Interpretation of full blood count parameters
- 2. FULL BLOOD COUNT • One of the most commonly ordered haematology lab test. • Measure of the cellular components in the blood; white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and features of blood. • It gives useful information about production of all blood cells • When interpreted together with clinical histrory, it provides information that assists in diagnosis, drug monitoring and management of diseases.
- 3. RBC, HAEMOGLOBIN AND INDICES
- 4. • The red cell count reflects the number of circulating red blood cells. • The red cell count is particularly useful in identifying erythrocytosis • A decrease in the red cell count and/or haemoglobin is an indication of anaemia, and depending on the following indices; i. MCV ii. MCH iii. MCHC >Haemoglobin is the most commonly used marker of anaemia: low levels may indicate anaemia and high levels may indicate erythrocytosis.
- 5. HAEMATOCRIT • It is the percentage (%) of the concentration of red blood cells in blood
- 6. CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH & LOW HCT LOW HCT • Anaemia • Associated with long-term illness, infection or white blood cell disorders such as leukemia or lymphoma. • Recent or long-term hemorrhage. HIGH HCT • Dehydration • Polycythemia vera • Lung or heart disease • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • Doping or erythropoietin (EPO) • Recent blood transfusion.
- 7. MEAN CELL VOLUME (MCV) • The MCV is the volume of an average RBC in a blood sample. • It is a measure of the average size of the red cell • Classification of different types of anaemia. NORMAL MCV LOW MCV HIGH MCV Normocytic anaemia Microcytic anaemia Macrocytic anaemia
- 8. CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH & LOW MCV LOW MCV • Iron deficiency anaemia • Anaemia of chronic disease • Sideroblastic anaemia • Lead poisoning • Spherocytosis HIGH MCV • Vitamin B12 deficiency • Folate deficiency • Liver disease • Alcoholism • Hypothyroidism
- 9. MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION (MCHC) • MCHC is the average concentration of haemoglobin in a given volume of red blood cells. • For diagnosing anaemia particularly when used in conjunction with MCV and RDW. • MCHC = MCH/MCV
- 10. CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH, NORMAL, LOW & HIGH MCHC NORMAL MCHC • Blood loss anaemia • Anaemia due to kidney disease • Mixed anaemia • Bone marrow failure LOW MCHC • Iron deficiency • Lead poisoning • Thalassemia • Sideroblastic anaemia • Anaemia of chronic disease HIGH MCHC • Hereditary spherocytosis • Cold agglutinin
- 11. MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN(MCH) • It is the average amount of hemoglobin in a person’s red cells. • MCH value is low in the following conditions; i. Hypochromic anaemia ii. Iron Deficiency Anaemia.
- 12. RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH (RDW) • The RDW is a measurement of the degree of anisocytosis. • Normal RDW is about 11.0%–16.0% in normal population and tend to be increased under some physiological and pathological conditions. • RDW(%) = Standard deviation (SD) of MCV x 100 Mean MCV
- 14. • White blood cells play a role in humoral and cell mediated immunity. WBC count often used to help diagnose disorders related to having leukocytosis and leukopenia >Measures the absolute count of white blood cells. LEUKOPENIA • Acute infections • Immune disorders • Hypoplastic bone marrow • Chemotherapy and radiotherapy • Marrow infiltration LEUKOCYTOSIS • inflammatory diseases • leukemia • infections • allergic reactions
- 15. DIFFERENTIAL LEUCOCYTES COUNT • The white cells or leukocytes in the peripheral blood comprise of five types of cell: • The Neutrophils • The Eosinophils • The Basophils • The Monocytes • The lymphocytes
- 16. NEUTROPHILIA • Neutrophilia is defined as elevated absolute neutrophil count • Neutrophilia is commonly seen in patients with bacterial infection. • Physiological Neutrophilia can occur as a normal physiological process.
- 17. CONT’ CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUTROPHILIA CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGICAL NEUTROPHILIA Acute and chronic bacterial infection (pyogenic bacteria including miliary TB). Neonates have a higher neutrophil count Chronic Myeloid leukaemia Women of childbearing age have higher neutrophil counts than men Inflammation Pregnancy causes a marked rise in the neutrophil Count Malignancy: carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, sarcoma Vigorous exercise can double the neutrophil count
- 18. NEUTROPENIA • Neutropenia is defined as decreased absolute neutrophil count • Neutropenic patients are more susceptible to bacterial infections. • Neutropenia is commonly associated with; i. folate, ii. aplastic anaemia, iii. tumors, iv. effect of certain drug etc
- 19. EOSINOPHILS • Common cause of eosinophilia: i. Asthma ii. parasitic infection, iii. allergic condition iv. Hypersensitivity reaction,
- 20. MONOCYTE • Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. • Monocytosis can be a feature in chronic infection. • A persistent monocytosis that is unexplained, particularly if associated with anaemia or thrombocytopenia, may be a feature of myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders
- 21. CONT’ Conditions associated with monocytosis • Infections: TB, bacterial, viral etc • Connective tissue disorders • Malignancies: Hodgkin’s disease, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia etc
- 22. LYMPHOCYTES • Some infections associated with lymphocytosis; i. Viral infections (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, etc) ii. Mononucleosis iii. Acute & chronic lymphocytic leukaemia iv. Tuberculosis
- 23. BASOPHILS • Normal absolute basophil count is (0.0 – 0.1) 109 /L • Basophilia is (absolute basophil count>0.1 x109 /L). • Some infections associated with Basophilia; i. Allergic reactions ii. Chronic myeloid leukemia
- 24. PLATELETS
- 25. PLATELET COUNT(PLT) • Measures the average number of platelets in the blood. • Normal Range – (150.0 – 400.0)103 /uL • Initiate blood clotting following injuries to blood vessels. • Low platelet count – thrombocytopenia. • High platelet count - thrombocytosis.
- 26. COMMON CAUSES OF THROMBOCYTOSIS AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA COMMON CAUSES OF THROMBOCYTOSIS. COMMON CAUSES OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA. Chronic infection Aplastic anaemia Acute blood loss Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura (heparininduced thrombocytopenia (HIT) Hyposplenism (post-splenectomy) Hemolytic–uremic syndrome Malignancy Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Chronic inflammation Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Polycythemia vera Pregnancy
- 27. CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THROMBOCYTOSIS AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA THROMBOCYTOSIS. THROMBOCYTOPENIA. Splenectomy Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Inflammation Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Myeloproliferative disease Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Iron deficiency anemia Splenomegaly Blood loss
- 28. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Hematologist, C. (2020). The Basic Principles & Interpretation of Automated Full Blood Count.
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