Internet Search and DRM Issues
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The document presents an overview of information search methodologies and the functionalities of web search engines, emphasizing systematic and exhaustive searching techniques. It covers essential aspects of search engines, including the roles of spiders, indexing, and query software, alongside effective search strategies and copyright laws regarding digital content and rights management. Additionally, it discusses the impact of digitization on copyright, highlighting the need for updated legal measures like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) to protect intellectual property in the digital age.
![* Every word matters- All the words you put in the
search box will be used.
* Search is always case insensitive- A search for
[ugc.ac.in] is the same as a search for [UGC]
* Generally, punctuation is ignored, including
@#$%^&*()=+[]/ and other special characters.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internetsearchanddrmissues-220224071403/85/Internet-Search-and-DRM-Issues-18-320.jpg)
Internet Search and DRM Issues
- 1. Presented By Dr. Jayant M. Nandagaoli Head, Department of Library & Information Science (jayantnandagaoli@gmail.com)
- 2. • * Information search is systematic & exhaustive search for published or unpublished material on specific subject/topics. • * This is intermediate stage between reference work & research. • * It is often the 1st step in a research project. • * It is an systematic investigation to get desirable information. • * It can be carried out by manually, computer based-Offline and Online also. • * This undertaken against certain information needs and problems to overcome.
- 3. • * Ascertaining the purpose, scope & depth of information need, to be searched : - * Facet analysis: - Key terms and relationship. * Formulation of search strategy:- Plan or course of action. • * Selection, collection and search of information sources: - Tertiary to Primary source * Presentation of results:-
- 4. • There are several types of resources available such as • * Electronic Journals and Newsletters • * Directories of WWW Electronic Journals • * Online Indexes of Print or Electronic Journals • * Table of Contents • * Preprints and Working Papers • * Discussion Lists or Forums/Usenet Newsgroups • * Directories of Newsgroups and Mailing Lists. • * Subject Databases • * Campus Wide Information Systems (CWIS)
- 5. • * Technical Reports • * Library Catalogues • * Patents • * Document Delivery * Reference Sources • * Courseware Directories • * Digital Libraries • * Software Archives • * Data Archives • * Blogs, Youtube & other Social Networking sites • * Other Resources, etc.
- 6. * Search engine A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. * The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.
- 7. Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are designed to help people find information stored on other sites. There are three pieces of software that together make up a search engine: the spider software, the index software and the query software. There are differences in the ways various search engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks: 1) They search the Internet or select pieces from the Internet based on important keywords. 2) They keep an index of the words they find and where they find them. 3) They allow users to look for words or combinations of words found in that index.
- 8. A search engine operates, in the following order Crawling Follow links to find information Indexing Record what words appear where Ranking What information is a good match to a user query? What information is inherently good? (SEO)
- 9. 1. Spiders: To find information on the hundreds of millions of Web pages that exist, a search engine employs special software robots, called spiders, to build lists of the words found on Web sites. "Spiders" take a Web page's content and create key search words that enable online users to find pages they're looking for. 2. Crawling: When a spider is building its lists, the process is called Web. In order to build and maintain a useful list of words, a search engine's spiders have to look at a lot of pages.
- 10. 3. Indexing: For fast accessing of data. 4. Meta tag: The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields).
- 11. The spider software 'crawls the web looking for new pages to collect and add to the search engine indices’. The difference is that the spider doesn't collect images or formatting - it is only interested in text and links AND the URL, (for example, http://www. Unique- Resource-Locator.html) from which they come. it doesn't display anything and it gets as much information as it can is the shortest time possible. The index software catches everything the spider can throw at it (yes, that's another metaphor). The index makes sense of the mass of text, links and URLs using what is called an algorithm - a complex mathematical formula that indexes the words, the pairs of words and so on. The spider takes the information it has gathered about a web page and sends it to the index software where it is analyzed and stored.
- 12. The query software - it is the front end of what everybody thinks of as a search engine. It may look simple but the query software presents the results of all the quite remarkable spider and index software that works away invisibly on our behalf. So, when you type in your search words and hit search, then the search engine will try to match your words with the best, most relevant web pages it can find by 'searching the web, But this too is a metaphor and perhaps the most important one. The query software doesn't actually search the web - instead, it checks through all the records that have been created by its own index software. And those records are made possible by the text, links and URL material the spider software collects.
