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Internet World Wide Web How to Program 2nd Edition
Harvey M. Deitel Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Harvey M. Deitel, Paul J. Deitel, T. R. Nieto
ISBN(s): 9780130308979, 0130308978
Edition: 2nd
File Details: PDF, 40.19 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english

This book is compiled in PDF format by The Admin®. Please visit my web site
www.theadmin.data.bg

Contents
Preface xlv
1 Introduction to Computers and the Internet 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 What Is a Computer? 4
1.3 Types of Programming Languages 5
1.4 Other High-Level Languages 7
1.5 Structured Programming 7
1.6 History of the Internet 8
1.7 Personal Computing 9
1.8 History of the World Wide Web 10
1.9 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 10
1.10 Hardware Trends 11
1.11 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 12
1.12 JavaScript: Object-Based Scripting for the Web 13
1.13 Browser Portability 14
1.14 C and C++ 15
1.15 Java 16
1.16 Internet and World Wide Web How to Program 16
1.17 Dynamic HTML 18
1.18 Tour of the Book 18
1.19 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 30
2 Microsoft® Internet Explorer 5.5 35
2.1 Introduction to the Internet Explorer 5.5 Web Browser 36
2.2 Connecting to the Internet 36
2.3 Internet Explorer 5.5 Features 37
2.4 Searching the Internet 41
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VIII
2.5 Online Help and Tutorials 42
2.6 Keeping Track of Favorite Sites 43
2.7 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 44
2.8 Outlook Express and Electronic Mail 46
2.9 NetMeeting 49
2.10 MSN Messenger Service 55
2.11 Customizing Browser Settings 56
3 Photoshop®
Elements 63
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Image Basics 64
3.3 Vector and Raster Graphics 74
3.4 Toolbox 75
3.4.1 Selection Tools 76
3.4.2 Painting Tools 80
3.4.3 Shape Tools 86
3.5 Layers 91
3.6 Screen Capturing 93
3.7 File Formats: GIF and JPEG 94
4 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 101
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Editing XHTML 103
4.3 First XHTML Example 103
4.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 106
4.5 Headers 108
4.6 Linking 109
4.7 Images 112
4.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 116
4.9 Unordered Lists 118
4.10 Nested and Ordered Lists 119
5 Introduction to XHTML: Part 2 127
5.2 Basic XHTML Tables 128
5.3 Intermediate XHTML Tables and Formatting 131
5.4 Basic XHTML Forms 133
5.5 More Complex XHTML Forms 136
5.6 Internal Linking 143
5.7 Creating and Using Image Maps 146
5.8 meta Elements 148
5.9 frameset Element 150
5.10 Nested framesets 153
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IX
6 Cascading Style Sheets™ (CSS) 161
6.2 Inline Styles 162
6.3 Embedded Style Sheets 163
6.4 Conflicting Styles 166
6.5 Linking External Style Sheets 169
6.6 W3C CSS Validation Service 172
6.7 Positioning Elements 173
6.8 Backgrounds 176
6.9 Element Dimensions 178
6.10 Text Flow and the Box Model 180
6.11 User Style Sheets 185
7 JavaScript: Introduction to Scripting 194
7.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text in a Web Page 195
7.3 Another JavaScript Program: Adding Integers 203
7.4 Memory Concepts 208
7.5 Arithmetic 209
7.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 212
7.7 JavaScript Internet and World Wide Web Resources 219
8 JavaScript: Control Structures 1 229
8.2 Algorithms 230
8.3 Pseudocode 231
8.4 Control Structures 231
8.5 if Selection Structure 234
8.6 if/else Selection Structure 235
8.7 while Repetition Structure 240
8.8 Formulating Algorithms:
Case Study 1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition) 241
8.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2
(Sentinel-Controlled Repetition) 245
8.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3
(Nested Control Structures) 251
8.11 Assignment Operators 255
8.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 256
8.13 Note on Data Types 259
9 JavaScript: Control Structures II 271
9.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 272
9.3 for Repetition Structure 275
9.4 Examples Using the for Structure 279
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X
9.5 switch Multiple-Selection Structure 284
9.6 do/while Repetition Structure 289
9.7 break and continue Statements 291
9.8 Labeled break and continue Statements 294
9.9 Logical Operators 296
9.10 Summary of Structured Programming 301
10 JavaScript: Functions 315
10.2 Program Modules in JavaScript 316
10.3 Programmer-Defined Functions 318
10.4 Function Definitions 318
10.5 Random-Number Generation 324
10.6 Example: Game of Chance 329
10.7 Duration of Identifiers 337
10.8 Scope Rules 338
10.9 JavaScript Global Functions 340
10.10 Recursion 341
10.11 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 345
10.12 Recursion vs. Iteration 349
11 JavaScript: Arrays 365
11.2 Arrays 366
11.3 Declaring and Allocating Arrays 368
11.4 Examples Using Arrays 369
11.5 References and Reference Parameters 376
11.6 Passing Arrays to Functions 377
11.7 Sorting Arrays 380
11.8 Searching Arrays: Linear Search and Binary Search 382
11.9 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays 388
12 JavaScript: Objects 402
12.2 Thinking About Objects 403
12.3 Math Object 405
12.4 String Object 407
12.4.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 407
12.4.2 Methods of the String Object 407
12.4.3 Character Processing Methods 409
12.4.4 Searching Methods 411
12.4.5 Splitting Strings and Obtaining Substrings 413
12.4.6 XHTML Markup Methods 415
12.5 Date Object 417
12.6 Boolean and Number Objects 423
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XI
13 Dynamic HTML: Object Model and Collections 435
13.2 Object Referencing 436
13.3 Collections all and children 438
13.4 Dynamic Styles 441
13.5 Dynamic Positioning 444
13.6 Using the frames Collection 446
13.7 navigator Object 448
13.8 Summary of the DHTML Object Model 450
14 Dynamic HTML: Event Model 456
14.2 Event onclick 457
14.3 Event onload 459
14.4 Error Handling with onerror 460
14.5 Tracking the Mouse with Event onmousemove 462
14.6 Rollovers with onmouseover and onmouseout 464
14.7 Form Processing with onfocus and onblur 468
14.8 More Form Processing with onsubmit and onreset 470
14.9 Event Bubbling 472
14.10 More DHTML Events 474
15 Dynamic HTML: Filters and Transitions 480
15.2 Flip filters: flipv and fliph 482
15.3 Transparency with the chroma Filter 484
15.4 Creating Image masks 486
15.5 Miscellaneous Image filters: invert, gray and xray 487
15.6 Adding shadows to Text 489
15.7 Creating Gradients with alpha 491
15.8 Making Text glow 493
15.9 Creating Motion with blur 496
15.10 Using the wave Filter 499
15.11 Advanced Filters: dropShadow and light 501
15.12 Transitions I: Filter blendTrans 505
15.13 Transitions II: Filter revealTrans 509
16 Dynamic HTML: Data Binding with Tabular Data
Control 517
16.2 Simple Data Binding 519
16.3 Moving a Recordset 523
16.4 Binding to an img 526
16.5 Binding to a table 529
16.6 Sorting table Data 530
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XII
16.7 Advanced Sorting and Filtering 533
16.8 Data Binding Elements 540
17 Dynamic HTML: Structured Graphics ActiveX Control 545
17.2 Shape Primitives 546
17.3 Moving Shapes with Translate 550
17.4 Rotation 552
17.5 Mouse Events and External Source Files 554
17.6 Scaling 556
18 Dynamic HTML: Path, Sequencer and
Sprite ActiveX Controls 564
18.2 DirectAnimation Path Control 565
18.3 Multiple Path Controls 567
18.4 Time Markers for Path Control 570
18.5 DirectAnimation Sequencer Control 573
18.6 DirectAnimation Sprite Control 576
18.7 Animated GIFs 579
19 Macromedia®
Flash™
: Building Interactive
Animations 584
19.2 Flash™
Movie Development 586
19.3 Learning Flash with Hands-on Examples 589
19.3.1 Creating a Shape With the Oval Tool 590
19.3.2 Adding Text to a Button 593
19.3.3 Converting a Shape into a Symbol 594
19.3.4 Editing Button Symbols 595
19.3.5 Adding Keyframes 597
19.3.6 Adding Sound to a Button 597
19.3.7 Verifying Changes with Test Movie 600
19.3.8 Adding Layers to a Movie 600
19.3.9 Animating Text with Tweening 602
19.3.10 Adding a Text Field 604
19.3.11 Adding ActionScript 605
19.4 Creating a Projector (.exe) File With Publish 608
19.5 Manually Embedding a Flash Movie in a Web Page 609
19.6 Creating Special Effects with Flash 610
19.6.1 Importing and Manipulating Bitmaps 610
19.6.2 Create an Advertisement Banner with Masking 611
19.6.3 Adding Online Help to Forms 613
19.7 Creating a Web-Site Introduction 622
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XIII
19.8 ActionScript 627
20 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 633
20.2 Structuring Data 635
20.3 XML Namespaces 641
20.4 Document Type Definitions (DTDs) and Schemas 643
20.4.1 Document Type Definitions 643
20.4.2 W3C XML Schema Documents 645
20.5 XML Vocabularies 648
20.5.1 MathML™ 648
20.5.2 Chemical Markup Language (CML) 652
20.5.3 Other Markup Languages 654
20.6 Document Object Model (DOM) 654
20.7 DOM Methods 655
20.8 Simple API for XML (SAX) 662
20.9 Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) 663
20.10 Microsoft BizTalk™ 670
20.11 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 671
21 Web Servers (IIS, PWS and Apache) 681
21.2 HTTP Request Types 683
21.3 System Architecture 684
21.4 Client-Side Scripting versus Server-Side Scripting 685
21.5 Accessing Web Servers 686
21.6 Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 687
21.7 Microsoft Personal Web Server (PWS) 690
21.8 Apache Web Server 692
21.9 Requesting Documents 692
21.9.1 XHTML 692
21.9.2 ASP 694
21.9.3 Perl 694
21.9.4 Python 695
21.9.5 PHP 697
22 Database: SQL, MySQL, DBI and ADO 702
22.2 Relational Database Model 704
22.3 Relational Database Overview 705
22.4 Structured Query Language 709
22.4.1 Basic SELECT Query 710
22.4.2 WHERE Clause 711
22.4.3 GROUP BY Clause 713
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XIV
22.4.4 ORDER BY Clause 714
22.4.5 Merging Data from Multiple Tables 715
22.4.6 Inserting a Record 718
22.4.7 Updating a Record 719
22.4.8 DELETE FROM Statement 720
22.4.9 TitleAuthor Query from Books.mdb 720
22.5 MySQL 723
22.6 Introduction to DBI 723
22.6.1 Perl Database Interface 724
22.6.2 Python DB-API 724
22.6.3 PHP dbx module 725
22.7 ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) 725
23 Wireless Internet and m-Business 734
23.2 M-Business 736
23.3 Identifying User Location 736
23.3.1 E911 Act 737
23.3.2 Location-Identification Technologies 737
23.4 Wireless Marketing, Advertising and Promotions 738
23.5 Wireless Payment Options 740
23.6 Privacy and the Wireless Internet 741
23.7 International Wireless Communications 742
23.8 Wireless-Communications Technologies 743
23.9 WAP and WML 744
23.10 Phone Simulator and Setup Instructions 745
23.11 Creating WML Documents 746
23.12 WMLScript Programming 753
23.13 String Object Methods 760
23.14 Wireless Protocols, Platforms and Programming Languages 770
23.14.1 WAP 2.0 770
23.14.2 Handheld Devices Markup Languages (HDML) 771
23.14.3 Compact HTML (cHTML) and i-mode 771
23.14.4 Java and Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) 771
23.14.5 Binary Run-Time Environment for Wireless (BREW) 772
23.14.6 Bluetooth Wireless Technology 772
24 VBScript 783
24.2 Operators 784
24.3 Data Types and Control Structures 787
24.4 VBScript Functions 791
24.5 VBScript Example Programs 795
24.6 Arrays 803
24.7 String Manipulation 807
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XV
24.8 Classes and Objects 811
24.9 Operator Precedence Chart 820
25 Active Server Pages (ASP) 831
25.2 How Active Server Pages Work 832
25.3 Setup 833
25.4 Active Server Page Objects 833
25.5 Simple ASP Examples 834
25.6 File System Objects 839
25.7 Session Tracking and Cookies 849
25.8 Accessing a Database from an Active Server Page 859
25.9 Server-Side ActiveX Components 870
26 Case Study: Active Server Pages and XML 884
26.2 Setup and Message Forum Documents 885
26.3 Forum Navigation 886
26.4 Adding Forums 889
26.5 Forum XML Documents 894
26.6 Posting Messages 898
26.7 Other Documents 902
27 Perl and CGI (Common Gateway Interface) 908
27.2 Perl 910
27.3 String Processing and Regular Expressions 916
27.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables 921
27.5 Form Processing and Business Logic 924
27.6 Server-Side Includes 930
27.7 Verifying a Username and Password 934
27.8 Using DBI to Connect to a Database 939
27.9 Cookies and Perl 945
28 Python 962
28.1.1 First Python Program 963
28.1.2 Python Keywords 965
28.2 Basic Data Types, Control Structures and Functions 965
28.3 Tuples, Lists and Dictionaries 969
28.5 Exception Handling 979
28.6 Introduction to CGI Programming 981
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XVI
28.8 Cookies 989
28.9 Database Application Programming Interface (DB-API) 994
28.9.1 Setup 994
28.9.2 Simple DB-API Program 994
29 PHP 1008
29.2 PHP 1010
29.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables 1024
29.6 Verifying a Username and Password 1031
29.7 Connecting to a Database 1039
29.8 Cookies 1043
29.9 Operator Precedence 1048
30 Servlets 1056
30.2 Servlet Overview and Architecture 1059
30.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life Cycle 1060
30.2.2 HttpServlet Class 1062
30.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface 1063
30.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface 1064
30.3 Handling HTTP get Requests 1064
30.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server 1069
30.3.2 Deploying a Web Application 1071
30.4 Handling HTTP get Requests Containing Data 1076
30.5 Handling HTTP post Requests 1079
30.6 Redirecting Requests to Other Resources 1082
30.7 Session Tracking 1086
30.7.1 Cookies 1087
30.7.2 Session Tracking with HttpSession 1095
30.8 Multi-tier Applications: Using JDBC from a Servlet 1103
30.8.1 Configuring animalsurvey Database and SurveyServlet 1109
30.9 HttpUtils Class 1111
31 JavaServer Pages (JSP) 1119
31.2 JavaServer Pages Overview 1121
31.3 A First JavaServer Page Example 1122
31.4 Implicit Objects 1124
31.5 Scripting 1125
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XVII
31.5.1 Scripting Components 1126
31.5.2 Scripting Example 1127
31.6 Standard Actions 1130
31.6.1 <jsp:include> Action 1131
31.6.2 <jsp:forward> Action 1135
31.6.3 <jsp:plugin> Action 1139
31.6.4 <jsp:useBean> Action 1143
31.7 Directives 1160
31.7.1 page Directive 1160
31.7.2 include Directive 1162
31.8 Custom Tag Libraries 1164
31.8.1 Simple Custom Tag 1165
31.8.2 Custom Tag with Attributes 1169
31.8.3 Evaluating the Body of a Custom Tag 1173
31.9 World Wide Web Resources 1179
32 e-Business & e-Commerce 1186
32.2 E-Business Models 1189
32.2.1 Storefront Model 1189
32.2.2 Shopping-Cart Technology 1190
32.2.3 Auction Model 1191
32.2.4 Portal Model 1194
32.2.5 Name-Your-Price Model 1195
32.2.6 Comparison-Pricing Model 1195
32.2.7 Demand-Sensitive Pricing Model 1195
32.2.8 Bartering Model 1195
32.3 Building an e-Business 1196
32.4 e-Marketing 1197
32.4.1 Branding 1197
32.4.2 Marketing Research 1197
32.4.3 e-Mail Marketing 1197
32.4.4 Promotions 1198
32.4.5 Consumer Tracking 1198
32.4.6 Electronic Advertising 1198
32.4.7 Search Engines 1199
32.4.8 Affiliate Programs 1199
32.4.9 Public Relations 1200
32.4.10 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 1200
32.5 Online Payments 1201
32.5.1 Credit-Card Payment 1201
32.5.2 Digital Cash and e-Wallets 1201
32.5.3 Micropayments 1201
32.5.4 Smart Cards 1202
32.6 Security 1202
32.6.1 Public-Key Cryptography 1203
32.6.2 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 1205
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XVIII
32.6.3 WTLS 1207
32.6.4 IPSec and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 1207
32.6.5 Security Attacks 1208
32.6.6 Network Security 1208
32.7 Legal Issues 1209
32.7.1 Privacy 1209
32.7.2 Defamation 1209
32.7.3 Sexually Explicit Speech 1210
32.7.4 Copyright and Patents 1210
32.8 XML and e-Commerce 1211
33 Multimedia: Audio, Video, Speech Synthesis and
Recognition 1223
33.2 Audio and Video 1225
33.3 Adding Background Sounds with the bgsound Element 1225
33.4 Adding Video with the img Element’s dynsrc Property 1228
33.5 Adding Audio or Video with the embed Element 1230
33.6 Using the Windows Media Player ActiveX Control 1232
33.7 Microsoft®
Agent Control 1236
33.8 RealPlayer™ Plug-in 1249
33.9 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 1252
33.10 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1254
34 Accessibility 1267
34.2 Web Accessibility 1268
34.3 Web Accessibility Initiative 1269
34.4 Providing Alternatives for Images 1271
34.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure 1272
34.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables 1272
34.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames 1276
34.8 Accessibility in XML 1277
34.9 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML™ 1277
34.10 CallXML™ 1284
34.11 JAWS® for Windows 1289
34.12 Other Accessibility Tools 1291
34.13 Accessibility in Microsoft® Windows® 2000 1292
34.13.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments 1294
34.13.2 Tools for People with Hearing Impairments 1296
34.13.3 Tools for Users Who Have Difficulty Using the Keyboard 1296
34.13.4 Microsoft Narrator 1302
34.13.5 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard 1303
34.13.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 1304
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XIX
A XHTML Special Characters 1313
B Operator Precedence Chart 1314
C ASCII Character Set 1316
D Number Systems 1317
D.1 Introduction 1318
D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers 1321
D.3 Converting Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1322
D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1322
D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal 1323
D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation 1325
E XHTML Colors 1330
F Career Opportunities 1333
F.1 Introduction 1334
F.2 Resources for the Job Seeker 1335
F.3 Online Opportunities for Employers 1336
F.3.1 Posting Jobs Online 1338
F.3.2 Problems with Recruiting on the Web 1340
F.3.3 Diversity in the Workplace 1340
F.4 Recruiting Services 1341
F.4.1 Testing Potential Employees Online 1342
F.5 Career Sites 1343
F.5.1 Comprehensive Career Sites 1343
F.5.2 Technical Positions 1344
F.5.3 Wireless Positions 1345
F.5.4 Contracting Online 1345
F.5.5 Executive Positions 1346
F.5.6 Students and Young Professionals 1347
F.5.7 Other Online Career Services 1348
F.6 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1349
G Unicode®
1357
G.1 Introduction 1358
G.2 Unicode Transformation Formats 1359
G.3 Characters and Glyphs 1360
G.4 Advantages/Disadvantages of Unicode 1360
G.5 Unicode Consortium’s Web Site 1361
G.6 Using Unicode 1362
G.7 Character Ranges 1366
Bibliography 1370
Index 1372
iw3htp2TOC.fm Page xix Monday, July 23, 2001 4:43 PM

