REFERENCES
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[5] M. Erol-Kantarci, S. Oktug, L. Vieira, and M. Gerla, “Performance evaluation of distributed
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Comparative and QoS Performance Analysis of Terrestrial-aerial Platforms-
satellites Systems for Temporary Events
Faris. A. Almalki
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology Taif
University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing
global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many
research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the
perspective of the integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and
comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems,
includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that
reportedly can evaluate any wireless systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and
coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints,
deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-
effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for
the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events perspective using the OPNET
Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
KEYWORDS
Terrestial, Aerial Platforms, Satellites, QoS Performance, Temporary Events.

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CONGESTION AND ENERGY AWARE MULTIPATH LOAD
BALANCING ROUTING FOR LLNS
Kala Venugopal and T G Basavaraju
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government Engineering College, Hassan,
Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is presently in its golden era with its current technological evolution
towards digital transformation. Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) form the groundwork for
IoT, where the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is designated by
Internet Engineering Task Force as the benchmark protocol for routing. Although RPL, with its
unique capabilities, has addressed many IoT routing requirements, Load balancing and Congestion
control are the outliers. This paper builds on the RPL protocol and proposes a multipath Congestion
and Energy Aware RPL (CEARPL) that alleviates the load balancing and congestion concerns
associated with RPL and improves the network performance. For congestion avoidance, a
Congestion and Energy Aware Objective Function (CEA-OF) is suggested during parent selection
that considers multiple metrics like Child Count metric, Estimated Lifetime metric, and Queue
Occupancy metric, to equally distribute the traffic in LLNs. The Queue Occupancy metric is used
to detect congestion in the network, and a Multipath routing strategy is utilized to mitigate the
congestion in the network. A comparison of the performance of CEA-RPL was made against the
existing Objective Functions of RPL, OFO, and MRHOF, as well as COM-OF, utilizing Contiki
OS 3.0's Cooja emulator. CEA-RPL projected superior results with power consumption lowering
by 33%, endto-end delay decreasing by 30%, queue loss ratio reducing by 49%, and packet
receiving rate and network lifetime improving by 7% and 49%, on an average, respectively.
KEYWORDS
Congestion, Multipath routing, Internet of Things, Load balancing, Low-power Lossy Networks,
Objective function & RPL

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A SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING CRYPTOGRAPHY
AND STEGANOGRAPHY
Saleh Saraireh
Department of Communications and Electronic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman,
Jordan
ABSTRACT
The information security has become one of the most significant problems in data communication.
So it becomes an inseparable part of data communication. In order to address this problem,
cryptography and steganography can be combined. This paper proposes a secure communication
system. It employs cryptographic algorithm together with steganography. The jointing of these
techniques provides a robust and strong communication system that able to withstand against
attackers. In this paper, the filter bank cipher is used to encrypt the secret text message, it provide
high level of security, scalability and speed. After that, a discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) based
steganography is employed to hide the encrypted message in the cover image by modifying the
wavelet coefficients. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using peak signal to noise
ratio (PSNR) and histogram analysis. The simulation results show that, the proposed system provides
high level of security.
KEYWORDS
Steganography, Cryptography, DWT, Filter bank, PSNR

