![Python Interview Questions
A local scope refers to the local objects available in the current function.
A global scope refers to the objects available throughout the code execution
since their inception.
A module-level scope refers to the global objects of the current module
accessible in the program.
An outermost scope refers to all the built-in names callable in the program. The
objects in this scope are searched last to find the name referenced.
Note: Local scope objects can be synced with global scope objects using keywords
such as global.
6. What are lists and tuples? What is the key difference between
the two?
Lists and Tuples are both sequence data types that can store a collection of objects
in Python. The objects stored in both sequences can have different data types. Lists
are represented with square brackets ['sara', 6, 0.19] , while tuples are
represented with parantheses ('ansh', 5, 0.97) .
But what is the real difference between the two? The key difference between the two
is that while lists are mutable, tuples on the other hand are immutable objects.
This means that lists can be modified, appended or sliced on the go but tuples
remain constant and cannot be modified in any manner. You can run the following
example on Python IDLE to confirm the difference:
my_tuple = ('sara', 6, 5, 0.97)
my_list = ['sara', 6, 5, 0.97]
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'sara'
my_tuple[0] = 'ansh' # modifying tuple => throws an error
my_list[0] = 'ansh' # modifying list => list modified
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'ansh'
7. What are the common built-in data types in Python?
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![Python Interview Questions
Break The break statement terminates the loop
immediately and the control flows to the
statement a er the body of the loop.
Continue The continue statement terminates the current
iteration of the statement, skips the rest of the
code in the current iteration and the control
flows to the next iteration of the loop.
Pass As explained above, the pass keyword in Python
is generally used to fill up empty blocks and is
similar to an empty statement represented by a
semi-colon in languages such as Java, C++,
Javascript, etc.
pat = [1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3]
for p in pat:
pass
if (p == 0):
current = p
break
elif (p % 2 == 0):
continue
print(p) # output => 1 3 1 3 1
print(current) # output => 0
14. What are unit tests in Python?
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![Python Interview Questions
Unit test is a unit testing framework of Python.
Unit testing means testing different components of so ware separately. Can you
think about why unit testing is important? Imagine a scenario, you are building
so ware that uses three components namely A, B, and C. Now, suppose your
so ware breaks at a point time. How will you find which component was
responsible for breaking the so ware? Maybe it was component A that failed,
which in turn failed component B, and this actually failed the so ware. There
can be many such combinations.
This is why it is necessary to test each and every component properly so that we
know which component might be highly responsible for the failure of the
so ware.
15. What is docstring in Python?
Documentation string or docstring is a multiline string used to document a
specific code segment.
The docstring should describe what the function or method does.
16. What is slicing in Python?
As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.
Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
stop is the ending index or where to sop.
step is the number of steps to jump.
Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print(numbers[1 : : 2]) #output : [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
17. Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on
Unix?
Script file must begin with #!/usr/bin/env python
18. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?
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![Python Interview Questions
Arrays in python can only contain elements of same data types i.e., data type of
array should be homogeneous. It is a thin wrapper around C language arrays and
consumes far less memory than lists.
Lists in python can contain elements of different data types i.e., data type of lists
can be heterogeneous. It has the disadvantage of consuming large memory.
Python Interview Questions for Experienced
19. How is memory managed in Python?
Memory management in Python is handled by the Python Memory Manager.
The memory allocated by the manager is in form of a private heap space
dedicated to Python. All Python objects are stored in this heap and being
private, it is inaccessible to the programmer. Though, python does provide some
core API functions to work upon the private heap space.
Additionally, Python has an in-built garbage collection to recycle the unused
memory for the private heap space.
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import array
a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3])
for i in a:
print(i, end=' ') #OUTPUT: 1 2 3
a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 'string']) #OUTPUT: TypeError: an integer is required (g
a = [1, 2, 'string']
for i in a:
print(i, end=' ') #OUTPUT: 1 2 string](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/interviewbit-231022054302-5ee55770/85/interviewbit-pdf-21-320.jpg)
![Python Interview Questions
# decorator function to convert to lowercase
def lowercase_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string_lowercase = func.lower()
return string_lowercase
return wrapper
# decorator function to split words
def splitter_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string_split = func.split()
return string_split
return wrapper
@splitter_decorator # this is executed next
@lowercase_decorator # this is executed first
def hello():
return 'Hello World'
hello() # output => [ 'hello' , 'world' ]
The beauty of the decorators lies in the fact that besides adding functionality to the
output of the method, they can even accept arguments for functions and can further
modify those arguments before passing it to the function itself. The inner nested
function, i.e. 'wrapper' function, plays a significant role here. It is implemented to
enforce encapsulation and thus, keep itself hidden from the global scope.
# decorator function to capitalize names
def names_decorator(function):
def wrapper(arg1, arg2):
arg1 = arg1.capitalize()
arg2 = arg2.capitalize()
string_hello = function(arg1, arg2)
return string_hello
return wrapper
@names_decorator
def say_hello(name1, name2):
return 'Hello ' + name1 + '! Hello ' + name2 + '!'
say_hello('sara', 'ansh') # output => 'Hello Sara! Hello Ansh!'
23. What are Dict and List comprehensions?
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![Python Interview Questions
Python comprehensions, like decorators, are syntactic sugar constructs that help
build altered and filtered lists, dictionaries, or sets from a given list, dictionary, or
set. Using comprehensions saves a lot of time and code that might be considerably
more verbose (containing more lines of code). Let's check out some examples, where
comprehensions can be truly beneficial:
Performing mathematical operations on the entire list
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list] # list comprehension
# output => [4 , 9 , 25 , 49 , 121]
squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list} # dict comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 2: 4 , 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}
Performing conditional filtering operations on the entire list
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0] # list comprehension
# output => [9 , 25 , 49 , 121]
squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0} # dict comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}
Combining multiple lists into one
Comprehensions allow for multiple iterators and hence, can be used to combine
multiple lists into one.
Flattening a multi-dimensional list
A similar approach of nested iterators (as above) can be applied to flatten a multi-
dimensional list or work upon its inner elements.
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a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [7, 8, 9]
[(x + y) for (x,y) in zip(a,b)] # parallel iterators
# output => [8, 10, 12]
[(x,y) for x in a for y in b] # nested iterators
# output => [(1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9)]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/interviewbit-231022054302-5ee55770/85/interviewbit-pdf-26-320.jpg)
![Python Interview Questions
my_list = [[10,20,30],[40,50,60],[70,80,90]]
flattened = [x for temp in my_list for x in temp]
# output => [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]
Note: List comprehensions have the same effect as the map method in other
languages. They follow the mathematical set builder notation rather than map
and filter functions in Python.
24. What is lambda in Python? Why is it used?
Lambda is an anonymous function in Python, that can accept any number of
arguments, but can only have a single expression. It is generally used in situations
requiring an anonymous function for a short time period. Lambda functions can be
used in either of the two ways:
Assigning lambda functions to a variable:
mul = lambda a, b : a * b
print(mul(2, 5)) # output => 10
Wrapping lambda functions inside another function:
def myWrapper(n):
return lambda a : a * n
mulFive = myWrapper(5)
print(mulFive(2)) # output => 10
25. How do you copy an object in Python?
In Python, the assignment statement ( = operator) does not copy objects. Instead,
it creates a binding between the existing object and the target variable name. To
create copies of an object in Python, we need to use the copy module. Moreover,
there are two ways of creating copies for the given object using the copy module -
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![Python Interview Questions
Shallow Copy is a bit-wise copy of an object. The copied object created has an exact
copy of the values in the original object. If either of the values is a reference to other
objects, just the reference addresses for the same are copied.
Deep Copy copies all values recursively from source to target object, i.e. it even
duplicates the objects referenced by the source object.
from copy import copy, deepcopy
list_1 = [1, 2, [3, 5], 4]
## shallow copy
list_2 = copy(list_1)
list_2[3] = 7
list_2[2].append(6)
list_2 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 7]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
## deep copy
list_3 = deepcopy(list_1)
list_3[3] = 8
list_3[2].append(7)
list_3 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6, 7], 8]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
26. What is the difference between xrange and range in Python?
xrange() and range() are quite similar in terms of functionality. They both generate a
sequence of integers, with the only difference that range() returns a Python list,
whereas, xrange() returns an xrange object.
So how does that make a difference? It sure does, because unlike range(), xrange()
doesn't generate a static list, it creates the value on the go. This technique is
commonly used with an object-type generator and has been termed as "yielding".
Yielding is crucial in applications where memory is a constraint. Creating a static list
as in range() can lead to a Memory Error in such conditions, while, xrange() can
handle it optimally by using just enough memory for the generator (significantly less
in comparison).
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![Python Interview Questions
def appendNumber(arr):
arr.append(4)
arr = [1, 2, 3]
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3]
appendNumber(arr)
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3, 4]
34. What are iterators in Python?
An iterator is an object.
It remembers its state i.e., where it is during iteration (see code below to see
how)
__iter__() method initializes an iterator.
It has a __next__() method which returns the next item in iteration and points to
the next element. Upon reaching the end of iterable object __next__() must
return StopIteration exception.
It is also self-iterable.
Iterators are objects with which we can iterate over iterable objects like lists,
strings, etc.
class ArrayList:
def __init__(self, number_list):
self.numbers = number_list
def __iter__(self):
self.pos = 0
return self
def __next__(self):
if(self.pos < len(self.numbers)):
self.pos += 1
return self.numbers[self.pos - 1]
else:
raise StopIteration
array_obj = ArrayList([1, 2, 3])
it = iter(array_obj)
print(next(it)) #output: 2
print(next(it)) #output: 3
print(next(it))
#Throws Exception
#Traceback (most recent call last):
#...
#StopIteration
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![Python Interview Questions
35. Explain how to delete a file in Python?
Use command os.remove(file_name)
import os
os.remove("ChangedFile.csv")
print("File Removed!")
36. Explain split() and join() functions in Python?
You can use split() function to split a string based on a delimiter to a list of
strings.
