Internet and Sudan
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The document provides background information on technology and the history of the Internet. It discusses key terms like digital natives/immigrants and digital literacy. It then provides facts about Internet usage in Sudan, noting it has grown from 30,000 users in 2000 to over 6 million users in 2012, though penetration is still only 19% of the population. Examples of international projects that aim to expand access are described, including the Hole in the Wall experiment and One Laptop Per Child initiative.
![Internet timeline 3
• 1995 RealAudio technology is released, dial-up systems begin to provide
Internet access for home use (e.g. America Online, CompuServe, and
Prodigy), and Netscape goes Public.
• 1998 The US Postal Service begins to offer users the ability to purchase,
download, and print stamps from the Web.
• 2005 YouTube.com is launched.
• 2006 There are an estimated 92 million Web sites online, with well over
7 billion indexable pages.
• 2007 Search engine giant Google surpasses Microsoft as "the most
valuable global brand," and also is the most visited Web site.
• As of September, 69% of the U.S. population (234 million) use the
Internet. Worldwide, there are 1,244,449,601 users.
[http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internet-160514182135/85/Internet-and-Sudan-5-320.jpg)
Internet and Sudan
- 1. The Internet and Sudan SUST Lecture 2
- 2. What is technology? • The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. • The total knowledge and skills available to any human society for industry, art, science, etc (Taken from dictionary.com)
- 3. Internet timeline 1 • 1957 USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite. In response, the U.S. forms ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within the DOD (Department of Defense). The main goal of the project was to establish a military research network that would be resistant to enemy attack. • 1960s The Proposal of the Packet Switching Network emerges. Packet switching is the concept of breaking down data into packets, which are transmitted across the network. If one of the packets gets lost along the way, another packet can be sent. • 1971 Ray Tomlinson invents email program that allows users to send messages across a network. • 1976 The Queen of England sends her first email. • 1982 First definition of “Internet” as a connected set of networks is used when TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established.
- 4. Internet timeline 2 • 1984 Domain Name System (DNS) is introduced allowing users to type host names (e.g. www.mpl.org) rather than memorizing numerical Internet Protocol (IP) addresses (e.g. 204.62.131.129). • 1988 Internet Relay Chat is developed allowing users to chat in real time. • 1992 Veronica, a gopher-space search tool, is released by University of Nevada; World Bank goes online; and the expression “Surfing the Internet” is coined. • 1993 MOSAIC, the first WWW browser is released (Marc Andressen and NCSA), the White House goes online (http://www.whitehouse.gov), and an email account is created for the President of the United States (president@whitehouse.gov). • 1994 Yahoo, an Internet Search Tool, is developed by two Ph.D. candidates from Stanford University and Pizza Hut customers can place an order online.
- 5. Internet timeline 3 • 1995 RealAudio technology is released, dial-up systems begin to provide Internet access for home use (e.g. America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy), and Netscape goes Public. • 1998 The US Postal Service begins to offer users the ability to purchase, download, and print stamps from the Web. • 2005 YouTube.com is launched. • 2006 There are an estimated 92 million Web sites online, with well over 7 billion indexable pages. • 2007 Search engine giant Google surpasses Microsoft as "the most valuable global brand," and also is the most visited Web site. • As of September, 69% of the U.S. population (234 million) use the Internet. Worldwide, there are 1,244,449,601 users. [http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline].
- 6. Important terms 1 Digital immigrants / Digital natives
- 7. Important terms 2 Digital divide Scholar Howard Besser contends that the digital divide is more than just a gap between those who have access to technology and those who don’t. This issue encompasses aspects such as: Information literacy Appropriateness of content Access to content Ability to apply critical thinking to technology or not Those who speak English or not Those who create digital content or merely consume it
- 8. Important terms 3 Digital literacy /Digital safety • Digital literacy researchers explore a wide variety of topics, including how people find, use, summarize, evaluate, create, and communicate information while using digital technologies. • Digital safety is learning to protect personal identity information, creating strong passwords, and being cautious when downloading programs and files. This is crucial to the safety and security of the digital devices students use, as well as the information those devices store.
- 9. Facts about Internet in Sudan • Sudan represents by far the fastest growing fixed telephony market not only in Africa but worldwide. Telecommunications investment has skyrocketed from only US$500,000 in 1994 to over US$100 million per year. Enormous further potential exists since the country’s total teledensity is still one of the lowest in the world at less than 3%. http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm#sd
- 10. Facts 2 Internet Usage and Population Growth Year Users Population % 2000 30,000 36,841,500 0.1 % 2003 300,000 35,035,677 0.9 % 2009 4,200,000 34,206,710 9.3 % 6,499,275 Internet users on June 30, 2012, 19.0% of the population, per IWS. 34,206,710 population http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm#sd
- 11. Examples of International projects 1 Hole in the Wall • Dr. Sugata Mitra, Chief Scientist at NIIT, is credited with the discovery of Hole-in-the-Wall. On 26th January 2008, Dr. Mitra's team carved a "hole in the wall" that separated the NIIT premises from the adjoining slum in Kalkaji, New Delhi. Through this hole, a freely accessible computer was put up for use. This computer proved to be an instant hit among the slum dwellers, especially the children. With no prior experience, the children learnt to use the computer on their own. This prompted Dr. Mitra to propose the following hypothesis: The acquisition of basic computing skills by any set of children can be achieved through incidental learning provided the learners are given access to a suitable computing facility, with entertaining and motivating content and some minimal (human) guidance. .
- 12. Examples of International projects 2 One Laptop Per Child project
- 13. Examples of International projects 2 One Laptop Per Child project Ethiopian kids hack OLPCs in 5 months with zero instruction Speaks to how we consistently underestimate young people and how we over emphasize the barriers that culture may play. In the end, it's about access and opportunity. And perhaps about how education is ultimately about teaching oneself what is necessary and relevant rather than standards created somewhere outside of that.