Preface
Live in fragments no longer. Only connect.
Edward Morgan Forster
Welcome to the exciting world of Internet and World Wide Web programming. This book
is by an old guy and two young guys. The old guy (HMD; Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology 1967) has been programming and/or teaching programming for 40 years. The two
young guys (PJD; MIT 1991 and TRN; MIT 1992) have been programming and/or teaching
programming for over 20 years. The old guy programs and teaches from experience; the
young guys do so from an inexhaustible reserve of energy. The old guy wants clarity; the
young guys want performance. The old guy seeks elegance and beauty; the young guys
want results. We got together to produce a book we hope you will find informative, chal-
lenging and entertaining.
The explosion and popularity of the Internet and the World Wide Web creates tremen-
dous challenges for us as authors, for our publisher—Prentice Hall, for instructors, for stu-
dents and for professionals.
The World Wide Web increases the prominence of the Internet in information systems,
strategic planning and implementation. Organizations want to integrate the Internet “seam-
lessly” into their information systems and the World Wide Web offers endless opportunity
to do so.
New Features in Internet & World Wide Web How to Program:
Second Edition
This edition contains many new features and enhancements including:
• Full-Color Presentation. The book enhances LIVE-CODE
™
examples by using full
color. Readers see sample outputs as they would appear on a color monitor. We
have syntax colored all the code examples, as many of today’s development envi-
ronments do. Our syntax-coloring conventions are as follows:
iw3htp2_preface.fm Page xli Wednesday, July 25, 2001 5:04 PM