You can use join() function to join a list of strings based on a delimiter to give a
single string.
string = "This is a string."
string_list = string.split(' ') #delimiter is ‘space’ character or ‘ ‘
print(string_list) #output: ['This', 'is', 'a', 'string.']
print(' '.join(string_list)) #output: This is a string.
37. What does *args and **kwargs mean?
*args
*args is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable-length
arguments.
“*” means variable length and “args” is the name used by convention. You can
use any other.
def multiply(a, b, *argv):
mul = a * b
for num in argv:
mul *= num
return mul
print(multiply(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) #output: 120
**kwargs
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![Python Interview Questions
**kwargs is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable-
length keyworded arguments.
Here, also, “kwargs” is used just by convention. You can use any other name.
Keyworded argument means a variable that has a name when passed to a
function.
It is actually a dictionary of the variable names and its value.
def tellArguments(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key + ": " + value)
tellArguments(arg1 = "argument 1", arg2 = "argument 2", arg3 = "argument 3")
#output:
# arg1: argument 1
# arg2: argument 2
# arg3: argument 3
38. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Negative indexes are the indexes from the end of the list or tuple or string.
Arr[-1] means the last element of array Arr[]
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
#get the last element
print(arr[-1]) #output 6
#get the second last element
print(arr[-2]) #output 5
Python OOPS Interview Questions
39. How do you create a class in Python?
To create a class in python, we use the keyword “class” as shown in the example
below:
class InterviewbitEmployee:
def __init__(self, emp_name):
self.emp_name = emp_name
To instantiate or create an object from the class created above, we do the following:
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![Python Interview Questions
data - Represents various forms like series, map, ndarray, lists, dict etc.
index - Optional argument that represents an index to row labels.
columns - Optional argument for column labels.
Dtype - the data type of each column. Again optional.
51. How will you combine different pandas dataframes?
The dataframes can be combines using the below approaches:
append() method: This is used to stack the dataframes horizontally. Syntax:
df1.append(df2)
concat() method: This is used to stack dataframes vertically. This is best used
when the dataframes have the same columns and similar fields. Syntax:
pd.concat([df1, df2])
join() method: This is used for extracting data from various dataframes having
one or more common columns.
df1.join(df2)
52. Can you create a series from the dictionary object in
pandas?
One dimensional array capable of storing different data types is called a series. We
can create pandas series from a dictionary object as shown below:
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![Python Interview Questions
import pandas as pd
dict_info = {'key1' : 2.0, 'key2' : 3.1, 'key3' : 2.2}
series_obj = pd.Series(dict_info)
print (series_obj)
Output:
x 2.0
y 3.1
z 2.2
dtype: float64
If an index is not specified in the input method, then the keys of the dictionaries are
sorted in ascending order for constructing the index. In case the index is passed, then
values of the index label will be extracted from the dictionary.
53. How will you identify and deal with missing values in a
dataframe?
We can identify if a dataframe has missing values by using the isnull() and isna()
methods.
missing_data_count=df.isnull().sum()
We can handle missing values by either replacing the values in the column with 0 as
follows:
df[‘column_name’].fillna(0)
Or by replacing it with the mean value of the column
df[‘column_name’] = df[‘column_name’].fillna((df[‘column_name’].mean()))
54. What do you understand by reindexing in pandas?
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![Python Interview Questions
Reindexing is the process of conforming a dataframe to a new index with optional
filling logic. If the values are missing in the previous index, then NaN/NA is placed in
the location. A new object is returned unless a new index is produced that is
equivalent to the current one. The copy value is set to False. This is also used for
changing the index of rows and columns in the dataframe.
55. How to add new column to pandas dataframe?
A new column can be added to a pandas dataframe as follows:
import pandas as pd
data_info = {'first' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'second' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(data_info)
#To add new column third
df['third']=pd.Series([10,20,30],index=['a','b','c'])
print (df)
#To add new column fourth
df['fourth']=df['first']+info['third']
print (df)
56. How will you delete indices, rows and columns from a
dataframe?
To delete an Index:
Execute del df.index.name for removing the index by name.
Alternatively, the df.index.name can be assigned to None.
For example, if you have the below dataframe:
Column 1
Names
John 1
Jack 2
Judy 3
Jim 4
To drop the index name “Names”:
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![Python Interview Questions
57. Can you get items of series A that are not available in
another series B?
This can be achieved by using the ~ (not/negation symbol) and isin() method
as shown below.
import pandas as pd
df1 = pd.Series([2, 4, 8, 10, 12])
df2 = pd.Series([8, 12, 10, 15, 16])
df1=df1[~df1.isin(df2)]
print(df1)
"""
Output:
0 2
1 4
dtype: int64
"""
58. How will you get the items that are not common to both the
given series A and B?
We can achieve this by first performing the union of both series, then taking the
intersection of both series. Then we follow the approach of getting items of union
that are not there in the list of the intersection.
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![Python Interview Questions
The following code demonstrates this:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df1 = pd.Series([2, 4, 5, 8, 10])
df2 = pd.Series([8, 10, 13, 15, 17])
p_union = pd.Series(np.union1d(df1, df2)) # union of series
p_intersect = pd.Series(np.intersect1d(df1, df2)) # intersection of series
unique_elements = p_union[~p_union.isin(p_intersect)]
print(unique_elements)
"""
Output:
0 2
1 4
2 5
5 13
6 15
7 17
dtype: int64
"""
59. While importing data from different sources, can the pandas
library recognize dates?
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![Python Interview Questions
Yes, they can, but with some bit of help. We need to add the parse_dates argument
while we are reading data from the sources. Consider an example where we read data
from a CSV file, we may encounter different date-time formats that are not readable
by the pandas library. In this case, pandas provide flexibility to build our custom date
parser with the help of lambda functions as shown below:
Numpy Interview Questions
60. What do you understand by NumPy?
NumPy is one of the most popular, easy-to-use, versatile, open-source, python-based,
general-purpose package that is used for processing arrays. NumPy is short for
NUMerical PYthon. This is very famous for its highly optimized tools that result in
high performance and powerful N-Dimensional array processing feature that is
designed explicitly to work on complex arrays. Due to its popularity and powerful
performance and its flexibility to perform various operations like trigonometric
operations, algebraic and statistical computations, it is most commonly used in
performing scientific computations and various broadcasting functions. The
following image shows the applications of NumPy:
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import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime
dateparser = lambda date_val: datetime.strptime(date_val, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
df = pd.read_csv("some_file.csv", parse_dates=['datetime_column'], date_parser=datepars](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/interviewbit-231022054302-5ee55770/85/interviewbit-pdf-54-320.jpg)
![Python Interview Questions
import numpy as np
one_dimensional_list = [1,2,4]
one_dimensional_arr = np.array(one_dimensional_list)
print("1D array is : ",one_dimensional_arr)
2D array creation:
import numpy as np
two_dimensional_list=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
two_dimensional_arr = np.array(two_dimensional_list)
print("2D array is : ",two_dimensional_arr)
3D array creation:
import numpy as np
three_dimensional_list=[[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]]
three_dimensional_arr = np.array(three_dimensional_list)
print("3D array is : ",three_dimensional_arr)
ND array creation: This can be achieved by giving the ndmin attribute. The
below example demonstrates the creation of a 6D array:
import numpy as np
ndArray = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], ndmin=6)
print(ndArray)
print('Dimensions of array:', ndArray.ndim)
63. You are given a numpy array and a new column as inputs.
How will you delete the second column and replace the
column with a new column value?
Example:
Given array:
[[35 53 63]
[72 12 22]
[43 84 56]]
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![Python Interview Questions
New Column values:
[
20
30
40
]
Solution:
import numpy as np
#inputs
inputArray = np.array([[35,53,63],[72,12,22],[43,84,56]])
new_col = np.array([[20,30,40]])
# delete 2nd column
arr = np.delete(inputArray , 1, axis = 1)
#insert new_col to array
arr = np.insert(arr , 1, new_col, axis = 1)
print (arr)
64. How will you efficiently load data from a text file?
We can use the method numpy.loadtxt() which can automatically read the file’s
header and footer lines and the comments if any.
This method is highly efficient and even if this method feels less efficient, then the
data should be represented in a more efficient format such as CSV etc. Various
alternatives can be considered depending on the version of NumPy used.
Following are the file formats that are supported:
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![Python Interview Questions
Text files: These files are generally very slow, huge but portable and are human-
readable.
Raw binary: This file does not have any metadata and is not portable. But they
are fast.
Pickle: These are borderline slow and portable but depends on the NumPy
versions.
HDF5: This is known as the High-Powered Kitchen Sink format which supports
both PyTables and h5py format.
.npy: This is NumPy's native binary data format which is extremely simple,
efficient and portable.
65. How will you read CSV data into an array in NumPy?
This can be achieved by using the genfromtxt() method by setting the delimiter as a
comma.
from numpy import genfromtxt
csv_data = genfromtxt('sample_file.csv', delimiter=',')
66. How will you sort the array based on the Nth column?
For example, consider an array arr.
arr = np.array([[8, 3, 2],
[3, 6, 5],
[6, 1, 4]])
Let us try to sort the rows by the 2nd column so that we get:
[[6, 1, 4],
[8, 3, 2],
[3, 6, 5]]
We can do this by using the sort() method in numpy as:
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![Python Interview Questions
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[8, 3, 2],
[3, 6, 5],
[6, 1, 4]])
#sort the array using np.sort
arr = np.sort(arr.view('i8,i8,i8'),
order=['f1'],
axis=0).view(np.int)
We can also perform sorting and that too inplace sorting by doing:
arr.view('i8,i8,i8').sort(order=['f1'], axis=0)
67. How will you find the nearest value in a given numpy array?
We can use the argmin() method of numpy as shown below:
import numpy as np
def find_nearest_value(arr, value):
arr = np.asarray(arr)
idx = (np.abs(arr - value)).argmin()
return arr[idx]
#Driver code
arr = np.array([ 0.21169, 0.61391, 0.6341, 0.0131, 0.16541, 0.5645, 0.5742])
value = 0.52
print(find_nearest_value(arr, value)) # Prints 0.5645
68. How will you reverse the numpy array using one line of
code?
