Internet of Things based approach to Agriculture Monitoring
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The document discusses using an IP-based wireless sensor network for agricultural monitoring. It begins with background on Internet of Things technologies like 6LoWPAN and CoAP. It then describes an agriculture use case with soil sensors modeled as CoAP resources. The proposed deployment architecture involves wireless sensors, a 6LoWPAN border router, and remote CoAP client. Implementation details and screenshots of a web-based monitoring system are provided. Finally, plans for an IoT testbed hosted by ERNET India are outlined to support research on heterogeneous devices and standards.
![IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background
Agriculture Usecase
Conclusion & Future Work
Internet of Things
Key IoT enabling technologies / standards
6LoWPAN Overview
CoRE architecture
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
IoT protocols - standardization efforts
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Asynchronous message interactions over UDP, Request/Response semantics
CoAP messages are short - 4 bytes header followed by options (Typically, 10-20
bytes header)
Four message types: Confirmable [CON], Non-confirmable [NON],
Acknowledgments [ACK], and Reset [RST]
Four CoAP methods: GET,POST, PUT and DELETE
Default resource path /.well-known/core for built-in resource discovery
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Internet of Things based approach to Agriculture Monitoring
- 1. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things based approach to Agriculture Monitoring A. Paventhan ERNET India Regional Centre, Bangalore Asia-Pacific Advanced Network (APAN) 36th Meeting 20th August 2013 1 / 19
- 2. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Outline 1 IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts 2 Agriculture Usecase Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP 3 Conclusion & Future Work ERNET - IoT Testbed plan IoT Testbed Architecture 2 / 19
- 3. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts Internet of Things - Introduction Present day networking technologies are optimized for Human-to-Human interactions rather than Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications Internet of Things (IoT) aims to extend Internet to large number of distributed devices by defining standard, interoperable communication protocols The major objective of Internet of Things (IoT) is to create a smart environment (smart buildings, smart health, smart transport, etc.) using enabling technologies such as sensors, embedded devices, communication protocols Industry estimate predicts that there would be 50 billion devices by 2020 3 / 19
- 4. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts Some key IoT enabling technologies / standards IEEE 802.15.4 LoWPAN − specification defining the PHY and MAC layer of low power devices supporting 250 Kbps data rate, small packet size 127 bytes IETF 6LoWPAN (RFC 4944/RFC 6282) − enables seamless integration of LoWPAN devices with internet leveraging IPv6 large address space and appln. layer protocol reuse. IETF CoAP − open application layer specification for constrained nodes supporting HTTP and Web integration. Bluetooth SMART devices − support low energy radio operations (e.g, heart-rate monitors, blood glucose monitors) suitable for health care and fitness etc. RFID / NFC − tags, devices, smart phones (useful in product / object identification and gathering associated information) 4 / 19
- 5. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts 6LoWPAN Overview IETF RFC 4944 Transmission of IPv6 packets over 802.15.4 LoWPAN networks Challenges: IPv6 network LoWPAN MTU 1280 bytes 127 bytes Data rate Mbps/ Gbps Max 250 Kbps Comm. distance > 100 mts 10 mts Topology Broadcast Mesh / Star 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer Header compression Fragmentation Layer 2 forwarding 5 / 19
- 6. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts Constrained RESTful Environment (CoRE) Architecture CoAP is an application layer protocol (IETF draft) for resource constrained devices Adheres to RESTful approach for managing resources and supports mapping to HTTP for Web integration. CoAP resources are identified by Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) 6 / 19
- 7. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Asynchronous message interactions over UDP, Request/Response semantics CoAP messages are short - 4 bytes header followed by options (Typically, 10-20 bytes header) Four message types: Confirmable [CON], Non-confirmable [NON], Acknowledgments [ACK], and Reset [RST] Four CoAP methods: GET,POST, PUT and DELETE Default resource path /.well-known/core for built-in resource discovery 7 / 19