XLII Preface Appendix
comments appear in green
keywords appear in dark blue
literal values appear in light blue
XHTML text and scripting text appear in black
ASP and JSP delimiters appear in red
• XHTML. This edition uses XHTML as the primary means of describing Web con-
tent. The World Wide Web Consortium deprecated the use of HTML 4 and replaced
it with XHTML 1.0 (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language). XHTML is derived
from XML (Extensible Markup Language), which allows Web developers to create
their own tags and languages. XHTML is replacing HTML as the standard for mark-
ing up Web content because it is more robust and offers more features.
• Chapter 19, Macromedia®
Flash.™
Flash is a cutting-edge multimedia applica-
tion that enables Web developers to create interactive, animated content. Through
hands-on examples, we show how to add interactivity, sound and animation to
Web sites while teaching the fundamentals of Flash and ActionScript—Flash’s
scripting language. The chapter examples include creating interactive buttons, an-
imated banners and animated splash screens (called animation pre-loaders).
• Chapter 20, Extensible Markup Language (XML). Throughout the book we em-
phasize XHTML, which derived from XML and HTML. XML derives from
SGML (Standardized General Markup Language), whose sheer size and complex-
ity limits its use beyond heavy-duty, industrial-strength applications. XML is a
technology created by the World Wide Web Consortium for describing data in a
portable format. XML is an effort to make SGML-like technology available to a
much broader community. XML is a condensed subset of SGML with additional
features for usability. Document authors use XML’s extensibility to create entire-
ly new markup languages for describing specific types of data, including mathe-
matical formulas, chemical molecular structures and music. Markup languages
created with XML include XHTML (Chapters 4 and 5), MathML (for mathemat-
ics), VoiceXML™
(for speech), SMIL™ (the Synchronized Multimedia Integra-
tion Language for multimedia presentations), CML (Chemical Markup Language
for chemistry) and XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language for financial
data exchange).
• Chapter 23, Wireless Internet and m-Business. We introduce the impact of wire-
less communications on individuals and businesses. The chapter then explores
wireless devices and communications technologies and introduces wireless pro-
gramming. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is designed to enable differ-
ent kinds of wireless devices to communicate and access the Internet using the
Wireless Markup Language (WML). WML tags mark up a Web page to specify
how to format a page on a wireless device. WMLScript helps WAP applications
“come alive” by allowing a developer to manipulate WML document content dy-
namically. In addition to WAP/WML, we explore various platforms and program-
ming languages on the client, such as Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), Qualcomm’s
Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW), the enormously popular Japa-
nese i-mode service, Compact HyperText Markup Language (cHTML) and Blue-
tooth™ wireless technology.
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Appendix Preface XLIII
• Server-Side Technology. We present condensed treatments of six popular Internet/
Web programming languages for building the server side of Internet- and Web-
based client/server applications. In Chapters 25 and 26, we discuss Active Server
Pages (ASP)—Microsoft’s technology for server-side scripting. In Chapter 27, we
introduce Perl, an open-source scripting language for programming Web-based ap-
plications. In Chapters 28 and 29, we introduce Python and PHP—two emerging,
open-source scripting languages. In Chapters 30 and 31, we provide two bonus
chapters for Java programmers on Java™ servlets and JavaServer Pages™ (JSP).
• Chapter 34, Accessibility. Currently, the World Wide Web presents many chal-
lenges to people with disabilities. Individuals with hearing and visual impairments
have difficulty accessing multimedia-rich Web sites. To rectify this situation, the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) launched the Web Accessibility Initiative
(WAI), which provides guidelines for making Web sites accessible to people with
disabilities. This chapter provides a description of these guidelines. We also intro-
duce VoiceXML and CallXML, two technologies for increasing the accessibility of
Web-based content.
• Appendix F, Career Opportunities. This detailed appendix introduces career ser-
vices on the Internet. We explore online career services from the employer and em-
ployee’s perspective. We suggest sites on which you can submit applications, search
for jobs and review applicants (if you are interested in hiring people). We also re-
view services that build recruiting pages directly into e-businesses. One of our re-
viewers told us that he had just gone through a job search largely using the Internet
and this chapter would have expanded his search dramatically.
• Appendix G, Unicode. This appendix overviews the Unicode Standard. As com-
puter systems evolved worldwide, computer vendors developed numeric repre-
sentations of character sets and special symbols for the local languages spoken in
different countries. In some cases, different representations were developed for
the same languages. Such disparate character sets made communication between
computer systems difficult. XML and XML-derived languages, such as XHTML,
support the Unicode Standard (maintained by a non-profit organization called the
Unicode Consortium), which defines a single character set with unique numeric
values for characters and special symbols in most spoken languages. This appen-
dix discusses the Unicode Standard, overviews the Unicode Consortium Web site
(unicode.org) and shows an XML example that displays “Welcome to Uni-
code!” in ten different languages!
Some Notes to Instructors
Why We Wrote Internet & World Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition
Dr. Harvey M. Deitel taught introductory programming courses in universities for 20 years
with an emphasis on developing clearly written, well-designed programs. Much of what is
taught in these courses are the basic principles of programming with an emphasis on the
effective use of control structures and functionalization. We present these topics in Internet
& World Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition, the way HMD has done in his uni-
versity courses. Students are highly motivated by the fact that they are learning six leading-
iw3htp2_preface.fm Page xliii Wednesday, July 25, 2001 5:04 PM

XLIV Preface Appendix
edge scripting languages (JavaScript, VBScript, Perl, Python, PHP and Flash ActionScript)
and a leading-edge programming paradigm (object-based programming). We also teach
Dynamic HTML, a means of adding “dynamic content” to World Wide Web pages. Instead
of Web pages with only text and static graphics, Web pages “come alive” with audios, vid-
eos, animations, interactivity and three-dimensional moving images. Dynamic HTML’s
features are precisely what businesses and organizations need to meet today’s information
processing requirements. These programming languages will be useful to students imme-
diately as they leave the university environment and head into a world in which the Internet
and the World Wide Web have massive prominence.
Focus of the Book
Our goal was clear: produce a textbook for introductory university-level courses in com-
puter programming for students with little or no programming experience, yet offer the
depth and rigorous treatment of theory and practice demanded by traditional, upper-level
programming courses and professionals. To meet this goal, we produced a comprehensive
book that teaches the principles of control structures, object-based programming, various
markup languages (XHTML, Dynamic HTML and XML) and scripting languages such as
JavaScript, VBScript, Perl, Python, PHP and Flash ActionScript. After mastering the ma-
terial in this book, students entering upper-level programming courses and industry will be
well prepared to take advantage of the Internet and the Web.
Using Color to Enhance Pedagogy and Clarity
We have emphasized color throughout the book. The World Wide Web is a colorful, multi-
media-intensive medium. It appeals to our visual and audio senses. Someday it may even ap-
peal to our senses of touch, taste and smell! We suggested to our publisher, Prentice Hall, that
they publish this book in color. The use of color is crucial to understanding and appreciating
many of the programs we present. Almost from its inception, the Web has been a color-inten-
sive medium. We hope it helps you develop more appealing Web-based applications.
Web-Based Applications Development
Many books about the Web concentrate on developing attractive Web pages. We discuss
Web-page design intensely. But more importantly, the key focus of this book is on Web-
based applications development. Our audiences want to build real-world, industrial-strength,
Web-based applications. These audiences care about good looking Web pages, but they also
care about client/server systems, databases, distributed computing, etc. Many books about the
Web are reference manuals with exhaustive listings of features. That is not our style. We con-
centrate on creating real applications. We provide the LIVE-CODE™ examples on the CD ac-
companying this book (and at www.deitel.com) so that you can run the applications and
see and hear the multimedia outputs. You can interact with our game and art programs. The
Web is an artist’s paradise. Your creativity is your only limitation. However, the Web con-
tains so many tools and mechanisms to leverage your abilities that even if you are not artisti-
cally inclined, you can create stunning output. Our goal is to help you master these tools so
that you can maximize your creativity and development abilities.
Multimedia-Intensive Communications
People want to communicate. Sure, they have been communicating since the dawn of civ-
ilization, but computer communications have been limited mostly to digits, alphabetic char-
iw3htp2_preface.fm Page xliv Wednesday, July 25, 2001 5:04 PM

Appendix Preface XLV
acters and special characters. The next major wave of communication technology is
multimedia. People want to transmit pictures and they want those pictures to be in color.
They want to transmit voices, sounds and audio clips. They want to transmit full-motion
color video. At some point, they will insist on three-dimensional, moving-image transmis-
sion. Our current flat, two-dimensional televisions eventually will be replaced with three-
dimensional versions that turn our living rooms into “theaters-in-the-round.” Actors will
perform their roles as if we were watching live theater. Our living rooms will be turned into
miniature sports stadiums. Our business offices will enable video conferencing among col-
leagues half a world apart, as if they were sitting around one conference table. The possi-
bilities are intriguing, and the Internet is sure to play a key role in making many of these
possibilities become reality. Dynamic HTML and Flash ActionScript are means of adding
“dynamic content” to World Wide Web pages. Instead of Web pages with only text and
static graphics, Web pages “come alive” with audios, videos, animations, interactivity and
three-dimensional imaging. Dynamic HTML’s and Flash ActionScript’s features are pre-
cisely what businesses and organizations need to meet today’s multimedia-communica-
tions requirements. There have been predictions that the Internet will eventually replace the
telephone system. Why stop there? It could also replace radio and television as we know
them today. It is not hard to imagine the Internet and the World Wide Web replacing news-
papers with electronic news media. Many newspapers and magazines already offer Web-
based versions, some fee based and some free. Increased bandwidth makes it possible to
stream audio and video over the Web. Both companies and individuals run their own Web-
based radio and television stations. Just a few decades ago, there were only a few television
stations. Today, standard cable boxes accommodate about 100 stations. In a few more
years, we will have access to thousands of stations broadcasting over the Web worldwide.
This textbook may someday appear in a museum alongside radios, TVs and newspapers in
an “early media of ancient civilization” exhibit.
Teaching Approach
Internet & World Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition contains a rich collection of
examples, exercises and projects drawn from many fields to provide the student with a
chance to solve interesting real-world problems. The book concentrates on the principles
of good software engineering and stresses program clarity. We avoid arcane terminology
and syntax specifications in favor of teaching by example. The book is written by educators
who spend much of their time teaching edge-of-the-practice topics in industry classrooms.
The text emphasizes good pedagogy.
LIVE-CODE™ Teaching Approach
The book is loaded with hundreds of LIVE-CODE™ examples. This is how we teach and write
about programming, and is the focus of each of our multimedia Cyber Classrooms as well.
Each new concept is presented in the context of a complete, working example immediately
followed by one or more windows showing the example’s input/output dialog. We call this
style of teaching and writing our LIVE-CODE™ approach. We use the language to teach the
language. Reading these examples is much like entering and running them on a computer.
Internet & World Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition “jumps right in” with
XHTML in Chapter 4, then rapidly proceeds with programming in JavaScript, Microsoft’s
Dynamic HTML, XML, VBScript/ASP, Perl, Python, PHP, Flash ActionScript, Java Serv-
iw3htp2_preface.fm Page xlv Wednesday, July 25, 2001 5:04 PM