This can be done as shown in the following:
reversed_array = arr[::-1]
where arr = original given array, reverse_array is the resultant a er reversing all
elements in the input.
69. How will you find the shape of any given NumPy array?
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![Python Interview Questions
We can use the shape attribute of the numpy array to find the shape. It returns the
shape of the array in terms of row count and column count of the array.
import numpy as np
arr_two_dim = np.array([("x1","x2", "x3","x4"),
("x5","x6", "x7","x8" )])
arr_one_dim = np.array([3,2,4,5,6])
# find and print shape
print("2-D Array Shape: ", arr_two_dim.shape)
print("1-D Array Shape: ", arr_one_dim.shape)
"""
Output:
2-D Array Shape: (2, 4)
1-D Array Shape: (5,)
"""
Python Libraries Interview Questions
70. Differentiate between a package and a module in python.
The module is a single python file. A module can import other modules (other python
files) as objects. Whereas, a package is the folder/directory where different sub-
packages and the modules reside.
A python module is created by saving a file with the extension of .py . This file will
have classes and functions that are reusable in the code as well as across modules.
A python package is created by following the below steps:
Create a directory and give a valid name that represents its operation.
Place modules of one kind in this directory.
Create __init__.py file in this directory. This lets python know the directory
we created is a package. The contents of this package can be imported across
different modules in other packages to reuse the functionality.
71. What are some of the most commonly used built-in modules
in Python?
Python modules are the files having python code which can be functions, variables or
classes. These go by .py extension. The most commonly available built-in modules
are:
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![Python Interview Questions
import random
print(random.randrange(5,100,2))
74. Can you easily check if all characters in the given string is
alphanumeric?
This can be easily done by making use of the isalnum() method that returns true in
case the string has only alphanumeric characters.
For Example -
"abdc1321".isalnum() #Output: True
"xyz@123$".isalnum() #Output: False
Another way is to use match() method from the re (regex) module as shown:
import re
print(bool(re.match('[A-Za-z0-9]+$','abdc1321'))) # Output: True
print(bool(re.match('[A-Za-z0-9]+$','xyz@123$'))) # Output: False
75. What are the differences between pickling and unpickling?
Pickling is the conversion of python objects to binary form. Whereas, unpickling is the
conversion of binary form data to python objects. The pickled objects are used for
storing in disks or external memory locations. Unpickled objects are used for getting
the data back as python objects upon which processing can be done in python.
Python provides a pickle module for achieving this. Pickling uses the
pickle.dump() method to dump python objects into disks. Unpickling uses the
pickle.load() method to get back the data as python objects.
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![Python Interview Questions
def func(*var):
for i in var:
print(i)
func(1)
func(20,1,6)
The * in the function argument represents variable arguments in the function.
83. WAP (Write a program) which takes a sequence of numbers
and check if all numbers are unique.
You can do this by converting the list to set by using set() method and comparing the
length of this set with the length of the original list. If found equal, return True.
def check_distinct(data_list):
if len(data_list) == len(set(data_list)):
return True
else:
return False;
print(check_distinct([1,6,5,8])) #Prints True
print(check_distinct([2,2,5,5,7,8])) #Prints False
84. Write a program for counting the number of every character
of a given text file.
The idea is to use collections and pprint module as shown below:
import collections
import pprint
with open("sample_file.txt", 'r') as data:
count_data = collections.Counter(data.read().upper())
count_value = pprint.pformat(count_data)
print(count_value)
85. Write a program to check and return the pairs of a given
array A whose sum value is equal to a target value N.
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![Python Interview Questions
This can be done easily by using the phenomenon of hashing. We can use a hash map
to check for the current value of the array, x. If the map has the value of (N-x), then
there is our pair.
def print_pairs(arr, N):
# hash set
hash_set = set()
for i in range(0, len(arr)):
val = N-arr[i]
if (val in hash_set): #check if N-x is there in set, print the pair
print("Pairs " + str(arr[i]) + ", " + str(val))
hash_set.add(arr[i])
# driver code
arr = [1, 2, 40, 3, 9, 4]
N = 3
print_pairs(arr, N)
86. Write a Program to add two integers >0 without using the
plus operator.
We can use bitwise operators to achieve this.
def add_nums(num1, num2):
while num2 != 0:
data = num1 & num2
num1 = num1 ^ num2
num2 = data << 1
return num1
print(add_nums(2, 10))
87. Write a Program to solve the given equation assuming that
a,b,c,m,n,o are constants:
ax + by = c
mx + ny = o
By solving the equation, we get:
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- 2. If you're a Python Developer looking to learn more, the guidance of an expert might complement the insights from the book. If you're interested, feel free to register for our FREE upcoming Masterclass, where you can interact with a top instructor, LIVE “As a regular attendee of the Masterclass, I feel the most valuable part about Scaler Academy's Masterclasses is the unparalleled content quality that they deliver. A 3 hour Masterclass is very helpful and good enough for the teaching part and doubt clearing sessions. I use the study material they provide before each Masterclass. In these times when nothing is for free, these classes are a life-savior!” “The session was so well structured and simplified. 3 engaging hours of learning, interesting polls and lots of doubt resolution! The best part was, he saw curious learners and extended the session for another hour for people who wished to stay. Recommend it to all beginners out there who are clueless about starting HLD themselves! This is a must!!” If interested, don't hesitate to attend this FREE session. REGISTER NOW Shubh Agrawal B.Tech, IIIT, Bhagalpur Abhinav Koppula Developer, Mckinsey
- 3. Python Interview Questions for Freshers 1. What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python 2. What is a dynamically typed language? 3. What is an Interpreted language? 4. What is PEP 8 and why is it important? 5. What is Scope in Python? 6. What are lists and tuples? What is the key difference between the two? 7. What are the common built-in data types in Python? 8. What is pass in Python? 9. What are modules and packages in Python? 10. What are global, protected and private attributes in Python? 11. What is the use of self in Python? 12. What is __init__? 13. What is break, continue and pass in Python? 14. What are unit tests in Python? 15. What is docstring in Python? 16. What is slicing in Python? 17. Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on Unix? 18. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists? Python Interview Questions for Experienced Page 1 © Copyright by Interviewbit Contents
- 4. Python Interview Questions Python Interview Questions for Experienced (.....Continued) 19. How is memory managed in Python? 20. What are Python namespaces? Why are they used? 21. What is Scope Resolution in Python? 22. What are decorators in Python? 23. What are Dict and List comprehensions? 24. What is lambda in Python? Why is it used? 25. How do you copy an object in Python? 26. What is the difference between xrange and range in Python? 27. What is pickling and unpickling? 28. What are generators in Python? 29. What is PYTHONPATH in Python? 30. What is the use of help() and dir() functions? 31. What is the difference between .py and .pyc files? 32. How Python is interpreted? 33. How are arguments passed by value or by reference in python? 34. What are iterators in Python? 35. Explain how to delete a file in Python? 36. Explain split() and join() functions in Python? 37. What does *args and **kwargs mean? 38. What are negative indexes and why are they used? Page 2 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 5. Python Interview Questions Python OOPS Interview Questions 39. How do you create a class in Python? 40. How does inheritance work in python? Explain it with an example. 41. How do you access parent members in the child class? 42. Are access specifiers used in python? 43. Is it possible to call parent class without its instance creation? 44. How is an empty class created in python? 45. Differentiate between new and override modifiers. 46. Why is finalize used? 47. What is init method in python? 48. How will you check if a class is a child of another class? Python Pandas Interview Questions 49. What do you know about pandas? 50. Define pandas dataframe. 51. How will you combine different pandas dataframes? 52. Can you create a series from the dictionary object in pandas? 53. How will you identify and deal with missing values in a dataframe? 54. What do you understand by reindexing in pandas? 55. How to add new column to pandas dataframe? 56. How will you delete indices, rows and columns from a dataframe? Page 3 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 6. Python Interview Questions Python Pandas Interview Questions 57. Can you get items of series A that are not available in another series B? 58. How will you get the items that are not common to both the given series A and B? 59. While importing data from different sources, can the pandas library recognize dates? Numpy Interview Questions 60. What do you understand by NumPy? 61. How are NumPy arrays advantageous over python lists? 62. What are the steps to create 1D, 2D and 3D arrays? 63. You are given a numpy array and a new column as inputs. How will you delete the second column and replace the column with a new column value? 64. How will you efficiently load data from a text file? 65. How will you read CSV data into an array in NumPy? 66. How will you sort the array based on the Nth column? 67. How will you find the nearest value in a given numpy array? 68. How will you reverse the numpy array using one line of code? 69. How will you find the shape of any given NumPy array? Python Libraries Interview Questions 70. Differentiate between a package and a module in python. 71. What are some of the most commonly used built-in modules in Python? 72. What are lambda functions? 73. How can you generate random numbers? Page 4 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 7. Python Interview Questions Python Libraries Interview Questions 74. Can you easily check if all characters in the given string is alphanumeric? 75. What are the differences between pickling and unpickling? 76. Define GIL. 77. Define PYTHONPATH. 78. Define PIP. 79. Are there any tools for identifying bugs and performing static analysis in python? 80. Differentiate between deep and shallow copies. 81. What is main function in python? How do you invoke it? Python Programming Examples 82. Write python function which takes a variable number of arguments. 83. WAP (Write a program) which takes a sequence of numbers and check if all numbers are unique. 84. Write a program for counting the number of every character of a given text file. 85. Write a program to check and return the pairs of a given array A whose sum value is equal to a target value N. 86. Write a Program to add two integers >0 without using the plus operator. 87. Write a Program to solve the given equation assuming that a,b,c,m,n,o are constants: 88. Write a Program to match a string that has the letter ‘a’ followed by 4 to 8 'b’s. 89. Write a Program to convert date from yyyy-mm-dd format to dd-mm-yyyy format. 90. Write a Program to combine two different dictionaries. While combining, if you find the same keys, you can add the values of these same keys. Output the new dictionary 91. How will you access the dataset of a publicly shared spreadsheet in CSV format stored in Google Drive? Page 5 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 8. Introduction to Python: Python was developed by Guido van Rossum and was released first on February 20, 1991. It is one of the most widely-used and loved programming languages and is interpreted in nature thereby providing flexibility of incorporating dynamic semantics. It is also a free and open-source language with very simple and clean syntax. This makes it easy for developers to learn python. Python also supports object-oriented programming and is most commonly used to perform general- purpose programming. Due to its simplistic nature and the ability to achieve multiple functionalities in fewer lines of code, python’s popularity is growing tremendously. Python is also used in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Web Development, Web Scraping, and various other domains due to its ability to support powerful computations using powerful libraries. Due to this, there is a huge demand for python developers in India and across the world. Companies are willing to offer amazing perks and benefits to these developers. In this article, we will see the most commonly asked python interview questions and answers which will help you excel and bag amazing job offers. We have classified them into the following sections: Page 6 © Copyright by Interviewbit Let's get Started