- 13. When someone types chocolate into the query box on a search engine page (such as Google), then it's time for the query software to go to work.
- 14. Keyword Density: The ratio of the number of occurrences of a word or phrase on a page to the total number of words on the page.
- 15. * Research has shown that, about 80% of internet traffic is generated through search engines. * Approximately 75% of the users staying only on the 1st page of the search results and only about 20% of the users go ahead to the 2nd page of the search result. * Every search engine has limitation as to coverage. * Some have compromised search with economics i.e. becoming little more than advertisers . * Search engines are also many times victims of spam indexing affecting what is included and how ranked.
- 16. • Internal search: An internal search can only be used to find content on a single website (or intranet or extranet). • External or public search: A public search can be used to find content on any website, anywhere on the web. • Meta search engine: meta search engine uses the indexes of other search engines to find content, anywhere on the web.
- 17. Look for links to an “About” page the information should be specific and should include: * A name of someone responsible for the information * A description of what the organization or individual does * Where they are located and who they serve * Specific contact information * Names of executive members and their roles if it is an organization or business
- 18. * Every word matters- All the words you put in the search box will be used. * Search is always case insensitive- A search for [ugc.ac.in] is the same as a search for [UGC] * Generally, punctuation is ignored, including @#$%^&*()=+[]/ and other special characters.
- 19. • Ex. Ex. http://www.gov.ns.ca/premier/ • { http://}{www.gov.ns.ca/}{premier/} { http://}{www.gov.ns.ca/}{premier/} • ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Html web page Home Page Directory or Html web page Home Page Directory or Subordinate Page Subordinate Page
- 20. • Web address, or URL (Universal Resource Locator): http://www.sc.edu/beaufort/library/pages/bones/lesson1.shtml • "http" means hypertext transfer protocol and refers to the format used to transfer and deal with information • • "www" stands for World Wide Web and is the general name for the host server that supports text, graphics, sound files, etc. (It is not an essential part of the address, and some sites choose not to use it) • "sc“ is the second-level domain name and usually designates the server's location, in this case, the University of South Carolina • "edu" is the top-level domain name • "beaufort" is the directory name • "library“ is the sub-directory name • "pages" and "bones" are the folder and sub-folder names • "lesson1" is the file name • "shtml" Is the file type extension and, in this case, stands for "scripted hypertext mark-up language" (that's the language the computer reads). The addition of the "s" indicates that the server will scan the page for commands that require additional insertion before the page is sent to the user.
- 21. • Only a few top-level domains are currently recognized, but this is changing. Here is a list of the domains generally accepted by all: • .edu -- Educational site (usually a university or college) • .com -- Commercial business site • .gov -- Governmental/non-military site • .mil -- Military sites and agencies • .net -- Networks, internet service providers, organizations • .org -- Non-profit organizations and others .
- 22. • In mid November 2000, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) voted to accept an additional seven new suffixes, which are expected to be made available to users : • .aero -- restricted use by air transportation industry • .biz -- general use by businesses • .coop -- restricted use by cooperatives • .info -- general use by both commercial and non- commercial sites • .museum -- restricted use by museums • .name -- general use by individuals • .pro -- restricted use by certified professionals and professional entities
- 23. • * Keep it simple- Most queries do not require advanced operators or unusual syntax. Enter exact name. * Think how the page you are looking for will be written- It is not human, it’s a program that match the given words. Use the words that are most likely to appear on the page. * Describe what you need with as few terms as possible- Since all words are used, each additional word limits the result.
- 24. • * Surround searches in quotes- For multiple common words group query by quotes e.g. computer and help use “computer help” * Avoid Stop words- If not important, don’t enter them e.g. instead of why does my computer not boot use “computer” and “boot”. * To avoid undesirable concept- Not required contain can be avoid by using (-) sing e.g. “computer help”-windows
- 25. • * Fill in the blank (*)- include * asterisk within query which considered as a placeholder for any unknown term & gives the best matches e.g. google* will give result about many of google’s products. * Search exactly (+)- Usually considers synonyms such as Orphan- Abandoned Child. In order to avoid term +orphan will match the word precisely.