XLVI Preface Appendix
lets and JavaServer Pages. Many students wish to “cut to the chase;” there is great stuff to
be done in these languages so let’s get to it! Web programming is not trivial by any means,
but it is fun, and students can see immediate results. Students can get graphical, animated,
multimedia-based, audio-intensive, database-intensive, network-based programs running
quickly through “reusable components.” They can implement impressive projects. They
can be more creative and productive in a one- or two-semester course than is possible in
introductory courses taught in conventional programming languages, such as C, C++,
Visual Basic and Java. [Note: This book includes Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages as
“bonus chapters;” it does not teach the fundamentals of Java programming. Readers who
want to learn Java may want to consider reading our book, Java How to Program: Fourth
Edition. Readers who desire a deeper, more developer-oriented treatment of Java may want
to consider reading our book, Advanced Java 2 Platform How to Program.]
World Wide Web Access
All the code for Internet & World Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition (and our other
publications) is on the Internet free for download at the Deitel & Associates, Inc. Web site
www.deitel.com
Please download all the code, then run each program as you read the text. Make changes to
the code examples and immediately see the effects of those changes. A great way to learn
programming is by programming. [Note: You must respect the fact that this is copyrighted
material. Feel free to use it as you study, but you may not republish any portion of it in any
form without explicit permission from Prentice Hall and the authors.]
Objectives
Each chapter begins with a statement of Objectives. This tells students what to expect and
gives students an opportunity, after reading the chapter, to determine if they have met these
objectives. This is a confidence builder and a source of positive reinforcement.
Quotations
The learning objectives are followed by quotations. Some are humorous, some are philo-
sophical and some offer interesting insights. Our students enjoy relating the quotations to
the chapter material. Many of the quotations are worth a “second look” after reading the
chapter.
Outline
The chapter Outline helps the student approach the material in top-down fashion. This, too,
helps students anticipate what is to come and set a comfortable and effective learning pace.
15,836 Lines of Code in 311 Example LIVE-CODE™ Programs (with Program Outputs)
Each program is followed by the outputs produced when the document is rendered and its
scripts are executed. This enables the student to confirm that the programs run as expected.
Reading the book carefully is much like entering and running these programs on a comput-
er. The programs range from just a few lines of code to substantial examples with several
hundred lines of code. Students should run each program while studying that program in
the text. The examples are available on the CD and at our Deitel (www.deitel.com) and
Prentice Hall Web sites (www.prenhall.comdeitel).
iw3htp2_preface.fm Page xlvi Wednesday, July 25, 2001 5:04 PM

Other documents randomly have
different content

At last the Catholics saw the necessity of organizing, and in June,
1568, a Christian and Royal League was formed at Champagne, "to
maintain the Catholic Church in France, and preserve the crown in
the house of Valois, so long as it shall govern according to the
Catholic and Apostolic religion."
This White qualifies as "a formidable league that shook the throne,
and brought France to the brink of destruction:" while he has no
such terms to apply to the military organization of the Huguenot
churches, which was endeavoring to seize the government, and
raise Condé to the throne under the name of Louis XIII.
The Catholics did not act too soon. The Huguenots were again ripe
for action. The leaders retired to Rochelle, and France was again in
arms. Elizabeth sent to Rochelle men, arms, and money; the Prince
of Orange also promised aid.
The first great battle was fought at Jarnac, March 13th, 1569,
where Condé was defeated and killed. Andelot died soon after, in
May, and Duke Wolfgang, of Deux Ponts, who brought fourteen
thousand Germans to swell the Huguenot ranks, soon followed.
Coligny gained some advantage in the action at Roche Abeille,
showing terrible cruelty to the prisoners; but in the battle of
Moncontour his army of eighteen thousand was scattered to the
winds, scarcely a thousand being left around him. Then cries for
quarter were met by shouts of "Remember Roche Abeille!"
Retreating, Coligny was joined by Montgomery, fresh from that
terrible massacre of Orthez, before which St. Bartholomew itself
pales, three thousand Catholics having been butchered, without
regard to age or sex, and the river Gave being actually dammed up
by the bodies of the Catholics. The indecisive action of Arnay le
Due led to negotiations resulting in the treaty of St. Germain,
August, 1570.

These treaties are differently viewed. The proposal for them always
came from the court, and followed every victory gained by the
Catholic party. White would make them out to be traps laid by
Catharine; Gandy seems to lean to the same solution in attributing
them to her, though he makes her object to have been to prevent
the Guises from being complete masters.
But may we not suppose the Catholic party sincere in their wish for
peace? They were never first to take up arms; they were
unorganized; the court was wavering, and always contained a
number of secret allies of the Huguenot cause. That the Huguenot
leaders, after a defeat, should through these raise a peace party at
court would be a matter of course. The peace gave them all they
needed—time to prepare for a new campaign.
Charles IX. was sincere in his wish to make the treaty of St.
Germain a reality. In the interval of tranquillity he married, and
turned his thoughts to foreign affairs, proposing to aid the
Netherlands against the King of Spain. But the Huguenot leaders
kept together in the strong city of Rochelle, ready for prompt
action. At last, however, Coligny, in September, 1571, repaired to
court, where he was received by Charles with great cordiality. Two
marriage schemes were now set on foot to strengthen the
Protestant cause—the marriage of Henry of Navarre with Margaret,
sister of Charles IX., and the marriage of his brother, D'Alençon, to
Queen Elizabeth. Even Jane, Queen of Navarre, came to Blois to
negotiate in regard to the marriage of her son.
Coligny so far gained Charles that a French force took Mons, and
an army under Genlis, marching to that place, was defeated by the
Spaniards, under Don Federigo de Toledo. The marriage of Henry
took place on the 18th of August, and seemed to confirm Coligny's
paramount influence at court.
This influence, thus suddenly acquired, is in itself a great mystery.
Why Charles should thus take to his confidence a man who had so

recently and so repeatedly organized armed treason, who had
ravaged and desolated half his kingdom, who had laid in ruins
nearly half the churches and religious establishments of France, has
never been satisfactorily explained.
That Charles was a mere hypocrite, and that his conduct was part
of a concerted plot, does not seem at all warranted by any
evidence that deserves consideration. That he could really have
conceived so sudden an attachment, confidence, and respect for
the admiral can be explained only as one of the sudden freaks of a
man whose mind was eccentric to the very verge of insanity. But
Coligny really ruled in the councils of France; the Guises were, in a
manner, banished from court. Catharine and Anjou saw their
influence daily decrease. Coligny insisted on war with Spain, and
plainly told Charles that he must fight Spain or his own subjects—
use the Huguenots to aid Holland against Philip II., or behold civil
war again ravaging France.
Catharine strongly opposed this warlike spirit, and sought means to
regain her lost power.
The arrogant attitude of Coligny was fast uniting all whom jealousy
or personal interest had divided. As often happens, it needed but a
spark to kindle a vast conflagration.
One of the great historical questions has been as to the
premeditation of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Huguenot
pamphleteers of the day, followed by the overrated De Thou,
Voltaire and his school, and the less temperate Catholic writers,
maintain that the plot was long before concerted. White, by his
chain of authorities, shows that it was at first aimed at Coligny
only, and that the general massacre was not premeditated.
Anjou expressly states that, finding the influence of the admiral
dangerous to himself and his mother, they determined to get rid of
him, and to concert means with the Duchess of Nemours, "whom

alone we ventured to admit into the plot, because of the mortal
hatred she bore to the admiral," in her mind the real murderer of
her husband, the Duke of Guise.
This statement of Anjou is supported by the testimony of Michieli
(Baschet, Diplomatie Venetienne, p. 541) and of the nuncio
Salviati.
This makes the first move one of the court party against Coligny
personally. The Catholic party, then a recently formed organization,
had no part in it; and yet, if we may credit the statement of
Cretineau Joly, who has never deceived as to a document he
professes to possess, Catholicity in France was in imminent peril,
Coligny having, in a letter of June 15th, 1572, to the Prince of
Orange, given notice of an intended general execution of the
Catholics in September. If a general massacre was plotted, the
Catholic party were to be victims, not actors.
Coligny's death having been decided on, Henry de Guise was
admitted to the plot, and the execution assigned to him. It needed
little to stimulate him to shoot down one who had been privy to his
father's assassination. An officer, either Maurevert or Tosinghi, was
stationed in a vacant house belonging to Canon Villemur, and as
Coligny rode past fired at him, cutting off the first finger of the
right hand, and burying a ball in his left arm.
Charles was, as all admit, not only not privy to this act, but was
deeply incensed at it. He ordered the assassin to be pursued, and,
in despatches to other parts of the kingdom, gave assurance of his
intention to adhere to the edict of pacification and to punish all
who infringed it. Accompanied by his mother and his brother Henry,
he went, that same afternoon, to see the admiral. There a long
private conversation ensued between the king and Coligny. White
gives this at length from a life of Coligny, published in 1576, but
which cannot surely be held as authority. It rests probably on no
better source than the Mémoires de l'Etat de France.

Charles, in his letter to the French ambassador at London, tells him
that this "vile act proceeds from the enmity between Coligny's
house and the house of Guise. I will take steps to prevent their
involving my subjects in their quarrels."
Whether the interview changed the king's mind as to the source of
the attempt, of course is only conjectural. Still acting in good faith,
he appointed a commission of inquiry, including members of both
religions, the Huguenots apparently suggested by Coligny.
Charles returned to his palace moody and incensed. He ordered
guards to protect Coligny against any further violence, and by his
demeanor alarmed his mother and Henry. The Duke d'Aumale and
Henri de Guise, foreseeing a tempest, withdrew to the Hotel de
Guise, and shut themselves up.
The position of affairs was strange enough. The admiral was not
wounded so as to excite any alarm as to his recovery; the loss of a
finger and a bullet-wound in the arm, injuries not requiring, one
would suppose, the nine physicians and eleven surgeons called in.
But it was an attempt on the life of the leader of their party, and
the Huguenots determined to pursue it at all hazards. The more
violent of them marched through the streets in military array,
threatening not only the Guises, who were considered the prime
movers, but Anjou, the queen-mother, and even the king himself.
They passed the Hotel de Guise with every mark of defiance, and
proceeding to the Louvre, made their way to the king's presence as
he sat at supper, fiercely demanding vengeance: "If the king
refuses us justice," they cried, "we will take the matter into our
own hands."
This violence could not but have had its effect on the king. At all
events, it must have made him ready to credit any charge of
violence brought against them. Catharine was clearly overjoyed at
the false step of the Huguenots, as offering her a means of escape
from her critical position.