- 9. Python Interview Questions Python Interview Questions for Freshers Python Interview Questions for Experienced Python OOPS Interview Questions Python Pandas Interview Questions Numpy Interview Questions Python Libraries Interview Questions Python Programming Examples Python Cheat Sheet: Basic to Advanced Concepts Python Interview Questions for Freshers 1. What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Being a general-purpose language, it can be used to build almost any type of application with the right tools/libraries. Additionally, python supports objects, modules, threads, exception-handling, and automatic memory management which help in modelling real-world problems and building applications to solve these problems. Page 7 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 10. Python Interview Questions Benefits of using Python: Python is a general-purpose programming language that has a simple, easy-to- learn syntax that emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Moreover, the language is capable of scripting, is completely open-source, and supports third-party packages encouraging modularity and code reuse. Its high-level data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, attract a huge community of developers for Rapid Application Development and deployment. 2. What is a dynamically typed language? Before we understand a dynamically typed language, we should learn about what typing is. Typing refers to type-checking in programming languages. In a strongly- typed language, such as Python, "1" + 2 will result in a type error since these languages don't allow for "type-coercion" (implicit conversion of data types). On the other hand, a weakly-typed language, such as Javascript, will simply output "12" as result. Type-checking can be done at two stages - Static - Data Types are checked before execution. Dynamic - Data Types are checked during execution. Python is an interpreted language, executes each statement line by line and thus type-checking is done on the fly, during execution. Hence, Python is a Dynamically Typed Language. Page 8 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 11. Python Interview Questions 3. What is an Interpreted language? An Interpreted language executes its statements line by line. Languages such as Python, Javascript, R, PHP, and Ruby are prime examples of Interpreted languages. Programs written in an interpreted language runs directly from the source code, with no intermediary compilation step. 4. What is PEP 8 and why is it important? PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is an official design document providing information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes. PEP 8 is especially important since it documents the style guidelines for Python Code. Apparently contributing to the Python open-source community requires you to follow these style guidelines sincerely and strictly. 5. What is Scope in Python? Every object in Python functions within a scope. A scope is a block of code where an object in Python remains relevant. Namespaces uniquely identify all the objects inside a program. However, these namespaces also have a scope defined for them where you could use their objects without any prefix. A few examples of scope created during code execution in Python are as follows: Page 9 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 12. Python Interview Questions A local scope refers to the local objects available in the current function. A global scope refers to the objects available throughout the code execution since their inception. A module-level scope refers to the global objects of the current module accessible in the program. An outermost scope refers to all the built-in names callable in the program. The objects in this scope are searched last to find the name referenced. Note: Local scope objects can be synced with global scope objects using keywords such as global. 6. What are lists and tuples? What is the key difference between the two? Lists and Tuples are both sequence data types that can store a collection of objects in Python. The objects stored in both sequences can have different data types. Lists are represented with square brackets ['sara', 6, 0.19] , while tuples are represented with parantheses ('ansh', 5, 0.97) . But what is the real difference between the two? The key difference between the two is that while lists are mutable, tuples on the other hand are immutable objects. This means that lists can be modified, appended or sliced on the go but tuples remain constant and cannot be modified in any manner. You can run the following example on Python IDLE to confirm the difference: my_tuple = ('sara', 6, 5, 0.97) my_list = ['sara', 6, 5, 0.97] print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara' print(my_list[0]) # output => 'sara' my_tuple[0] = 'ansh' # modifying tuple => throws an error my_list[0] = 'ansh' # modifying list => list modified print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara' print(my_list[0]) # output => 'ansh' 7. What are the common built-in data types in Python? Page 10 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 13. Python Interview Questions There are several built-in data types in Python. Although, Python doesn't require data types to be defined explicitly during variable declarations type errors are likely to occur if the knowledge of data types and their compatibility with each other are neglected. Python provides type() and isinstance() functions to check the type of these variables. These data types can be grouped into the following categories- None Type: None keyword represents the null values in Python. Boolean equality operation can be performed using these NoneType objects. Class Name Description NoneType Represents the NULL values in Python. Numeric Types: There are three distinct numeric types - integers, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers. Additionally, booleans are a sub-type of integers. Class Name Description int Stores integer literals including hex, octal and binary numbers as integers float Stores literals containing decimal values and/or exponent signs as floating-point numbers complex Stores complex numbers in the form (A + Bj) and has attributes: real and imag bool Stores boolean value (True or False). Page 11 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 14. Python Interview Questions Note: The standard library also includes fractions to store rational numbers and decimal to store floating-point numbers with user-defined precision. Sequence Types: According to Python Docs, there are three basic Sequence Types - lists, tuples, and range objects. Sequence types have the in and not in operators defined for their traversing their elements. These operators share the same priority as the comparison operations. Class Name Description list Mutable sequence used to store collection of items. tuple Immutable sequence used to store collection of items. range Represents an immutable sequence of numbers generated during execution. str Immutable sequence of Unicode code points to store textual data. Note: The standard library also includes additional types for processing: 1. Binary data such as bytearray bytes memoryview , and 2. Text strings such as str . Mapping Types: A mapping object can map hashable values to random objects in Python. Mappings objects are mutable and there is currently only one standard mapping type, the dictionary. Page 12 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 15. Python Interview Questions Class Name Description dict Stores comma-separated list of key: value pairs Set Types: Currently, Python has two built-in set types - set and frozenset. set type is mutable and supports methods like add() and remove() . frozenset type is immutable and can't be modified a er creation. Class Name Description set Mutable unordered collection of distinct hashable objects. frozenset Immutable collection of distinct hashable objects. Note: set is mutable and thus cannot be used as key for a dictionary. On the other hand, frozenset is immutable and thus, hashable, and can be used as a dictionary key or as an element of another set. Page 13 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 16. Python Interview Questions Modules: Module is an additional built-in type supported by the Python Interpreter. It supports one special operation, i.e., attribute access: mymod.myobj , where mymod is a module and myobj references a name defined in m's symbol table. The module's symbol table resides in a very special attribute of the module __dict__, but direct assignment to this module is neither possible nor recommended. Callable Types: Callable types are the types to which function call can be applied. They can be user-defined functions, instance methods, generator functions, and some other built-in functions, methods and classes. Refer to the documentation at docs.python.org for a detailed view of the callable types. 8. What is pass in Python? The pass keyword represents a null operation in Python. It is generally used for the purpose of filling up empty blocks of code which may execute during runtime but has yet to be written. Without the pass statement in the following code, we may run into some errors during code execution. def myEmptyFunc(): # do nothing pass myEmptyFunc() # nothing happens ## Without the pass keyword # File "<stdin>", line 3 # IndentationError: expected an indented block 9. What are modules and packages in Python? Python packages and Python modules are two mechanisms that allow for modular programming in Python. Modularizing has several advantages - Page 14 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 17. Python Interview Questions Simplicity: Working on a single module helps you focus on a relatively small portion of the problem at hand. This makes development easier and less error- prone. Maintainability: Modules are designed to enforce logical boundaries between different problem domains. If they are written in a manner that reduces interdependency, it is less likely that modifications in a module might impact other parts of the program. Reusability: Functions defined in a module can be easily reused by other parts of the application. Scoping: Modules typically define a separate namespace, which helps avoid confusion between identifiers from other parts of the program. Modules, in general, are simply Python files with a .py extension and can have a set of functions, classes, or variables defined and implemented. They can be imported and initialized once using the import statement. If partial functionality is needed, import the requisite classes or functions using from foo import bar . Packages allow for hierarchial structuring of the module namespace using dot notation. As, modules help avoid clashes between global variable names, in a similar manner, packages help avoid clashes between module names. Creating a package is easy since it makes use of the system's inherent file structure. So just stuff the modules into a folder and there you have it, the folder name as the package name. Importing a module or its contents from this package requires the package name as prefix to the module name joined by a dot. Note: You can technically import the package as well, but alas, it doesn't import the modules within the package to the local namespace, thus, it is practically useless. 10. What are global, protected and private attributes in Python? Page 15 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 18. Python Interview Questions Global variables are public variables that are defined in the global scope. To use the variable in the global scope inside a function, we use the global keyword. Protected attributes are attributes defined with an underscore prefixed to their identifier eg. _sara. They can still be accessed and modified from outside the class they are defined in but a responsible developer should refrain from doing so. Private attributes are attributes with double underscore prefixed to their identifier eg. __ansh. They cannot be accessed or modified from the outside directly and will result in an AttributeError if such an attempt is made. 11. What is the use of self in Python? Self is used to represent the instance of the class. With this keyword, you can access the attributes and methods of the class in python. It binds the attributes with the given arguments. self is used in different places and o en thought to be a keyword. But unlike in C++, self is not a keyword in Python. 