- 26. Search for an exact word or phrase "search query“:- Use quotes to search for an exact word or set of words. This option is handy when searching for song lyrics or a line from literature. "imagine all the people“ Search within a site or domain site: query:-looking for more results from a certain website, include site: in your query. For example, you can find all mentions of "olympics" on the New York Times website like this: olympics site: nytimes.com or olympics site:.gov Search for pages that link to a URL link:query:- Using the link: operator, you can find pages that link to a certain page. For example, you can find all the pages that link to google.com. link:google.com or link:google.com/images Search for pages that are similar to a URL related:query:- related:nytimes.com Search for either word query OR query:- world cup location 2014 OR 2018 Search for a number range number..number:-Separate numbers by two periods without spaces (..) to see results that contain numbers in a given range of things like dates, prices, and measurements. camera $50..$100
- 29. Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. Three conditions must be met before copyright protection: The work must be original. The work must be fixed, or presented in a tangible form such as writing, film, or photography. A qualified person must create the work. A qualified person is one living in a country that is a member of the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) or the Berne Convention.
- 30. IPR Industrial Property Artistic & Literary Rights Patent Industrial Designs Trademarks Copyright
- 31. Copyright is concerned with the rights of authors, composers, artists and other creators in their works. Copyright grants them the right, for a limited period of time, to authorize or prohibit certain uses of their works by others. These rights encompass basically two aspects Economic The main aim of copyright is to provide a stimulus for creativity – ensuring economic returns on the creation and protection from violation of the creation. Moral Moral rights generally cover the right of “paternity” by which authors have the right to claim authorship of their works, ensuring that their names are mentioned in connection with them.
- 32. Copyright is in essence a bundle of rights covering the following: Rights for reproduction, i.e. exclusive rights to make copies of the work. Rights for modification/adaptation, i.e. exclusive rights to modify and make adaptations and create derivative works. Rights for distribution, i.e. the rights distribute the work to the public. Rights for public performance, i.e. the right to recite, play, dance, or act with or without the aid of a machine. Rights for public display, i.e. the right to display the work anywhere that is open to the public
- 33. Section 52 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957 indicates provisions what are not legally infringement Fair use of the work are permitted for Research Non-commercial Private study Criticism, review, reporting of current events in newspapers/ periodicals/ broadcasting Classroom teaching or examination purpose reproduction for use of public libraries (not more than 3 copies) Reproduction of an unpublished work kept in a library subject to certain conditions Publication in a collection for the use of educational institutions in certain circumstances In the case of computer programmes utilize the computer programme for the purpose for which it was supplied to make back up copies purely as temporary protection against loss, destruction or damage
- 34. Piracy of copyrighted materials and demand for a stronger intellectual property rights is not a new phenomenon. But digitization has made the piracy much easier Easy reproduction Very less cost of reproduction Easier substitutability of digitized copies Inexpensive dissemination of digital content The most important aspect of digital content is that access to the content is synonymous with control of the content which added with the low cost of content reproduction and dissemination causes virtual loss of ownership in terms of the content’s economic value. This is a major problem for the content owners and content industries. In 2006, Copyright office in India posted proposals to amend the Copyright Act, 1957 on its website. One of the proposed amendments seeks to introduce the Digital Rights Management (DRM) in the Indian copyright law. The purpose for such introduction in the Indian copyright laws has been to “keep pace with national and international developments and advance in technologies.
- 35. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States digital rights management (DRM) law enacted October 28, 1998. The intent behind DMCA was to create an updated version of copyright laws to deal with the special challenges of regulating digital material. Broadly, the aim of DMCA is to protect the rights of both copyright owners and consumers. The law complies with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, both of which were ratified by over 50 countries around the world in 1996.
- 36. With advent of ICT we are moving towards thick copyright Where content industries are adopting copyright management technology measures for the protection of intellectual property of digital works- like e-books, e-journals, databases, computer programs, movies, music etc. This is referred to as Digital Rights Management, or DRM. Digital Rights Management is a collective name for technologies or a range of techniques that prevent one from using a copyrighted digital work beyond the degree to which the copyright owner (or a publisher who may not actually hold a copyright) wishes to allow one to use it . It is actually a range of techniques that use information about rights and rights holders to manage copyright material and the terms and conditions on which it is made available to users.