On Saturday, after dinner, a cabinet council was held, and here,
according to Tavannes, Anjou, and Queen Margaret of Navarre, it
was for the first time proposed to Charles to put an end to all the
troubles by cutting off Coligny and the leaders of the party. The
council was composed, it is said, of Catharine, Anjou, Nevers,
Tavannes, Retz, and the chancellor Birague. Of Catharine and
Anjou, afterward Henry III., we need say nothing. Tavannes was
little but a soldier, ready for action. The rest, strangely enough,
were Italians. Louis de Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers by marriage, was
timid and easily led; Albert de Gondi, Marshal de Retz, foster-
brother of the king, was a schemer; René de Birague is represented
by Mezeray as one who bent before every breath of wind from the
court.
Not only in this council was there no one of the Huguenot party so
recently restored to favor, but no one of the moderate party, none
even of the old French nobility. All but Tavannes were bound to
Catharine, and would naturally support her.
According to Anjou and Tavannes, Catharine urged the necessity of
the blow to prevent a new civil war, for which the Huguenots were
preparing, having sent for ten thousand Germans and six thousand
Swiss, their object being to place Henry of Navarre on the throne.
Margaret states that they made the king believe his life in danger.
The nuncio Salviati, in his despatch of September 2d, also ascribes
the king's ultimate action to the instigation of Catharine, impelled
by her fears.
Charles hesitated long, and at last yielded, crying: "Kill all, then,
that none may live to reproach me." The words of 'the weak king,
wrought to madness by his perplexities, seem to have been
accepted at once; and the scheme of murder took a wider scope.
The Huguenots were doomed.
The question arises, Had Catharine any ground for charging the
Huguenots with a plot against the king? A despatch of the Duke of

Alva had been received, announcing it. White derides the idea as
preposterous. Gandy examines the subject, and admits that the
charge lacks all requisite proof. He ascribes the whole to fear. But
this does not seem to explain it sufficiently.
The fact of a plot formed after Coligny's wound must have been
established in some degree at least, to have brought the king to
the policy of the queen-mother. The bed of justice on the 26th, the
solemn declaration of Charles, the action of the Parliament, may
have been rash and unsupported by proper testimony, but were to
all appearance sincere. Charles was not a hypocrite. The
declarations of Bouchavannes as to what was proposed at Coligny's
house were doubtless more than justified by the loud threats of
some of the leaders, like De Pilles and Pardaillan, whose words and
deeds make La Noue call them stupid, clumsy fools.
The solution of this historical question is made the more difficult
from the speedy termination of the house of Valois. That family and
the League come down to us under a heavy cloud of odium; the
succession of Henry IV. to the throne made them the only parties
on whom all might safely lay the burden of an act at once a crime
and a blunder, while it was equally necessary to shield the party
with which Henry then acted from any charge of conspiracy.
Interest raised up apologists for him and his associates: there was
none to do reverence to the name of Catharine or the fallen house
of Valois.
Once that the council had decided on its bloody course, the action
was prompt. Guise, from being a prisoner in his house, was
summoned to command. To the leaders of the people of Paris he
repeated the charge of a Huguenot conspiracy against the king, of
Swiss and German invaders, adding the approach of a force under
Montmorency to burn the city. At four in the afternoon Anjou rode
through the streets. At ten, another council was held, to which Le
Charron, provost of the merchants, was summoned. To him the
king repeated the same charges, giving him orders to put the able-

bodied men in each ward under arms, and take precaution for the
safety of the city.
Meanwhile, Huguenot gentlemen entered the palace as usual, and
Catholics mingled with the Huguenots who called upon Coligny.
White makes an observation that must strike all: "It is strange that
the arrangements in the city, which must have been attended with
no little commotion, did not rouse the suspicion of the Huguenots."
At midnight another council was held in the palace. Charles was
violent and wavered, but Catharine held him to his decision, and
Guise went forth to complete the work.
Between three and four in the morning, Guise, Aumale, Angoulême,
Nevers, with some German and Italian soldiery, proceeded to
Coligny's house. Admission was gained in the king's name, and Carl
Dianowitz, or Behm, ran the admiral through, others finishing him
as he fell to the floor. The body was then thrown from the window,
where Guise and Angoulême treated it contemptuously. Petrucci cut
off the head. The mob mutilated the body, as priests had been, by
the admiral's orders, and it was finally hung on the public gallows
at Montfauçon. All the occupants of the house were slain but two,
Merlin and Cornaton. In the adjoining dwellings were Teligny,
Rochefoucault, and others, who were all slain.
Then came the signal from Saint Germain l'Auxerrois, and the
massacre became general. The Huguenot gentlemen in the Louvre
were slain before the eyes of the king to the number of two
hundred, says White in his text, although his footnote, citing Queen
Margaret's account, says her estimate of thirty or forty is more
probable.
In the city, the houses in which Huguenots lodged had been
registered, and were thus easily found. The soldiers burst in, killing
all they found; but the citizens seem to have gone too far. At five in

the afternoon, they were ordered to lay down their arms, although
the work of blood was continued for two days by the soldiery.
The details of the massacre would extend this article much too far.
Among the questions that have arisen, is the alleged firing of
Charles on the drowning Huguenots thrown into the Seine. It is
asserted in the party pamphlets, the Réveille-Matin, 1574, Le
Tocsin, 1579, but rests chiefly on what Froude calls "the worthless
authority of Brantome."
A more important point is the number of victims. The estimates
differ widely:
La Popelinière, a Huguenot contemporary 1,000
Kirkaldy of Grange, in a letter to Scotland at the time, and
the Tocsin, a pamphlet of the day, as well as Tavannes, a
main actor in the slaughter
2,000
Aubigné, another Huguenot author, and Capilupi… 3,000
The estimates of ambassadors at Paris are higher.
Alva's bulletin 3,500
Gomez de Silva, and the Simancas archives 5,000
Neustadt letter 6,000
Réveille-Matin, a party pamphlet 10,000
White bases his estimate on a curious calculation. An entry in the
registers of the Hôtel de Ville states that on the 9th of September
certain persons received 15 livres for burying dead bodies, and on
the 23d the same men received 20 livres for burying 1100. He
concludes that the 15 livres represented 1500, by what rule he
does not explain, "giving," he says, "a known massacre of 2600."
Even on his basis, 35 livres would really represent only 1925. But
according to Caveirac, who first cites this entry, 35 livres were paid
for interring 1100, which would give only about 1600 in all.

Gandy concludes his view of the matter by giving 1000 or 1200 as
the nearest approach to the truth; but the estimate of Tavannes, an
actor, Kirkaldy, a witness, and the Tocsin, a Huguenot pamphlet,
would seem to be most authentic.
Thus fell the great admiral, the Cromwell of France, in religion less
fanatical than hypocritical, a soldier of a high order, aiming under
Calvin's teaching to make France a commonwealth with a religious
tyranny that would brook no opposition. A man who occupied long
a prominent position as one of the high nobility and rulers of the
land, but who was simply a destroyer, not a creator; for no great
work, no line of sound policy, no important reform, is connected
with his name. His life was most injurious to the country, and but
for the cowardly and cruel circumstances attending his death, he
would occupy but a subordinate place in French history. Few other
victims were eminent: Peter Ramus, the learned professor, Pierre de
la Place, President of the Court of Ans, and some say Goujon, the
sculptor. In fact, the more able leaders of the party had not come
to Paris, and this renders the deed indefensible even on the ground
of policy. The few nobles who hastened to bask in the sunshine of
the court, were not the men most to be dreaded. The slaughter of
men and women belonging to the lower classes could but rouse the
sympathies of Europe.
The work of blood was not confined to Paris. Throughout France,
as the news spread of a Huguenot conspiracy against the king, the
scene was reenacted. Of this, White remarks: "The writers who
maintain that the tragedy of Saint Bartholomew's day was the
result of a long premeditation support their opinion by what
occurred in the provinces; but it will be found, after careful
examination, that these various incidents tend rather to prove the
absence of any such premeditation."
Were orders sent from court to massacre the Huguenots? White, on
the authority of Davila, De Thou, and expressions in certain letters,
inclines to the opinion that verbal orders were sent. Gandy as

positively asserts that no such orders were given. The provincial
registers show no trace of such orders. Yet he admits secret orders,
subsequently recalled by Charles, and gives a letter addressed to
Montsoreau, dated August 26th, which is explicit. The massacres
took place as follows: Meaux, August 25th; La Charité, August
27th; Saumur and Angers, August 29th; Lyons, August 30th;
Troyes, September 2d; Bourges, September 15th; Rouen,
September 17th; Romans, September 20th; Toulouse, September
23d; Bordeaux, October 3d; Poitiers, October 27th. They were thus
continued from time to time for two months; long after Charles
formally revoked any secret orders given on the spur of the
moment. This point is involved in as great obscurity as any other
connected with the affair.
Several letters current as to the matter, including those of De Tende
and Orthez, are manifest forgeries. As to Saumur, White represents
Montsoreau as killing all the Huguenots in that town. The only
authority, Mémoires de l'Etat de France, says he killed all he
could, and the whole charge rests on this feeble foundation. There
is similar exaggeration elsewhere. White, speaking of Lyons, says:
"In this city alone 4000 persons are estimated to have been killed;"
but in his note adds that one authority says that they were all killed
in one day, "which is not probable." He then cites another
contemporary brochure setting down the total at Lyons at 1800;
and he corrects the error of De Thou, who asserted that the
Celestine canons allowed Huguenots to be killed in their monastery,
when Protestant authorities admit that the religious saved the lives
of those very fugitives.
What was the number slain in the provinces? The martyrologies, by
a detailed estimate, make those killed in Paris 10,000, elsewhere
5168, and names 152 as identified in Paris, 634 in the provinces;
but the estimate for Paris is of the very highest, and should, as we
have seen, not exceed 2000. The very fact that, with researches
and personal recollections, only 152 names could be recalled, being
one in a hundred out of 10,000, while elsewhere one in eight was

known, is very suspicious. Taking his figures for the provinces, it
would reduce the whole number in France to about 7000.
After giving the calculations or guesses of various authors, ranging
from 2000 to 100,000, White says: "If it be necessary to choose
from these hap-hazard estimates, that of De Thou is preferable,
from the calm, unexaggerating temper of the man." De Thou's
estimate for all France was 30,000. Gandy thinks the number given
by Popelinière (2000) nearer the truth.
Under the examination of impartial history, the massacre of St.
Bartholomew dwindles really to far less in numbers, extent, and
brutality than the massacre of the Irish Catholics under Cromwell;
and does not greatly exceed the number of victims of the Huguenot
outbreak in 1563.
One other point remains. Charles, on the 25th, represented the
massacre in Paris as a collision between the houses of Guise and
Chatillon; but from the 26th he uniformly charges a conspiracy
against his person. This he announced to all the foreign courts in
explanation. His letter to Gregory XIII. announced the escape of
the royal family and the punishment of the conspirators. The nuncio
Salviati, in his letters, shows a belief in the reality of the plot. At
Rome, the Cardinal of Lorraine, brother of the murdered Guise, was
high in influence. What his views and feelings would be on the
receipt of the tidings of the discovery of a plot, and the sudden
action of the king, it is easy to conceive. In his eyes it was a
triumph of justice, religion, loyalty, and law. The pope received the
same impression, and under it proceeded to chant a Te Deum at
Santa Maria Maggiore. Processions followed. A medal, well known
from its frequent reproduction, was struck. But in all this there is
nothing to show that Rome knew of the intended massacre or
counselled it. Gregory XIII. approved it, only as represented in the
brief despatches of Charles IX. and the verbal statements of
Beauvillé, to which they refer.