12. What is __init__? __init__ is a contructor method in Python and is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object/instance is created. All classes have a __init__ method associated with them. It helps in distinguishing methods and attributes of a class from local variables. # class definition class Student: def __init__(self, fname, lname, age, section): self.firstname = fname self.lastname = lname self.age = age self.section = section # creating a new object stu1 = Student("Sara", "Ansh", 22, "A2") 13. What is break, continue and pass in Python? Page 16 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 19. Python Interview Questions Break The break statement terminates the loop immediately and the control flows to the statement a er the body of the loop. Continue The continue statement terminates the current iteration of the statement, skips the rest of the code in the current iteration and the control flows to the next iteration of the loop. Pass As explained above, the pass keyword in Python is generally used to fill up empty blocks and is similar to an empty statement represented by a semi-colon in languages such as Java, C++, Javascript, etc. pat = [1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3] for p in pat: pass if (p == 0): current = p break elif (p % 2 == 0): continue print(p) # output => 1 3 1 3 1 print(current) # output => 0 14. What are unit tests in Python? Page 17 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 20. Python Interview Questions Unit test is a unit testing framework of Python. Unit testing means testing different components of so ware separately. Can you think about why unit testing is important? Imagine a scenario, you are building so ware that uses three components namely A, B, and C. Now, suppose your so ware breaks at a point time. How will you find which component was responsible for breaking the so ware? Maybe it was component A that failed, which in turn failed component B, and this actually failed the so ware. There can be many such combinations. This is why it is necessary to test each and every component properly so that we know which component might be highly responsible for the failure of the so ware. 15. What is docstring in Python? Documentation string or docstring is a multiline string used to document a specific code segment. The docstring should describe what the function or method does. 16. What is slicing in Python? As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of. Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step] start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple stop is the ending index or where to sop. step is the number of steps to jump. Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1. Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples. numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] print(numbers[1 : : 2]) #output : [2, 4, 6, 8, 10] 17. Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on Unix? Script file must begin with #!/usr/bin/env python 18. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists? Page 18 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 21. Python Interview Questions Arrays in python can only contain elements of same data types i.e., data type of array should be homogeneous. It is a thin wrapper around C language arrays and consumes far less memory than lists. Lists in python can contain elements of different data types i.e., data type of lists can be heterogeneous. It has the disadvantage of consuming large memory. Python Interview Questions for Experienced 19. How is memory managed in Python? Memory management in Python is handled by the Python Memory Manager. The memory allocated by the manager is in form of a private heap space dedicated to Python. All Python objects are stored in this heap and being private, it is inaccessible to the programmer. Though, python does provide some core API functions to work upon the private heap space. Additionally, Python has an in-built garbage collection to recycle the unused memory for the private heap space. Page 19 © Copyright by Interviewbit import array a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3]) for i in a: print(i, end=' ') #OUTPUT: 1 2 3 a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 'string']) #OUTPUT: TypeError: an integer is required (g a = [1, 2, 'string'] for i in a: print(i, end=' ') #OUTPUT: 1 2 string
- 22. Python Interview Questions 20. What are Python namespaces? Why are they used? A namespace in Python ensures that object names in a program are unique and can be used without any conflict. Python implements these namespaces as dictionaries with 'name as key' mapped to a corresponding 'object as value'. This allows for multiple namespaces to use the same name and map it to a separate object. A few examples of namespaces are as follows: Local Namespace includes local names inside a function. the namespace is temporarily created for a function call and gets cleared when the function returns. Global Namespace includes names from various imported packages/ modules that are being used in the current project. This namespace is created when the package is imported in the script and lasts until the execution of the script. Built-in Namespace includes built-in functions of core Python and built-in names for various types of exceptions. The lifecycle of a namespace depends upon the scope of objects they are mapped to. If the scope of an object ends, the lifecycle of that namespace comes to an end. Hence, it isn't possible to access inner namespace objects from an outer namespace. Page 20 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 23. Python Interview Questions 21. What is Scope Resolution in Python? Sometimes objects within the same scope have the same name but function differently. In such cases, scope resolution comes into play in Python automatically. A few examples of such behavior are: Python modules namely 'math' and 'cmath' have a lot of functions that are common to both of them - log10() , acos() , exp() etc. To resolve this ambiguity, it is necessary to prefix them with their respective module, like math.exp() and cmath.exp() . Consider the code below, an object temp has been initialized to 10 globally and then to 20 on function call. However, the function call didn't change the value of the temp globally. Here, we can observe that Python draws a clear line between global and local variables, treating their namespaces as separate identities. Page 21 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 24. Python Interview Questions temp = 10 # global-scope variable def func(): temp = 20 # local-scope variable print(temp) print(temp) # output => 10 func() # output => 20 print(temp) # output => 10 This behavior can be overridden using the global keyword inside the function, as shown in the following example: temp = 10 # global-scope variable def func(): global temp temp = 20 # local-scope variable print(temp) print(temp) # output => 10 func() # output => 20 print(temp) # output => 20 22. What are decorators in Python? Decorators in Python are essentially functions that add functionality to an existing function in Python without changing the structure of the function itself. They are represented the @decorator_name in Python and are called in a bottom-up fashion. For example: Page 22 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 25. Python Interview Questions # decorator function to convert to lowercase def lowercase_decorator(function): def wrapper(): func = function() string_lowercase = func.lower() return string_lowercase return wrapper # decorator function to split words def splitter_decorator(function): def wrapper(): func = function() string_split = func.split() return string_split return wrapper @splitter_decorator # this is executed next @lowercase_decorator # this is executed first def hello(): return 'Hello World' hello() # output => [ 'hello' , 'world' ] The beauty of the decorators lies in the fact that besides adding functionality to the output of the method, they can even accept arguments for functions and can further modify those arguments before passing it to the function itself. The inner nested function, i.e. 'wrapper' function, plays a significant role here. It is implemented to enforce encapsulation and thus, keep itself hidden from the global scope. # decorator function to capitalize names def names_decorator(function): def wrapper(arg1, arg2): arg1 = arg1.capitalize() arg2 = arg2.capitalize() string_hello = function(arg1, arg2) return string_hello return wrapper @names_decorator def say_hello(name1, name2): return 'Hello ' + name1 + '! Hello ' + name2 + '!' say_hello('sara', 'ansh') # output => 'Hello Sara! Hello Ansh!' 23. What are Dict and List comprehensions? Page 23 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 26. Python Interview Questions Python comprehensions, like decorators, are syntactic sugar constructs that help build altered and filtered lists, dictionaries, or sets from a given list, dictionary, or set. Using comprehensions saves a lot of time and code that might be considerably more verbose (containing more lines of code). Let's check out some examples, where comprehensions can be truly beneficial: Performing mathematical operations on the entire list my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11] squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list] # list comprehension # output => [4 , 9 , 25 , 49 , 121] squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list} # dict comprehension # output => {11: 121, 2: 4 , 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49} Performing conditional filtering operations on the entire list my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11] squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0] # list comprehension # output => [9 , 25 , 49 , 121] squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0} # dict comprehension # output => {11: 121, 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49} Combining multiple lists into one Comprehensions allow for multiple iterators and hence, can be used to combine multiple lists into one. Flattening a multi-dimensional list A similar approach of nested iterators (as above) can be applied to flatten a multi- dimensional list or work upon its inner elements. Page 24 © Copyright by Interviewbit a = [1, 2, 3] b = [7, 8, 9] [(x + y) for (x,y) in zip(a,b)] # parallel iterators # output => [8, 10, 12] [(x,y) for x in a for y in b] # nested iterators # output => [(1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9)]
- 27. Python Interview Questions my_list = [[10,20,30],[40,50,60],[70,80,90]] flattened = [x for temp in my_list for x in temp] # output => [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90] Note: List comprehensions have the same effect as the map method in other languages. They follow the mathematical set builder notation rather than map and filter functions in Python. 24. What is lambda in Python? Why is it used? Lambda is an anonymous function in Python, that can accept any number of arguments, but can only have a single expression. It is generally used in situations requiring an anonymous function for a short time period. Lambda functions can be used in either of the two ways: Assigning lambda functions to a variable: mul = lambda a, b : a * b print(mul(2, 5)) # output => 10 Wrapping lambda functions inside another function: def myWrapper(n): return lambda a : a * n mulFive = myWrapper(5) print(mulFive(2)) # output => 10 25. How do you copy an object in Python? In Python, the assignment statement ( = operator) does not copy objects. Instead, it creates a binding between the existing object and the target variable name. To create copies of an object in Python, we need to use the copy module. Moreover, there are two ways of creating copies for the given object using the copy module - Page 25 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 28. Python Interview Questions Shallow Copy is a bit-wise copy of an object. The copied object created has an exact copy of the values in the original object. If either of the values is a reference to other objects, just the reference addresses for the same are copied. Deep Copy copies all values recursively from source to target object, i.e. it even duplicates the objects referenced by the source object. from copy import copy, deepcopy list_1 = [1, 2, [3, 5], 4] ## shallow copy list_2 = copy(list_1) list_2[3] = 7 list_2[2].append(6) list_2 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 7] list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4] ## deep copy list_3 = deepcopy(list_1) list_3[3] = 8 list_3[2].append(7) list_3 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6, 7], 8] list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4] 26. What is the difference between xrange and range in Python? xrange() and range() are quite similar in terms of functionality. They both generate