- 8. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Internet of Things Key IoT enabling technologies / standards 6LoWPAN Overview CoRE architecture Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) IoT protocols - standardization efforts Some IETF protocols developed in IoT domain IP multicast based CoAP Group communication DTLS in Constrained Environment (DICE) − defines constrained datagram TLS with specific usecase in IoT 6LoWPAN adaption for various link layer technologies Bluetooth low enery (BLE) ITU G.9959 (ZWave) DECT ultra low energy low speed serial lines (RS485) 8 / 19
- 9. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Agriculture Application Requirements ERNET India collaborates with ICAR institutions in project development: Indian Institutes of Horticulture Research (IIHR) Krishi Vigyan Kendras Tamilnadu agriculture university Useful agriculture parameters suggested by ICAR scientists: 1 Soil properties - electrical conductivity, temperature, moisture 2 Soil nutrients - Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K) 3 Spectral reflectance for plant nutrients Support for remote field deployments & monitoring 9 / 19
- 10. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Agriculture Sensor Network - Development setup Hardware: Heterogeneous development platforms - TelosB, IRIS, AVR Raven. (Our CoAP based agriculture usecase is based on TelosB) Soil Sensor: Decagon 5TE Soil Sensor Netgear WNDR 3800 running OpenWRT configured as 6LoWPAN Edge Router Software: 1 Operating System: Contiki 2.6 2 6LoWPAN stack - Contiki µIPv6 3 CoAP Stack - Contiki Erbium CoAP 10 / 19
- 11. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Modeling Soil Sensor Properties as CoAP Resource CoAP resource parameters - resource name, methods supported, URI Path string, resource type. Each resource has to implement an associated handler function CoAP response can be plain text, xml, JSON based on client requested format Example: 1 RESOURCE(temperature, METHOD GET, "onboard-sensors/temperature", "title="Sensirion Temperature Sensor (supports JSON)";rt="TemperatureSensor""); 2 RESOURCE(vwc, METHOD GET, "soil-sensors/VWC", "title="5TE Soil Sensor (supports JSON)";rt="SoilSensor""); 11 / 19
- 12. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Agriculture Sensor Deployment Architecture & Plans WSN: − Wireless Sensor Network comprises of motes running a WSN application and a light-weight CoAP server 6LoWPAN border router (6LBR) − The 6LBR acts as a gateway between the 6LoWPAN field network and the IPv6 backbone connecting through WiFi or 3G. PAN Coordinator − Central controller for the WSN. CoAP client − It is located remotely over the IPv6 network and enquire the WSN by invoking commands like CoAP GET /CoAP PUT. Database/Web Server − Used for logging sensor data for offline access (by the farmers or scientists). 12 / 19
- 13. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP ERNET connectivity using 6LoWPAN Gateway OpenVPN Server − 6in4 tunnel establishment from Pandaboard to ERNET center for end-to-end IPv6 using OpenVPN Pandaboard − 3G/6LoWPAN Gateway, OpenVPN client 13 / 19
- 14. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Implementation Hardware: TelosB − IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, MCU TI MSP430, Chipcon CC2420. Soil Sensor − 5TE from Decagon supporting Soil temp., moisture and electrical conductivity. WiFi/6LoWPAN Gateway − Netgear WNDR 3800 3G/6LoWPAN Gateway − Pandaboard ES that uses TI OMAP4460 SoC. Software: Contiki − Open source OS for Internet of Things. OpenWRT − Linux based firmware for embedded devices. Fedora18-panda-armhfp − Fedora linux for Pandaboard. 14 / 19
- 15. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Agriculture field − KVK Hirehalli 15 / 19
- 16. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work Application Requirements Agriculture Sensor Network Agriculture sensor as CoAP Resource Deployment Architecture & plans Remote Sensor Network Connectivity Implementation Remote agriculture field Monitoring Soil Sensor using CoAP Web based monitoring 16 / 19
- 17. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work ERNET - IoT Testbed plan IoT Testbed Architecture IoT Testbed plans Implementing IoT testbed comprising heterogeneous legacy and possible new types of devices Support IoT experiments to benefit academic and research community in improving the knowledge of IoT hardware and software infrastructure Semantic technologies and ontology development to the benefit IoT community Help scientific community in enhancing their knowledge about IoT and its relevance to their application domain (smart agriculture, smart health, smart grid) Facilitate IoT innovation enhancing its impacts and define necessary standards for IoT Use IoT to the benefit of the society 17 / 19
- 18. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work ERNET - IoT Testbed plan IoT Testbed Architecture Distributed IoT Testbed 18 / 19
- 19. IP-based WSN Monitoring - Background Agriculture Usecase Conclusion & Future Work ERNET - IoT Testbed plan IoT Testbed Architecture Thank you!, any questions? Email: paventhan@eis.ernet.in 19 / 19