Nor did the clergy in France take any part. No bishop shared in the
council, no priest or religious roused the minds of the people. They
figure, indeed, in romances, but history is silent. Even in the most
virulent pamphlets of the time only three are ever mentioned, the
Bishop of Troyes, Sorbin, king's confessor at Orleans, and Father
Edmond Auger, at Bordeaux. The Bishop of Troyes is charged with
having approved the massacre there, but White does not even
name the bishop in connection with the murders at that place, and
says they were done by a drunken mob, and "filled the humane
Catholics with horror."
At Orleans, White reduces the 1850 of the Martyrologe to 1400,
and gives details, but is silent as to any action of Sorbin, or the
terrible Franciscan who insulted the Huguenots, received their
abjuration, and said Mass for them. Evidently, White found the
charges against these clergymen too frivolous even for a stray
allusion.
He attributes the massacre at Bordeaux to the preaching of Father
Auger, but cites no authority. Fortunately, Auger is not an unknown
man. His life has long been in circulation. He was a missionary,
known for years among the Protestants, amid whom he had
prosecuted his labors. He had suffered imprisonment for the faith;
he had even been led to the gallows by order of the Baron des
Adrets. So notorious were his charity, his virtue, and his merit, that
the voice of Protestant and Catholic alike was raised to save him.
Are we to believe on the vaguest of grounds that such a man
suddenly became a monster of intolerance? White blushed to give
his authority; he should have been ashamed to make the charge.
But it would scarcely do to let his book go forth without lugging in
at least one priest. Of the proceedings at Rome he makes more
capital. After stating what was done, and mistranslating a Latin
phrase to make Charles IX. an angel, he says: "With such damning
evidence against the Church of Rome, a recent defender of that
church vainly contends that the clergy had no part in the massacre,

and that the rejoicings were over rebels cut off in the midst of their
rebellion, and not heretics murdered for their religion." The logic of
this is admirable. The pope and cardinals ordered rejoicings on
receiving despatches from the King of France, announcing that,
having discovered a plot against his life and throne, he had put the
rebels to the sword; therefore the Catholic clergy had a part in
the massacre.
Apply the same to Drogheda. Parliament thanked God for
Cromwell's massacre of the Irish after granting quarter, and
rewarded a captain for throwing prisoners overboard at sea;
therefore the Puritan clergy had a part in the massacre, and the
evidence is damning.
The labors of Mr. White, however, on the whole, will do good. The
wild assertions that fill our school-books and popular histories must
give place to statements that will be justified by his work. It gives a
standard to which we may appeal, and, if not all that we would
claim, is so far on the way to impartiality that we may feel thankful
for it.
It is not little to have wrung from the London Athenaeum the
admission that the common view of St. Bartholomew is "one of the
great historical errors which has been transmitted from teachers to
taught during a long course of years."
From the French of Erckmanm and Chatrian.

The Invasion; or, Yegof The Fool.
Chapter I.
If you would know the story of the great invasion of 1814, even as
the old hunter, Frantz of Hengst, related it to me, you must
accompany me to the village of Charmes, in the Vosges. Thirty
cottages, ranged along the bank of the Sarre, and roofed with slate
and dark green moss, compose the hamlet; you can see the gables
garlanded with ivy and withered honeysuckle—for winter is
approaching—and the leafless hedges separating the little gardens
from each other.
To the left, crowning a lofty mountain, rise the ruins of the ancient
castle of Falkenstein, a fortalice, dismantled and demolished two
hundred years ago by the Swedes. It is now but a scattered heap
of stones, only approached by an old schlitte, or road for
transporting felled trees, which pierces the forest. To the right, on
the mountain-side, is seen the farm of Bois-de-Chênes, with its
barns, stables, and sheds, on the flat roofs of which are placed
great stones, to enable them to resist the furious northern blasts. A
few cattle stray upon the heather, and a few goats clamber among
the rocks.
Everything is silent. Children in gray trousers, bare-headed and
bare-footed, are warming themselves around little fires, kindled
near the edge of the wood, and the blue smoke curls slowly
through the air; heavy white and gray clouds hang motionless over
the valley, and far above these rise the sterile peaks of Grosmann
and Donon.

You must know that the last house of the village—that with two
glazed dormer windows upon the slanting roof, and the low door
opening upon the muddy street—belonged, in 1813, to Jean-Claude
Hullin, an ancient volunteer of '92; but since his return from the
wars, the shoe, or, rather, sabot-maker of the village, and enjoying
a large share of the esteem of the mountaineers. He was a stout,
strongly built man, with gray eyes, thick lips, a short nose, and
heavy, grizzled eyebrows. He was jovial and tender-hearted, and
unable to refuse anything to his adopted daughter, Louise, whom
he had obtained, when an infant, from a band of those miserable
gypsies who, without hearth or home themselves, wander from
door to door, soldering spoons and pans, and mending broken
china. He, however, looked upon her as his own daughter, and
never remembered her as the child of a strange race.
Besides this, his affection for his little girl, stout Jean-Claude had a
few others. Next in order, he loved his cousin, the venerable
mistress of Bois-de-Chênes, Catherine Lefevre, and her son,
Gaspard, a fine young fellow, betrothed to Louise, but whom the
conscription had carried off, leaving the two families to await the
end of the campaign and his return.
Hullin often recalled, and always with enthusiasm, his campaigns of
the Sambre-and-Meuse, of Italy and of Egypt. He often mused
upon them, and sometimes at evening, when his day's work was
done, he would wander to the saw-mill of Valtin, a gloomy building,
formed of logs covered with the bark, which you see yonder at the
bottom of the gorge. There he would sit, in the midst of coal-
burners and wood-cutters, before the huge fire made of saw-dust,
and while the heavy wheel kept turning, the sluice thundering, and
the saw cutting, would he discourse of Hoche, of Kleber, and of
General Bonaparte, whom he had seen a hundred times, and
whose thin face, piercing eyes, and aquiline nose he drew over and
over again.

Such was Jean-Claude Hullin, one of the old Gallic stock, loving
strange adventures and deeds of heroic emprise, but bound by the
feeling of duty to his toil from New-Year's day to Saint Sylvester's.
Louise, his gypsy daughter, was slight and graceful, with long,
delicate hands, and eyes of so tender a blue that their glance
seemed to melt their way to the depths of your soul; her skin was
white as snow, her hair a gold-shot flaxen, soft as silk, and her
shoulders drooped like those of some sweet sculptured saint at
prayer. Her guileless smile, her musing brow, her whole form,
seemed to recall the antique lay of Erhart the Minnesinger, wherein
he says: "I saw a ray of light flash by, and mine eyes are yet dazed
with its lustre. Was it the moon glancing through the leaves? Was it
morning smiling beneath the woods? No, no! It was Edith, my love,
who passed; and still mine eyes are dazed."
Louise loved the fields, the gardens, and the flowers. In spring she
eagerly listened for the first notes of the lark, or sought the
bluebells beneath the bushes, or watched for the return of the
sparrows to the corners of the windows on the roof. She was ever
the child of the wandering gypsies, only a little less wild than they;
but Hullin forgave everything; he understood her nature, and often
cried, laughing:
"My poor Louise, with the booty you bring us—your bunches of
flowers and little birds—we should all die of hunger in a week."
But she would only smile, and he, as he returned to his work,
exclaim:
"Bah! why should I scold? She is right to love the sunlight, and
Gaspard will labor for both!"
So reasoned the good man, and days, weeks, and months rolled by
in patient waiting for Gaspard's return.

But Gaspard returned not, and now for two months they had had
no tidings of him.
One day, toward the middle of December, 1813, between three and
four o'clock in the afternoon, Hullin, bent over his work-bench, was
finishing a pair of spiked sabots for Rochart, the wood-cutter.
Louise had placed her flowers near the little stove which crackled
on the hearth, while the monotonous tick-tack of the old village
clock marked the seconds as they flew, and occasionally the tramp
of clogs upon the frozen earth was heard without, and a head
covered with a hat or wrapped in a hood passed the window. At
length, Hullin, glancing through the panes of the window, suddenly
stopped his labor, and stood with both eyes wide open, as one
gazing at some unusual sight.
At the corner of the street, just opposite the tavern of the Three
Pigeons, a strange figure was advancing, surrounded by a crowd of
jumping, laughing boys, each vying with the other in shouting at
the top of his voice: "King of Diamonds! King of Diamonds!" In
truth, a stranger figure could scarcely be imagined. Fancy a man
with a grave face and red beard; a gloomy eye, straight nose,
eyebrows meeting, a circlet of tin upon his head, an iron-gray
shepherd dog-skin flapping upon his back, the two fore-paws
knotted around his neck; his breast covered with little copper
crosses, his legs with a sort of gray stuff trousers, and his feet
bare. A large raven with lustrous black wings was perched upon his
shoulder. One might think, from the majesty of his air and gait, that
an ancient Merovingian king had come back to earth; and, indeed,
he carried a short stick cut to the shape of a sceptre, while with his
right hand he gesticulated magnificently, pointing to the skies and
apostrophizing his attendants.
Every door opened as he passed, and curious faces were pressed
against every window-pane. A few old women upon the outside
stairs of their cottages called to him, but he deigned no reply;
others descended to the street and would have barred his passage,

but he, with head erect and brows haughtily raised, waved them
aside.
"Hold!" said Hullin, "here is Yegof. I did not expect to see him
again this winter, it is contrary to his habit; and what can he mean
by returning in such weather as this?"
Louise, laying aside her distaff, ran to look at the King of
Diamonds; for the appearance of the fool in the beginning of winter
was quite an event, and the source of amusement to many who
were glad to kill time in the taverns, listening to the story of his
imaginary power and glory; others, especially women, felt a vague
fear of him; for the ideas of fools, as everybody knows, are
sometimes drawn from another world than this—to them is
confided the knowledge of the past and future; the only difficulty is
in understanding them, for their words have always a double sense
—one for the ears of the coarse and vulgar, and one, far different,
for wise and lofty souls. Moreover, the thoughts of Yegof, above
those of all other fools, were extraordinary—not to say sublime. No
one knew whence he came, whither he went; he wandered through
the land like a soul in pain; he vaunted the greatness of long
extinct nations, and called himself Emperor of Austrasia, of
Polynesia, and other far-off places. Volumes might be written of the
strength and beauty of his castles, his fortresses, and his palaces,
the number and grandeur of which he related with an air of much
modesty and simplicity. He spoke of his stables, his coursers, the
officers of his crown, his ministers, counsellors, and intendants, and
never did he mistake their names or attribute the particular merits
of one to another; but he complained bitterly of having been
dethroned by an accursed race, and Sapience Coquelin, the wise
old woman of the village, as well as others, wept whenever he
referred to the subject. Then would he, lifting his hand toward
heaven, cry out:
"Be mindful, O women! The hour is at hand! The spirit of darkness
flees afar! The ancient race, the masters of your masters, come

sweeping on like the billows of the sea!"
Every spring he wandered for weeks among the ruins which crown
the Vosges at Nideck, Geroldseck, Lutzelbourg, and Turkestein—
former dwellings of the great ones of earth, but now the refuge of
bats and owls. There would he declaim on the long past splendor
of his realms, and plan the subjection of his revolted people.
Jean-Claude Hullin laughed at all this, not being fond of
approaching the invisible world; but the fool's words troubled
Louise exceedingly, especially when the hoarse voice and flapping
wings of the raven added to their wild effect.
Yegof marched majestically down the street, turning neither to the
right nor the left, and the girl, seeing that his eyes were fixed upon
her habitation, exclaimed:
"Father, father! he is coming here!"
"Very likely," replied Hullin. "He, no doubt, needs a pair of sabots in
a cold like this, and if he asks them I should be sorry to refuse."
Yegof was some fifty paces from the cottage, and the tumult
continued to increase. The boys, pulling at his strange garment,
shouted, "Diamonds! Spades! Clubs!" till they were hoarse, when,
suddenly turning round, he raised his sceptre, and cried furiously,
though still with an air of majesty:
"Away! accursed race! away—or my dogs shall tear ye!"
This threat only redoubled the cries and shouts of laughter; but at
this moment, Hullin appearing at the door with a long rod, and
promising its speedy application to the backs of five or six of the
noisiest, the band soon dispersed in terror, for many of them had
felt its weight. Then turning to the fool, he said:
"Come in, Yegof, and take a seat by the fire."