- 37. Digital rights management is a far-reaching term that refers to any scheme that controls access to copyrighted material using technological means. In essence, DRM removes usage control from the person in possession of digital content and puts it in the hands of a computer program. The applications and methods are endless -- here are just a few examples of digital rights management: A company sets its servers to block the forwarding of sensitive e-mail. An e-book server restricts access to, copying of and printing of material based on constraints set by the copyright holder of the content. A movie studio includes software on its DVDs that limits the number of copies a user can make to two. A music label releases titles on a type of CD that includes bits of information intended to confuse ripping software.
- 38. Management of Digital Rights: The responsibility of expressing and managing the rights to content in electronic or digital form, as a corollary to content in print. Digital management of rights: The ability to physically manage intellectual property and proprietary rights in content by way of an electronic system or process, associated with copyright management systems. DRM Management of digital rights Digital management of rights
- 39. Components of DRM Secure Containers They make content inaccessible to those users that are not authorized to access the content. These containers mainly rely on cryptographic algorithms such as DES or AES. Eg. Inter Trust’s DigiFile, and Microsoft’s file format for e books, etc. the distributor, the clearinghouse the consumer. Usually a DRM system is integrated with an e-commerce system that handles financial payments and triggers the function of the clearinghouse
- 40. Rights Expressions The Rights entity allows expressions to be made about the allowable permissions, constraints, obligations, and any other rights-related information about Users and Content. Hence, the Rights entity is critical because it represents the expressiveness of the language that will be used to inform the rights metadata. Content Identification and Description System They help uniquely identify the content (eg. International Standard Book Number) and associate descriptive metadata with the content. Payment Systems The systems that enable the monetary transactions need to be a part of the secure and trusted system in order for the system to operate. Watermarking and Fingerprinting These set of technologies, often referred as forensic technologies, are related to identification of content.
- 41. Identification of People and Organization Not only does a rights owner need to associate a claim of ownership with the content but also the consumer will need to be uniquely identified. Such user identification systems are a prerequisite for DRM systems to be able to limit content access to legitimate users. Authentication Systems The DRM requires algorithms to authenticate the person or organization that wants to interact with any content. This function will involve cryptographic algorithms and may need an agency that issues electronic certificates often referred as “Trusted Third Party” or TTP. Event Reporting A mechanism to report events such as the purchase of a piece of content is important to allow event-based payments to be processed. These event-based payments are examples of new business models that DRM can enable.
- 42. Benefits of DRM:- • Secure e book distribution • Content authenticity • Transaction non-repudiation • Market participant identification • Protection of digital content
- 43. New Prohibitions On Circumvention Of Protection Technologies:- 1. Prohibits the "circumvention" of any effective "technological protection measure" (e.g., a password or form of encryption) used by a copyright holder to restrict access to its material. 2. Prohibits the manufacture of any device, or the offering of any service, primarily designed to defeat an effective "technological protection measure“. 3. Defers the effective date of these prohibitions for two years and 18 months, respectively.
- 44. New Prohibitions On Circumvention Of Protection Technologies:- 4. Requires that the Librarian of Congress issue a three-year waiver from the anti-circumvention prohibition when there is evidence that the new law adversely affects or may adversely affect "fair use" and other non-infringing uses of any class of work. 5. Expressly states that many valuable activities based on the "fair use" doctrine (including reverse engineering, security testing, privacy protection and encryption research) will not constitute illegal "anti- circumvention“.
- 45. · Limitations On Online Service Provider Liability:- 1. Exempts any OSP or carrier of digital information (including libraries) from copyright liability because of the content of a transmission made by a user of the provider's or carrier's system (e.g., the user of a library computer system). 2. Establishes a mechanism for a provider to avoid copyright infringement liability due to the storage of infringing information on an OSP's own computer system, or the use of "information location tools" and hyperlinks, if the provider acts "expeditiously to remove or disable access to" infringing material identified in a formal notice by the copyright holder
- 46. Digital Preservation:- 1. expressly permit authorized institutions to make up to three, digital preservation copies of an eligible copyrighted work. 2. electronically "loan" those copies to other qualifying institutions. 3. permit preservation, including by digital means, when the existing format in which the work has been stored becomes obsolete.
- 47. Thank You