a sequence of integers, with the only difference that range() returns a Python list, whereas, xrange() returns an xrange object. So how does that make a difference? It sure does, because unlike range(), xrange() doesn't generate a static list, it creates the value on the go. This technique is commonly used with an object-type generator and has been termed as "yielding". Yielding is crucial in applications where memory is a constraint. Creating a static list as in range() can lead to a Memory Error in such conditions, while, xrange() can handle it optimally by using just enough memory for the generator (significantly less in comparison). Page 26 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 29. Python Interview Questions for i in xrange(10): # numbers from o to 9 print i # output => 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 for i in xrange(1,10): # numbers from 1 to 9 print i # output => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 for i in xrange(1, 10, 2): # skip by two for next print i # output => 1 3 5 7 9 Note: xrange has been deprecated as of Python 3.x. Now range does exactly the same as what xrange used to do in Python 2.x, since it was way better to use xrange() than the original range() function in Python 2.x. 27. What is pickling and unpickling? Python library offers a feature - serialization out of the box. Serializing an object refers to transforming it into a format that can be stored, so as to be able to deserialize it, later on, to obtain the original object. Here, the pickle module comes into play. Pickling: Pickling is the name of the serialization process in Python. Any object in Python can be serialized into a byte stream and dumped as a file in the memory. The process of pickling is compact but pickle objects can be compressed further. Moreover, pickle keeps track of the objects it has serialized and the serialization is portable across versions. The function used for the above process is pickle.dump() . Unpickling: Unpickling is the complete inverse of pickling. It deserializes the byte stream to recreate the objects stored in the file and loads the object to memory. The function used for the above process is pickle.load() . Note: Python has another, more primitive, serialization module called marshall, which exists primarily to support .pyc files in Python and differs significantly from the pickle. Page 27 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 30. Python Interview Questions 28. What are generators in Python? Generators are functions that return an iterable collection of items, one at a time, in a set manner. Generators, in general, are used to create iterators with a different approach. They employ the use of yield keyword rather than return to return a generator object. Let's try and build a generator for fibonacci numbers - Page 28 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 31. Python Interview Questions ## generate fibonacci numbers upto n def fib(n): p, q = 0, 1 while(p < n): yield p p, q = q, p + q x = fib(10) # create generator object ## iterating using __next__(), for Python2, use next() x.__next__() # output => 0 x.__next__() # output => 1 x.__next__() # output => 1 x.__next__() # output => 2 x.__next__() # output => 3 x.__next__() # output => 5 x.__next__() # output => 8 x.__next__() # error ## iterating using loop for i in fib(10): print(i) # output => 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 29. What is PYTHONPATH in Python? PYTHONPATH is an environment variable which you can set to add additional directories where Python will look for modules and packages. This is especially useful in maintaining Python libraries that you do not wish to install in the global default location. 30. What is the use of help() and dir() functions? help() function in Python is used to display the documentation of modules, classes, functions, keywords, etc. If no parameter is passed to the help() function, then an interactive help utility is launched on the console. dir() function tries to return a valid list of attributes and methods of the object it is called upon. It behaves differently with different objects, as it aims to produce the most relevant data, rather than the complete information. For Modules/Library objects, it returns a list of all attributes, contained in that module. For Class Objects, it returns a list of all valid attributes and base attributes. With no arguments passed, it returns a list of attributes in the current scope. Page 29 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 32. Python Interview Questions 31. What is the difference between .py and .pyc files? .py files contain the source code of a program. Whereas, .pyc file contains the bytecode of your program. We get bytecode a er compilation of .py file (source code). .pyc files are not created for all the files that you run. It is only created for the files that you import. Before executing a python program python interpreter checks for the compiled files. If the file is present, the virtual machine executes it. If not found, it checks for .py file. If found, compiles it to .pyc file and then python virtual machine executes it. Having .pyc file saves you the compilation time. 32. How Python is interpreted? Python as a language is not interpreted or compiled. Interpreted or compiled is the property of the implementation. Python is a bytecode(set of interpreter readable instructions) interpreted generally. Source code is a file with .py extension. Python compiles the source code to a set of instructions for a virtual machine. The Python interpreter is an implementation of that virtual machine. This intermediate format is called “bytecode”. .py source code is first compiled to give .pyc which is bytecode. This bytecode can be then interpreted by the official CPython or JIT(Just in Time compiler) compiled by PyPy. 33. How are arguments passed by value or by reference in python? Pass by value: Copy of the actual object is passed. Changing the value of the copy of the object will not change the value of the original object. Pass by reference: Reference to the actual object is passed. Changing the value of the new object will change the value of the original object. In Python, arguments are passed by reference, i.e., reference to the actual object is passed. Page 30 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 33. Python Interview Questions def appendNumber(arr): arr.append(4) arr = [1, 2, 3] print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3] appendNumber(arr) print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3, 4] 34. What are iterators in Python? An iterator is an object. It remembers its state i.e., where it is during iteration (see code below to see how) __iter__() method initializes an iterator. It has a __next__() method which returns the next item in iteration and points to the next element. Upon reaching the end of iterable object __next__() must return StopIteration exception. It is also self-iterable. Iterators are objects with which we can iterate over iterable objects like lists, strings, etc. class ArrayList: def __init__(self, number_list): self.numbers = number_list def __iter__(self): self.pos = 0 return self def __next__(self): if(self.pos < len(self.numbers)): self.pos += 1 return self.numbers[self.pos - 1] else: raise StopIteration array_obj = ArrayList([1, 2, 3]) it = iter(array_obj) print(next(it)) #output: 2 print(next(it)) #output: 3 print(next(it)) #Throws Exception #Traceback (most recent call last): #... #StopIteration Page 31 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 34. Python Interview Questions 35. Explain how to delete a file in Python? Use command os.remove(file_name) import os os.remove("ChangedFile.csv") print("File Removed!") 36. Explain split() and join() functions in Python? You can use split() function to split a string based on a delimiter to a list of strings. You can use join() function to join a list of strings based on a delimiter to give a single string. string = "This is a string." string_list = string.split(' ') #delimiter is ‘space’ character or ‘ ‘ print(string_list) #output: ['This', 'is', 'a', 'string.'] print(' '.join(string_list)) #output: This is a string. 37. What does *args and **kwargs mean? *args *args is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable-length arguments. “*” means variable length and “args” is the name used by convention. You can use any other. def multiply(a, b, *argv): mul = a * b for num in argv: mul *= num return mul print(multiply(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) #output: 120 **kwargs Page 32 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 35. Python Interview Questions **kwargs is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable- length keyworded arguments. Here, also, “kwargs” is used just by convention. You can use any other name. Keyworded argument means a variable that has a name when passed to a function. It is actually a dictionary of the variable names and its value. def tellArguments(**kwargs): for key, value in kwargs.items(): print(key + ": " + value) tellArguments(arg1 = "argument 1", arg2 = "argument 2", arg3 = "argument 3") #output: # arg1: argument 1 # arg2: argument 2 # arg3: argument 3 38. What are negative indexes and why are they used? Negative indexes are the indexes from the end of the list or tuple or string. Arr[-1] means the last element of array Arr[] arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] #get the last element print(arr[-1]) #output 6 #get the second last element print(arr[-2]) #output 5 Python OOPS Interview Questions 39. How do you create a class in Python? To create a class in python, we use the keyword “class” as shown in the example below: class InterviewbitEmployee: def __init__(self, emp_name): self.emp_name = emp_name To instantiate or create an object from the class created above, we do the following: Page 33 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 36. Python Interview Questions emp_1=InterviewbitEmployee("Mr. Employee") To access the name attribute, we just call the attribute using the dot operator as shown below: print(emp_1.emp_name) # Prints Mr. Employee To create methods inside the class, we include the methods under the scope of the class as shown below: class InterviewbitEmployee: def __init__(self, emp_name): self.emp_name = emp_name def introduce(self): print("Hello I am " + self.emp_name) The self parameter in the init and introduce functions represent the reference to the current class instance which is used for accessing attributes and methods of that class. The self parameter has to be the first parameter of any method defined inside the class. The method of the class InterviewbitEmployee can be accessed as shown below: emp_1.introduce() The overall program would look like this: Page 34 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 37. Python Interview Questions class InterviewbitEmployee: def __init__(self, emp_name): self.emp_name = emp_name def introduce(self): print("Hello I am " + self.emp_name) # create an object of InterviewbitEmployee class emp_1 = InterviewbitEmployee("Mr Employee") print(emp_1.emp_name) #print employee name emp_1.introduce() #introduce the employee 40. How does inheritance work in python? Explain it with an example. Inheritance gives the power to a class to access all attributes and methods of another class. It aids in code reusability and helps the developer to maintain applications without redundant code. The class inheriting from another class is a child class or also called a derived class. The class from which a child class derives the members are called parent class or superclass. Python supports different kinds of inheritance, they are: Single Inheritance: Child class derives members of one parent class. Page 35 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 38. Python Interview Questions # Parent class class ParentClass: def par_func(self): print("I am parent class function") # Child class class ChildClass(ParentClass): def child_func(self): print("I am child class function") # Driver code obj1 = ChildClass() obj1.par_func() obj1.child_func() Multi-level Inheritance: The members of the parent class, A, are inherited by child class which is then inherited by another child class, B. The features of the base class and the derived class are further inherited into the new derived class, C. Here, A is the grandfather class of class C. Page 36 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 39. Python Interview Questions Page 37 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 40. Python Interview Questions # Parent class class A: def __init__(self, a_name): self.a_name = a_name # Intermediate class class B(A): def __init__(self, b_name, a_name): self.b_name = b_name # invoke constructor of class A A.__init__(self, a_name) # Child class class C(B): def __init__(self,c_name, b_name, a_name): self.c_name = c_name # invoke constructor of class B B.