REFERENCES
[1] Obaida Mohammad Awad Al-Hazaimeh, (2013) "A New Approach for Complex Encrypting and
Decrypting Data" International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.5,
No.2.
[2] Katzenbeisser, S. and Petitcolas, F.A.P. 2000, Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography
and Digital Watermarking. Artech House, Inc., Boston, London.
[3] Xinpeng Zhang and Shuozhong Wang, (2005), "Steganography Using MultipleBase Notational
System and Human Vision Sensitivity", IEEE signal processing letters, Vol. 12, No. 1.
[4] Jarno Mielikainen, (2006), "LSB Matching Revisited", IEEE signal processing letters, Vol. 13,
No. 5.
[5] Piyush Marwaha, Paresh Marwaha, (2010), "Visual Cryptographic Steganography in images",
IEEE, 2nd International conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies.
[6] G.Karthigai Seivi, Leon Mariadhasan and K. L. Shunmuganathan, (2012), " Steganography Using
Edge Adaptive Image " IEEE, International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical
Technologies.
[7] Hemalatha S, U Dinesh Acharya, Renuka A and Priya R. Kamath, (2012), " A Secure and High
Capacity Image Steganography Technique", Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal
(SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.1.
[8] Tong L.and Zheng-ding, Q, (2002), "DWT-based color Images Steganography Scheme", IEEE
International Conference on Signal Processing, 2:1568-1571.
[9] Mandal J.K. and Sengupta M., (2010), “Authentication/Secret Message Transformation Through
Wavelet Transform based Subband Image Coding (WTSIC).”, Proceedings of International
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using Steganography, AES and RSA", IEEE 17th International Symposium for Design and
Technology in Electronic Packaging.
[11] H. Tian, K. Zhou, Y. Huang, D. Feng, J. Liu, (2008), "A Covert Communication Model Based
on Least Significant Bits Steganography in Voice over IP", IEEE The 9th International Conference
for Young Computer Scientists, pp. 647-652.
[12] Y. Huang, B. Xiao, H. Xiao, (2008), "Implementation of Covert Communication Based on
Steganography", IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia
Signal Processing, pp. 1512-1515.
[13] Cheddad, A, Condell, Joan, Curran, K and McKevitt, Paul,(2008), "Securing Information
Content using New Encryption Method and Steganography", IEEE Third International Conference
on Digital Information Management.
[14] Rasul E., Saed F. and Hossein S, (2009), " Using the Chaotic Map in Image Steganography",
IEEE, International Conference on Signal Processing Systems.

[15] Majunatha R. H. S. and Raja K B, (2010), "High Capacity and Security Steganography using
Discrete Wavelet Transform", International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS), Vol.
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Lifting over Finite Fields” In IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dresden,
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on integer wavelet transform,” ICNM International Conference on Networking and Media
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NEW DESIGN OF LEAKY WAVE ANTENNA BASED ON SIW
TECHNOLOGY FOR BEAM STEERING
Souaad Doucha1
and Mehadji Abri1
1
Telecommunication Laboratory Electrical and Engeneering Departement, Faculty of
Technology,University of Abou-Bekr Belkaïd–Tlemcen BP 230, Chetouane, 13000 Tlemcen-
Algeria.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of an investigation of a new version of a leaky wave antenna that is
based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The structure of SIW is composed of two rows of
cylinders between metal plates; it can be easily produced by the standard method PCB" circuit" or
LTCC method, the antenna is designed so that it can radiate in C-band. The direction of the main
lobe of the antenna radiation pattern can be steered by changing the frequency in the band from
backward direction to forward direction; the effect of increasing the number of slot arrays has also
been analyzed to study the effect on radiation patterns. The numerical simulations have been
performed using a commercial CST Microwave studio.
KEYWORDS
Leaky wave antenna, substrate integrated waveguide, slots, C-band, CST, moment’s method
Volume Link https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2013.html

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Developing an Adaptive Channel Modelling using a Genetic Algorithm
Technique to Enhance Aerial Vehicle-to-Everything Wireless Communications
Faris. A. Almalki
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif
University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
In this digital era, Internet of Everything (IoE) has a potential to bring out drastic changes to how we
live today, where billions of people and devices require wireless connectivity. Where Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles contribute positively in paving the way for IoE and Fifth Generation technologies,
and tackle some of their comms challenges. Thus, this paper aims to provide an adaptive approach
using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique by combining indoor and outdoor propagation models to
enhance aerial vehicle-to-everything wireless connectivity. The proposed adaptive approach uses a
GA multi-objective function that yield optimum values of UAV altitude, elevation angles, and type
of building for indoor environment. The proposed GA optimization technique has met the demand
of a typical dense-populated urban environment, as well as empowering the IoE with greater
coverage footprint, high Quality of Service benchmark, and line-of-sight adaptability. The output
results emphasized that the proposed adaptive approach using the GA technique can help in smart
decision-making and selecting a proper setup and find the optimum parameters to provide seamless
wireless connections from aerial vehicle-to-everything.
KEYWORDS
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Internet of Everything, Channel Modelling, Propagation Model, Fifth
Generation.

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