"Call me not Yegof," replied the latter, with a look of offended
dignity. "I am Luitprand, King of Austrasia and Polynesia."
"True, true, I remember," said Jean-Claude; "but, Yegof, or
Luitprand, come in. It is cold; try to warm yourself."
"I will enter," answered the fool, "for reasons of state—to form an
alliance between two most puissant nations."
"Good! Let us talk over it."
Yegof, stooping in the doorway, entered dreamily, and saluted
Louise by lowering his sceptre. But the raven refused to follow.
Spreading his broad black wings, he swept around the cottage and
then dashed against the windows, as if to break them.
"Hans!" cried the fool, "beware! I am coming."
But the bird of ill omen fastened its pointed talons in the leaden
sash, and flapped its wings until the window shook, as long as his
master remained within. Louise gazed affrightedly at both. Yegof
seated himself in the large leathern armchair behind the stove as
on a throne, and throwing haughty glances around, said:
"I come straight from Jerome to conclude an alliance with thee,
Hullin. Thou art not ignorant that the face of thy daughter hath
pleased me. I am here to demand her in marriage."
Louise blushed, and Hullin burst into a peal of laughter.
"You laugh!" cried the fool angrily. "You will live to regret it! This
alliance alone can save thee from the ruin which threatens thee
and thine. Even now my armies are advancing; they cover the
earth, numberless as the forest leaves in summer. What will avail
the might of thy people against that of mine? Ye will be conquered,
crushed, enslaved, as for centuries you were, for I, Luitprand, King

of Austrasia and Polynesia, have willed it. All things shall be as they
were, and then—remember me!"
He lifted his hand solemnly on high.
"Remember the past. You were beaten, despised serfs; and we—
the old nations of the north—we trod your necks beneath our feet.
We burdened your backs with heavy stones that our strong castles
and deep dungeons might be built. We yoked you to our ploughs;
you fled before us like chaff before the tempest. Remember, and
tremble!"
"I remember it all well," replied Hullin, still laughing, "but you know
we had our revenge."
"Ay," said the fool, knitting his brows, "but that time has passed.
My warriors outnumber the sands of the shore, and your blood
shall flow like rivers to the ocean. I know ye, and for a thousand
years have marked ye!"
"Bah!" said Hullin.
"Yes, this arm vanquished ye when we first sought the hearts of
your forests. This hand bent your necks to the yoke, and will again.
Because you are brave, you think that you will be for ever masters
of France; but we have divided your fair land, and will again divide
it between ourselves. Alsace and Lorraine shall again be German;
Brittany and Normandy shall again belong to the Northmen;
Flanders and the South, to Spain. France will be a petty kingdom
girdling Paris, with one of the ancient race its king, and you will not
dare to murmur—you will be very patient— ha! ha! ha!"
Yegof laughed loudly in his turn.
Hullin, who knew little of history, was astounded at the fool's
learning.

"Bah!" he exclaimed again. "Enough of this, Yegof. Try a little soup
to warm your blood."
"I do not ask for food," replied the fool; "I ask your daughter in
marriage. Give her willingly, and I will raise you to the foot of my
throne; refuse, and my armies shall take her by force."
As he spoke, the poor wretch gazed on Louise with looks of the
deepest admiration.
"How beautiful she is!" he murmured. "How her brow will grace a
crown! Rejoice, sweet maiden, for thou shalt be Queen of
Austrasia."
"Listen, Yegof," said Hullin: "I am flattered by your preference; and
it shows that you know how to appreciate beauty; but my daughter
is already betrothed to Gaspard Lefevre."
"Enough!" cried the fool, rising angrily, "we will now speak no more
of it; but, Hullin," he continued, resuming his solemn tone, "this is
my first demand. I will twice renew it. Hearest thou? Twice! If you
persist in your obstinacy, woe, woe to thee and thy race!"
"Will you not take your soup, then, Yegof?"
"No!" shouted the fool; "I will accept nothing from you until you
have consented—nothing!" And waving his sceptre, he sallied forth.
Hullin burst into another peal of laughter.
"Poor fellow!" he exclaimed; "his eyes turned toward the pot in
spite of himself; his teeth are chattering; but his folly is stronger
than even cold and hunger."
"He frightens me," said Louise, blushing, notwithstanding, as she
thought of his strange request.

Yegof kept on the Valtin road. Their eyes followed him as his
distance from them grew greater. Still his stately march, his grave
gestures, continued, though no one was now near to observe him.
Night was falling fast; and soon the tall form of the King of
Diamonds was blended with and lost in the winter twilight.
Chapter II.
The same evening, after supper, Louise, taking her spinning-wheel
with her, went to visit Mother Rochart, at whose cottage the good
matrons and young girls of the village often met, and remained
until near midnight, relating old legends, chatting of the rain, the
weather, baptisms, marriages, the departure or return of conscripts,
or any other matters of interest.
Hullin, sitting before his little copper lamp, nailed the sabots of the
old wood-cutter. He no longer gave a thought to Yegof. His hammer
rose and fell upon the thick wooden soles mechanically, while a
thousand fancies roamed through his mind. Now his thoughts
wandered to Gaspard, so long unheard of; now to the campaign, so
long prolonged. The lamp dimly lighted the little room; without, all
was still. The fire grew dull; Jean-Claude arose to pile on another
log, and then resumed his seat, murmuring:
"This cannot last; we shall receive a letter one of these days."
The village clock struck nine; and as Hullin returned to his work,
the door opened, and Catherine Lefevre, the mistress of the Bois-
de-Chênes farm, appeared on the threshold, to the astonishment of
the sabot-maker, for it was not her custom to be abroad at such an
hour.
Catherine Lefevre might have been sixty years of age, but her form
was straight and erect as at thirty. Her clear, gray eyes and hooked
nose seemed to resemble the eyes and beak of the eagle. Her thin
cheeks and the drooping corners of her mouth betokened habits of
thought, and gave a sad and somewhat bitter expression to her

face. A long brown hood covered her head and fell over her
shoulders. Her whole appearance bespoke a firm and resolute
character, and inspired in the beholder a feeling of respect, not
untinged with fear.
"You here, Catherine?" exclaimed Hullin in his surprise.
"Even I, Jean-Claude," replied the old woman calmly. "I wish to
speak with you. Is Louise at home?"
"She is at Madeleine Rochart's."
"So much the better," said Catherine, seating herself at the corner
of the work-bench.
Hullin gazed fixedly at her. There was something mysterious and
unusual in her manner which caused in him a vague feeling of
alarm.
"What has happened?" he asked, laying aside his hammer.
"Yegof the fool passed last night at the farm."
"He was here this afternoon," said Hullin, who attached no
importance to the fact.
"Yes," continued Catherine, in a low tone; "he passed last night
with us, and in the evening, at this hour, before the kitchen fire, his
words were fearful."
"Fearful!" muttered the sabot-maker, more and more astonished, for
he had never before seen the old woman in such a state of alarm.
"What did he say, Catherine?"
"He spoke of things which awakened strange dreams."
"Dreams! You are mocking me."

"No, no," she answered. And then, after a moment of silence, fixing
her eyes upon the wondering Hullin, she continued:
"Last evening, our people were seated, after supper, around the fire
in the kitchen, and Yegof among them. He had, as usual, regaled
us with the history of his treasures and castles. It was about nine
o'clock, and the fool sat at the corner of the blazing hearth.
Duchene, my laborer, was mending Bruno's saddle; Robin, the
herdsman, was making a basket; Annette arranging her dishes on
the cupboard; and I spinning before going to bed. Without, the
dogs were barking at the moon, and it was bitter cold. We were
speaking of the winter, which Duchene said would be severe, for he
had seen large flocks of wild geese. The raven, perched on the
corner of the chimney-piece, with his beak buried in his ruffled
feathers, seemed to sleep."
The old woman paused a moment, as if to collect her thoughts; her
eyes sought the floor, her lips closed tightly together, and a strange
paleness overspread her face.
"What in the name of sense is she coming at?" thought Hullin.
She resumed:
"Yegof, at the edge of the hearth, with his tin crown upon his head
and his sceptre laid across his knees, seemed absorbed in thought.
He gazed at the huge black chimney, the great stone mantel-shelf,
with its sculptured trees and men, and at the smoke which rose in
heavy wreaths among the quarters of bacon. Suddenly he struck
his sceptre upon the floor, and cried out like one in a dream, 'Yes, I
have seen it all—all—long since!' And while we gazed on him with
looks of astonishment, he proceeded:
"'Ay, in those days the forests of firs were forests of oak. Nideck,
Dagsberg, Falkenstein—all the castles now old and ruined were yet
unbuilt. In those days wild bulls were hunted through the woods;
salmon were plenty in the Sarre; and you, the fair-haired race,

buried in the snows six months of the year, lived upon milk and
cheese, for you had great flocks on Hengst, Schneeberg,
Grosmann, and Donon. In summer you hunted as far as the banks
of the Rhine; as far as the Moselle, the Meuse. All this can I
remember!'
"Was it not strange, Jean-Claude?" said the old woman. "As the
fool spoke, I seemed, too, to remember those scenes, as if viewed
in a dream. I let fall my distaff, and old Duchene and all the others
stopped to listen. The fool continued:
"'Ay, it was long ago! You had already begun to build your tall
chimneys; and you surrounded your habitations with palisades
whose points had been hardened in the fire. Within you kept great
dogs, with hanging cheeks, who bayed night and day.'
"Then he burst into a peal of crazy laughter, crying:
"'And you thought yourselves the lords of the land—you, the pale-
faced and blue-eyed—you, who lived on milk and cheese, and
touched no flesh save in autumn at your hunts—you thought
yourselves lords of the mountain and the plain—when we, the red-
bearded, came from the sea—we, who loved blood and the din of
battle. 'Twas a rude war, ours. It lasted weeks and months; and
your old chieftainess, Margareth, of the clan of the Kilberix, shut up
in her palisades, surrounded by her dogs and her warriors,
defended herself like a she-wolf robbed of her young. But five
moons passed, and hunger came; the gates of her stronghold
opened, that its defenders might fly; and we, ambushed in the
brook, slew them all—all—save the children. She alone defended
herself to the last, and I, Luitprand, clove her gray head, and
spared her blind father, the oldest among the old, that I might
chain him like a dog to my castle gate.'
"Then, Hullin," said the old woman, "the fool sang a long ballad—
the plaint of the old man chained to his gate. It was sad, sad as

the Miserere. It chilled our very blood. But he laughed until old
Duchene, in a transport of rage, threw himself upon him to strangle
him; but the fool is strong, and hurled him back. Then brandishing
his sceptre furiously, he shouted:
"'To your knees, slaves! to your knees! My armies are advancing.
The earth trembles beneath them. Nideck, Haut-Barr, Dagsberg,
Turkestein, will again tower above you. To your knees!'
"Never did I gaze upon a more fearful figure; but seeing my people
about to fall upon him, I interposed in his defence. 'He is but a
fool,' I cried. 'Are you not ashamed to mind his words?' This
quieted them, but I could not close my eyes the entire night. His
story—the song of the old man—rang through my ears, and
seemed mingled with the barking of our dogs and the din of
combat. Hullin, what think you of it? I cannot banish his threats
from my mind!"
"I should think," said the sabot-maker, with a look of pity not
unmixed with a sort of sorrowful sarcasm—"I should think,
Catherine, if I did not know you so well, that you were losing your
senses—you and Duchene and Robin and all the rest."
"You do not understand these matters," said the old woman in a
calm and grave tone; "but were you never troubled by things of
like nature?"
"Do you mean that you believe this nonsense of Yegof?"
"Yes, I believe it."
"You believe it! You, Catherine Lefevre! If it was Mother Rochart, I
would say nothing; but you—!"
He arose as if angry, untied his apron, shrugged his shoulders, and
then suddenly, again seating himself, exclaimed:

"Do you know who this fool is? I will tell you. He is one of those
German schoolmasters who turn old women's heads with their
Mother Goose stories; whose brains are cracked with overmuch
study, and who take their visions for actual events—their crazy
fancies for reality. I always looked upon Yegof as one of them.
Remember the mass of names he knows; he talks of Brittany and
Austrasia—of Polynesia and Nideck and the banks of the Rhine, and
so gives an air of probability to his vagaries. In ordinary times,
Catherine, you would think as I do; but your mind is troubled at
receiving no news from Gaspard, and the rumors of war and
invasion which are flying around distract you; you do not sleep, and
you look upon the sickly fancies of a poor fool as gospel truth."
"Not so, Hullin—not so. If you yourself had heard Yegof—"
"Come, come!" cried the good man. "If I had heard him, I would
have laughed at him, as I do now. Do you know that he has
demanded the hand of Louise, that he might make her Queen of
Austrasia?"
Catherine could not help smiling; but soon resuming her serious air,
she said:
"All your reasons, Jean-Claude, cannot convince me; but I confess
that Gaspard's silence frightens me. I know my boy, and he has
certainly written. Why have his letters not arrived? The war goes ill
for us, Hullin; all the world is against us. They want none of our
Revolution. While we were the masters, while we crowned victory
with victory, they were humble enough, but since the Russian
misfortune their tone is far different."
"There, there, Catherine; you are wandering; everything is black to
you. What disturbs me most is not receiving any news from
without; we are living here as in a country of savages; we know
nothing of what is going on abroad. The Austrians or the Cossacks

might fall upon us at any moment, and we be taken completely by
surprise."
Hullin observed that as he spoke the old woman's look became
anxious, and despite himself he felt the influence of the fears she
spoke of.
"Listen, Catherine," said he suddenly; "as long as you talk
reasonably I shall not gainsay you. You speak now of things that
are possible. I do not believe they will attack us, but it is better to
set our hearts at ease. I intended going to Phalsbourg this week. I
shall set out to-morrow. In such a city—one which is, moreover, a
post-station—they should have certain tidings of what is going on.
Will you believe the news I bring back?"
"I will."
"Then it is understood. I will start early to-morrow morning. It is
five leagues off. I shall have returned by about six in the evening,
and you shall see, Catherine, that your mournful notions lack
reason."
"I hope so," said she, rising; "indeed I hope so. You have
somewhat reassured me, Jean-Claude, and I may sleep better than
I did last night. Good-night, Jean-Claude."
Chapter III.
The next morning at daybreak, Hullin, in his gray-cloth Sunday
small-clothes, his ample brown velvet coat, his red vest with its
copper buttons, his head covered with his mountaineer's slouched
hat, the broad brim turned up in front over his ruddy face, took the
road to Phalsbourg, a stout staff in his hand.
Phalsbourg is a small fortified city on the imperial road from
Strasbourg to Paris. It commands the slope of Saverne, the defiles
of Haut-Barr, of Roche-Plate, Bonne-Fontaine, and Graufthal. Its

bastions, advanced works, and demi-lunes run zigzag over a rocky
plateau; afar off you would think you could clear the walls at a
bound; a nearer approach shows a ditch, a hundred feet wide and
thirty deep, and beyond the dark ramparts cut in the rock itself. All
the rest of the city, save the town-hall, the two gates of France and
Germany with their pointed arches, and the tops of the two
magazines, is concealed behind the glacis. Such is the little city,
which is not lacking in a certain kind of grandeur, especially when
we cross its bridges, and pass its heavy gates, studded with iron
spikes. Within the walls, the houses are low, regularly built of cut
stone in straight streets. A military atmosphere pervades
everything.
Hullin, whose robust health and joyous nature gave him little care
for the future, pushed gayly onward, regarding the stories of defeat
and invasion which filled the air as so many malicious inventions.
Judge, then, of his stupefaction when, on coming in sight of the
town, he saw that the clock-tower stood no longer, not a garden or
an orchard, not a walk or a bush could he see; everything within
cannon-shot was utterly destroyed. A few wretches were collecting
the remaining pieces of their cottages to carry them to the city.
Nothing could be seen to the verge of the horizon but the lines of
the ramparts. Jean-Claude was thunder-struck; for a few moments
he could neither utter a word nor advance a step.
"Aha!" he muttered at last, "things are not going well. The enemy
is expected."
Then his warrior instincts rising, his brown cheeks flushed with
anger.
"It is those rascal Austrians, and Prussians, and Russians, who have
caused all this," he cried, shaking his staff; "but let them beware!
They shall rue it!"

His wrath grew as he advanced. Twenty minutes later he entered
the city at the end of a long train of wagons, each drawn by five or
six horses, and dragging enormous trunks of trees, destined to
form a block-house on the Place d'Armes. Between drivers,
peasants, and neighing, struggling, kicking horses, a mounted
gendarme, Father Kels, rode grimly, seeming to hear nothing of
the tumult around, but ever and anon saying, in a deep base voice:
"Courage! my friends, courage! We can make two journeys more
before night, and you will have deserved well of your country."
Jean-Claude crossed the bridge.
A new spectacle presented itself within the walls. All were absorbed
in the work of defence. Every gate was open. Men, women, and
children labored, ran, or helped to carry powder and shot.
Occasionally, groups of three, four, or half a dozen would collect to
hear the news.
"Neighbors," one would say, "a courier has arrived at full speed. He
entered by the French gate."
"Then he announces the coming of the National Guard from
Nancy."
"Or, perhaps, a train from Metz."
"You are right. Sixteen-pound shot are wanting, as well as canister.
They are breaking up the stoves to supply its place."
Some of the citizens, in their shirt-sleeves, were barricading their
windows with heavy beams and mattresses; others were rolling
tubs of water before their doors. Their enthusiasm excited Hullin's
admiration.
"Good!" he cried, "good! The allies will be well received here!"

Opposite the college, the squeaking voice of the sergeant,
Harmantier, was shrieking:
"Be it known that the casemates will be opened, to the end that
each man may bring a mattress and two blankets; and moreover,
that messieurs the commissioners are about to commence their
round of inspection to see that each inhabitant has three months'
provisions in his house, which he must show: Given this twentieth
day of December, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. Jean
Pierre Meunier, Governor."
Strange scenes, both serious and comic, succeeded every minute.
Hullin was no longer the same man. Memories of the march, the
bivouac, the rattle of musketry, the charge, the shout of victory,
came rushing upon him. His eyes sparkled and his heart beat fast,
and the thoughts of the glory to be gained in a brave defence, a
struggle to the death with a haughty enemy, filled his brain.
"Good faith!" said he to himself, "all goes well! I have made clogs
enough in my life, and if the time has come to shoulder the musket
once more, so much the better. We will show these Prussians and
Austrians that we have not forgotten the roll of the charge!"
Thus mused the brave old man, but his exultation was not of long
duration.
Before the church, on the Place d'Armes, were fifteen or twenty
wagons full of wounded, arriving from Leipsic and Hanau. Many
poor fellows, pale, emaciated, with eyes half-closed and glassy, or
rolling in agony, some with arms and legs already amputated, some
with wounds not yet even bandaged, lay awaiting death. Near by, a
few worn-out horses were eating their scanty provender, while their
drivers, poor peasants pressed into service in Alsace, wrapped in
their long, ragged cloaks, slept, in spite of cold, on the steps of the
church. It was terrible to see the men, wrapped in their gray
overcoats, heaped upon bloody straw; one holding his broken arm

upon his knee; another binding his head with an old handkerchief;
a third already dead, serving as a seat for the living. Hullin stood
transfixed. He could not withdraw his eyes from the scene. Human
misery in its intensest forms fascinates us. We would see how men
die—how they face death; and the best among us are not free
from this horrible curiosity. It seems to us as if eternity were about
to disclose its secrets.
On the first wagon to the right were two carabineers in sky-blue
jackets—two giants—but their strong frames were bowed with pain;
they seemed two statues crushed beneath some enormous mass of
stone. One, with thick red mustaches and sunken cheeks, glared
with his stony eyes, as if awakened from a frightful nightmare; the
other, bent double, his hands blue with cold, and his shoulder torn
by a grape-shot, was becoming momentarily weaker, but from time
to time started up, muttering like one in a dream. Behind,
infantrymen were stretched in couples, most of them struck by
bullets. They seemed to bear their fate with more fortitude than did
the giants, not speaking, except that a few, the youngest, shrieked
furiously for water and bread. In the next wagon, a plaintive voice
—the voice of a conscript—called upon his mother, while his older
comrades smiled sarcastically at his cry.
Now and then a shudder ran through them all, as a man—or
mayhap several—would rise, and with a long sigh fall back. This
was death.
While Hullin stood silent, the blood frozen in his heart, a citizen,
Sôme, the baker, came forth from his house, carrying a large pot of
boiled meat. Then you should have seen those spectres struggle,
their eyes glance, their nostrils dilate; a new life seemed to animate
them, for the poor wretches were dying of hunger.
Good Father Sôme, with tears in his eyes, approached, saying:

"I am coming, my children. A little patience, and you will be
supplied."
But scarcely had he reached the first wagon, when the huge
carabineer with the sunken cheeks plunged his arm to the elbow in
the boiling pot, seized a piece of meat, and concealed it beneath
his jacket. It was done like a flash, and savage cries arose on all
sides. Men who had not strength enough to move would have
strangled their comrade. He pressed the precious morsel to his
breast, his teeth were already in it, and he glared around like a
wild beast. At the cries which arose, an old soldier—a sergeant—
sprang from a neighboring wagon; he understood all at a glance,
and without useless delay tore the meat from the carabineer,
saying:
"Thou deservest to have none. Let us divide; it will make ten
rations."
"We are only eight," said a wounded man, calm in appearance, but
with eyes glistening in his bronzed face. "You see, sergeant, that
those two there are dying; it is no use to waste food."
The sergeant looked.
"You are right," he replied. "Eight parts."
Hullin could bear no more. He fled, pale as death, to the innkeeper,
Wittmann's. Wittmann was also a dealer in leather and furs, and
cried, as he saw him enter:
"Ha! it is you, Master Jean-Claude; you are earlier than usual. I did
not expect you before next week." Then, seeing him tremble, he
asked: "But what is the matter? You are ill."
"I have just been looking at the wounded."

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