__init__(self, b_name, a_name) def display_names(self): print("A name : ", self.a_name) print("B name : ", self.b_name) print("C name : ", self.c_name) # Driver code obj1 = C('child', 'intermediate', 'parent') print(obj1.a_name) obj1.display_names() Multiple Inheritance: This is achieved when one child class derives members from more than one parent class. All features of parent classes are inherited in the child class. Page 38 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 41. Python Interview Questions # Parent class1 class Parent1: def parent1_func(self): print("Hi I am first Parent") # Parent class2 class Parent2: def parent2_func(self): print("Hi I am second Parent") # Child class class Child(Parent1, Parent2): def child_func(self): self.parent1_func() self.parent2_func() # Driver's code obj1 = Child() obj1.child_func() Hierarchical Inheritance: When a parent class is derived by more than one child class, it is called hierarchical inheritance. Page 39 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 42. Python Interview Questions # Base class class A: def a_func(self): print("I am from the parent class.") # 1st Derived class class B(A): def b_func(self): print("I am from the first child.") # 2nd Derived class class C(A): def c_func(self): print("I am from the second child.") # Driver's code obj1 = B() obj2 = C() obj1.a_func() obj1.b_func() #child 1 method obj2.a_func() obj2.c_func() #child 2 method 41. How do you access parent members in the child class? Page 40 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 43. Python Interview Questions Following are the ways using which you can access parent class members within a child class: By using Parent class name: You can use the name of the parent class to access the attributes as shown in the example below: class Parent(object): # Constructor def __init__(self, name): self.name = name class Child(Parent): # Constructor def __init__(self, name, age): Parent.name = name self.age = age def display(self): print(Parent.name, self.age) # Driver Code obj = Child("Interviewbit", 6) obj.display() By using super(): The parent class members can be accessed in child class using the super keyword. Page 41 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 44. Python Interview Questions class Parent(object): # Constructor def __init__(self, name): self.name = name class Child(Parent): # Constructor def __init__(self, name, age): ''' In Python 3.x, we can also use super().__init__(name) ''' super(Child, self).__init__(name) self.age = age def display(self): # Note that Parent.name cant be used # here since super() is used in the constructor print(self.name, self.age) # Driver Code obj = Child("Interviewbit", 6) obj.display() 42. Are access specifiers used in python? Python does not make use of access specifiers specifically like private, public, protected, etc. However, it does not derive this from any variables. It has the concept of imitating the behaviour of variables by making use of a single (protected) or double underscore (private) as prefixed to the variable names. By default, the variables without prefixed underscores are public. Example: Page 42 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 45. Python Interview Questions # to demonstrate access specifiers class InterviewbitEmployee: # protected members _emp_name = None _age = None # private members __branch = None # constructor def __init__(self, emp_name, age, branch): self._emp_name = emp_name self._age = age self.__branch = branch #public member def display(): print(self._emp_name +" "+self._age+" "+self.__branch) 43. Is it possible to call parent class without its instance creation? Yes, it is possible if the base class is instantiated by other child classes or if the base class is a static method. 44. How is an empty class created in python? An empty class does not have any members defined in it. It is created by using the pass keyword (the pass command does nothing in python). We can create objects for this class outside the class. For example- class EmptyClassDemo: pass obj=EmptyClassDemo() obj.name="Interviewbit" print("Name created= ",obj.name) Output: Name created = Interviewbit Page 43 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 46. Python Interview Questions 45. Differentiate between new and override modifiers. The new modifier is used to instruct the compiler to use the new implementation and not the base class function. The Override modifier is useful for overriding a base class function inside the child class. 46. Why is finalize used? Finalize method is used for freeing up the unmanaged resources and clean up before the garbage collection method is invoked. This helps in performing memory management tasks. 47. What is init method in python? The init method works similarly to the constructors in Java. The method is run as soon as an object is instantiated. It is useful for initializing any attributes or default behaviour of the object at the time of instantiation. For example: 48. How will you check if a class is a child of another class? This is done by using a method called issubclass() provided by python. The method tells us if any class is a child of another class by returning true or false accordingly. For example: Page 44 © Copyright by Interviewbit class InterviewbitEmployee: # init method / constructor def __init__(self, emp_name): self.emp_name = emp_name # introduce method def introduce(self): print('Hello, I am ', self.emp_name) emp = InterviewbitEmployee('Mr Employee') # __init__ method is called here and initi emp.introduce()
- 47. Python Interview Questions class Parent(object): pass class Child(Parent): pass # Driver Code print(issubclass(Child, Parent)) #True print(issubclass(Parent, Child)) #False We can check if an object is an instance of a class by making use of isinstance() method: obj1 = Child() obj2 = Parent() print(isinstance(obj2, Child)) #False print(isinstance(obj2, Parent)) #True Python Pandas Interview Questions 49. What do you know about pandas? Pandas is an open-source, python-based library used in data manipulation applications requiring high performance. The name is derived from “Panel Data” having multidimensional data. This was developed in 2008 by Wes McKinney and was developed for data analysis. Pandas are useful in performing 5 major steps of data analysis - Load the data, clean/manipulate it, prepare it, model it, and analyze the data. 50. Define pandas dataframe. A dataframe is a 2D mutable and tabular structure for representing data labelled with axes - rows and columns. The syntax for creating dataframe: import pandas as pd dataframe = pd.DataFrame( data, index, columns, dtype) where: Page 45 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 48. Python Interview Questions data - Represents various forms like series, map, ndarray, lists, dict etc. index - Optional argument that represents an index to row labels. columns - Optional argument for column labels. Dtype - the data type of each column. Again optional. 51. How will you combine different pandas dataframes? The dataframes can be combines using the below approaches: append() method: This is used to stack the dataframes horizontally. Syntax: df1.append(df2) concat() method: This is used to stack dataframes vertically. This is best used when the dataframes have the same columns and similar fields. Syntax: pd.concat([df1, df2]) join() method: This is used for extracting data from various dataframes having one or more common columns. df1.join(df2) 52. Can you create a series from the dictionary object in pandas? One dimensional array capable of storing different data types is called a series. We can create pandas series from a dictionary object as shown below: Page 46 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 49. Python Interview Questions import pandas as pd dict_info = {'key1' : 2.0, 'key2' : 3.1, 'key3' : 2.2} series_obj = pd.Series(dict_info) print (series_obj) Output: x 2.0 y 3.1 z 2.2 dtype: float64 If an index is not specified in the input method, then the keys of the dictionaries are sorted in ascending order for constructing the index. In case the index is passed, then values of the index label will be extracted from the dictionary. 53. How will you identify and deal with missing values in a dataframe? We can identify if a dataframe has missing values by using the isnull() and isna() methods. missing_data_count=df.isnull().sum() We can handle missing values by either replacing the values in the column with 0 as follows: df[‘column_name’].fillna(0) Or by replacing it with the mean value of the column df[‘column_name’] = df[‘column_name’].fillna((df[‘column_name’].mean())) 54. What do you understand by reindexing in pandas? Page 47 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 50. Python Interview Questions Reindexing is the process of conforming a dataframe to a new index with optional filling logic. If the values are missing in the previous index, then NaN/NA is placed in the location. A new object is returned unless a new index is produced that is equivalent to the current one. The copy value is set to False. This is also used for changing the index of rows and columns in the dataframe. 55. How to add new column to pandas dataframe? A new column can be added to a pandas dataframe as follows: import pandas as pd data_info = {'first' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']), 'second' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])} df = pd.DataFrame(data_info) #To add new column third df['third']=pd.Series([10,20,30],index=['a','b','c']) print (df) #To add new column fourth df['fourth']=df['first']+info['third'] print (df) 56. How will you delete indices, rows and columns from a dataframe? To delete an Index: Execute del df.index.name for removing the index by name. Alternatively, the df.index.name can be assigned to None. For example, if you have the below dataframe: Column 1 Names John 1 Jack 2 Judy 3 Jim 4 To drop the index name “Names”: Page 48 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 51. Python Interview Questions df.index.name = None # Or run the below: # del df.index.name print(df) Column 1 John 1 Jack 2 Judy 3 Jim 4 To delete row/column from dataframe: drop() method is used to delete row/column from dataframe. The axis argument is passed to the drop method where if the value is 0, it indicates to drop/delete a row and if 1 it has to drop the column. Additionally, we can try to delete the rows/columns in place by setting the value of inplace to True. This makes sure that the job is done without the need for reassignment. The duplicate values from the row/column can be deleted by using the drop_duplicates() method. Page 49 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 52. Python Interview Questions 57. Can you get items of series A that are not available in another series B? This can be achieved by using the ~ (not/negation symbol) and isin() method as shown below. import pandas as pd df1 = pd.Series([2, 4, 8, 10, 12]) df2 = pd.Series([8, 12, 10, 15, 16]) df1=df1[~df1.isin(df2)] print(df1) """ Output: 0 2 1 4 dtype: int64 """ 58. How will you get the items that are not common to both the given series A and B? We can achieve this by first performing the union of both series, then taking the intersection of both series. Then we follow the approach of getting items of union that are not there in the list of the intersection. Page 50 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 53. Python Interview Questions The following code demonstrates this: import pandas as pd import numpy as np df1 = pd.Series([2, 4, 5, 8, 10]) df2 = pd.Series([8, 10, 13, 15, 17]) p_union = pd.Series(np.union1d(df1, df2)) # union of series p_intersect = pd.Series(np.intersect1d(df1, df2)) # intersection of series unique_elements = p_union[~p_union.isin(p_intersect)] print(unique_elements) """ Output: 0 2 1 4 2 5 5 13 6 15 7 17 dtype: int64 """ 59. While importing data from different sources, can the pandas library recognize dates? Page 51 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 54. Python Interview Questions Yes, they can, but with some bit of help. We need to add the parse_dates argument while we are reading data from the sources. Consider an example where we read data from a CSV file, we may encounter different date-time formats that are not readable by the pandas library. In this case, pandas provide flexibility to build our custom date parser with the help of lambda functions as shown below: Numpy Interview Questions 60. What do you understand by NumPy? NumPy is one of the most popular, easy-to-use, versatile, open-source, python-based, general-purpose package that is used for processing arrays. NumPy is short for NUMerical PYthon. This is very famous for its highly optimized tools that result in high performance and powerful N-Dimensional array processing feature that is designed explicitly to work on complex arrays. Due to its popularity and powerful performance and its flexibility to perform various operations like trigonometric operations, algebraic and statistical computations, it is most commonly used in performing scientific computations and various broadcasting functions. The following image shows the applications of NumPy: Page 52 © Copyright by Interviewbit import pandas as pd from datetime import datetime dateparser = lambda date_val: datetime.strptime(date_val, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') df = pd.read_csv("some_file.csv", parse_dates=['datetime_column'], date_parser=datepars
- 55. Python Interview Questions 61. How are NumPy arrays advantageous over python lists? The list data structure of python is very highly efficient and is capable of performing various functions. But, they have severe limitations when it comes to the computation of vectorized operations which deals with element-wise multiplication and addition. The python lists also require the information regarding the type of every element which results in overhead as type dispatching code gets executes every time any operation is performed on any element. This is where the NumPy arrays come into the picture as all the limitations of python lists are handled in NumPy arrays. Additionally, as the size of the NumPy arrays increases, NumPy becomes around 30x times faster than the Python List. This is because the Numpy arrays are densely packed in the memory due to their homogenous nature. This ensures the memory free up is also faster. 62. What are the steps to create 1D, 2D and 3D arrays? 1D array creation: Page 53 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 56. Python Interview Questions import numpy as np one_dimensional_list = [1,2,4] one_dimensional_arr = np.array(one_dimensional_list) print("1D array is : ",one_dimensional_arr) 2D array creation: import numpy as np two_dimensional_list=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]] two_dimensional_arr = np.array(two_dimensional_list) print("2D array is : ",two_dimensional_arr) 3D array creation: import numpy as np three_dimensional_list=[[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]] three_dimensional_arr = np.array(three_dimensional_list) print("3D array is : ",three_dimensional_arr) ND array creation: This can be achieved by giving the ndmin attribute. The below example demonstrates the creation of a 6D array: import numpy as np ndArray = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], ndmin=6) print(ndArray) print('Dimensions of array:', ndArray.ndim) 63. You are given a numpy array and a new column as inputs. How will you delete the second column and replace the column with a new column value? Example: Given array: [[35 53 63] [72 12 22] [43 84 56]] Page 54 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 57. Python Interview Questions New Column values: [ 20 30 40 ] Solution: import numpy as np #inputs inputArray = np.array([[35,53,63],[72,12,22],[43,84,56]]) new_col = np.array([[20,30,40]]) # delete 2nd column arr = np.delete(inputArray , 1, axis = 1) #insert new_col to array arr = np.insert(arr , 1, new_col, axis = 1) print (arr) 64. How will you efficiently load data from a text file? We can use the method numpy.loadtxt() which can automatically read the file’s header and footer lines and the comments if any. This method is highly efficient and even if this method feels less efficient, then the data should be represented in a more efficient format such as CSV etc. Various alternatives can be considered depending on the version of NumPy used. Following are the file formats that are supported: Page 55 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 58. Python Interview Questions Text files: These files are generally very slow, huge but portable and are human- readable. Raw binary: This file does not have any metadata and is not portable. But they are fast. Pickle: These are borderline slow and portable but depends on the NumPy versions. HDF5: This is known as the High-Powered Kitchen Sink format which supports both PyTables and h5py format. .npy: This is NumPy's native binary data format which is extremely simple, efficient and portable. 65. How will you read CSV data into an array in NumPy? This can be achieved by using the genfromtxt() method by setting the delimiter as a comma. from numpy import genfromtxt csv_data = genfromtxt('sample_file.csv', delimiter=',') 66. How will you sort the array based on the Nth column? For example, consider an array arr. arr = np.array([[8, 3, 2], [3, 6, 5], [6, 1, 4]]) Let us try to sort the rows by the 2nd column so that we get: [[6, 1, 4], [8, 3, 2], [3, 6, 5]] We can do this by using the sort() method in numpy as: Page 56 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 59. Python Interview Questions import numpy as np arr = np.array([[8, 3, 2], [3, 6, 5], [6, 1, 4]]) #sort the array using np.sort arr = np.sort(arr.view('i8,i8,i8'), order=['f1'], axis=0).view(np.int) We can also perform sorting and that too inplace sorting by doing: arr.view('i8,i8,i8').sort(order=['f1'], axis=0) 67. How will you find the nearest value in a given numpy array? We can use the argmin() method of numpy as shown below: import numpy as np def find_nearest_value(arr, value): arr = np.asarray(arr) idx = (np.abs(arr - value)).argmin() return arr[idx] #Driver code arr = np.array([ 0.21169, 0.61391, 0.6341, 0.0131, 0.16541, 0.5645, 0.5742]) value = 0.52 print(find_nearest_value(arr, value)) # Prints 0.5645 68. How will you reverse the numpy array using one line of code? This can be done as shown in the following: reversed_array = arr[::-1] where arr = original given array, reverse_array is the resultant a er reversing all elements in the input. 69. How will you find the shape of any given NumPy array? Page 57 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 60. Python Interview Questions We can use the shape attribute of the numpy array to find the shape. It returns the shape of the array in terms of row count and column count of the array. import numpy as np arr_two_dim = np.array([("x1","x2", "x3","x4"), ("x5","x6", "x7","x8" )]) arr_one_dim = np.array([3,2,4,5,6]) # find and print shape print("2-D Array Shape: ", arr_two_dim.shape) print("1-D Array Shape: ", arr_one_dim.shape) """ Output: 2-D Array Shape: (2, 4) 1-D Array Shape: (5,) """ Python Libraries Interview Questions 70. Differentiate between a package and a module in python. The module is a single python file. A module can import other modules (other python files) as objects. Whereas, a package is the folder/directory where different sub- packages and the modules reside. A python module is created by saving a file with the extension of .py . This file will have classes and functions that are reusable in the code as well as across modules. A python package is created by following the below steps: Create a directory and give a valid name that represents its operation. Place modules of one kind in this directory. Create __init__.py file in this directory. This lets python know the directory we created is a package. The contents of this package can be imported across different modules in other packages to reuse the functionality. 71. What are some of the most commonly used built-in modules in Python? Python modules are the files having python code which can be functions, variables or classes. These go by .py extension. The most commonly available built-in modules are: Page 58 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 61. Python Interview Questions os math sys random re datetime JSON 72. What are lambda functions? Lambda functions are generally inline, anonymous functions represented by a single expression. They are used for creating function objects during runtime. They can accept any number of parameters. They are usually used where functions are required only for a short period. They can be used as: mul_func = lambda x,y : x*y print(mul_func(6, 4)) # Output: 24 73. How can you generate random numbers? Python provides a module called random using which we can generate random numbers. We have to import a random module and call the random() method as shown below: The random() method generates float values lying between 0 and 1 randomly. import random print(random.random()) To generate customised random numbers between specified ranges, we can use the randrange() method Syntax: randrange(beginning, end, step) For example: Page 59 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 62. Python Interview Questions import random print(random.randrange(5,100,2)) 74. Can you easily check if all characters in the given string is alphanumeric? This can be easily done by making use of the isalnum() method that returns true in case the string has only alphanumeric characters. For Example - "abdc1321".isalnum() #Output: True "xyz@123$".isalnum() #Output: False Another way is to use match() method from the re (regex) module as shown: import re print(bool(re.match('[A-Za-z0-9]+$','abdc1321'))) # Output: True print(bool(re.match('[A-Za-z0-9]+$','xyz@123$'))) # Output: False 75. What are the differences between pickling and unpickling? Pickling is the conversion of python objects to binary form. Whereas, unpickling is the conversion of binary form data to python objects. The pickled objects are used for storing in disks or external memory locations. Unpickled objects are used for getting the data back as python objects upon which processing can be done in python. Python provides a pickle module for achieving this. Pickling uses the pickle.dump() method to dump python objects into disks. Unpickling uses the pickle.load() method to get back the data as python objects. Page 60 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 63. Python Interview Questions 76. Define GIL. GIL stands for Global Interpreter Lock. This is a mutex used for limiting access to python objects and aids in effective thread synchronization by avoiding deadlocks. GIL helps in achieving multitasking (and not parallel computing). The following diagram represents how GIL works. Page 61 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 64. Python Interview Questions Based on the above diagram, there are three threads. First Thread acquires the GIL first and starts the I/O execution. When the I/O operations are done, thread 1 releases the acquired GIL which is then taken up by the second thread. The process repeats and the GIL are used by different threads alternatively until the threads have completed their execution. The threads not having the GIL lock goes into the waiting state and resumes execution only when it acquires the lock. 77. Define PYTHONPATH. It is an environment variable used for incorporating additional directories during the import of a module or a package. PYTHONPATH is used for checking if the imported packages or modules are available in the existing directories. Not just that, the interpreter uses this environment variable to identify which module needs to be loaded. 78. Define PIP. PIP stands for Python Installer Package. As the name indicates, it is used for installing different python modules. It is a command-line tool providing a seamless interface for installing different python modules. It searches over the internet for the package and installs them into the working directory without the need for any interaction with the user. The syntax for this is: pip install <package_name> 79. Are there any tools for identifying bugs and performing static analysis in python? Yes, there are tools like PyChecker and Pylint which are used as static analysis and linting tools respectively. PyChecker helps find bugs in python source code files and raises alerts for code issues and their complexity. Pylint checks for the module’s coding standards and supports different plugins to enable custom features to meet this requirement. 80. Differentiate between deep and shallow copies. Page 62 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 65. Python Interview Questions Shallow copy does the task of creating new objects storing references of original elements. This does not undergo recursion to create copies of nested objects. It just copies the reference details of nested objects. Deep copy creates an independent and new copy of an object and even copies all the nested objects of the original element recursively. 81. What is main function in python? How do you invoke it? In the world of programming languages, the main is considered as an entry point of execution for a program. But in python, it is known that the interpreter serially interprets the file line-by-line. This means that python does not provide main() function explicitly. But this doesn't mean that we cannot simulate the execution of main. This can be done by defining user-defined main() function and by using the __name__ property of python file. This __name__ variable is a special built-in variable that points to the name of the current module. This can be done as shown below: def main(): print("Hi Interviewbit!") if __name__=="__main__": main() Python Programming Examples 82. Write python function which takes a variable number of arguments. A function that takes variable arguments is called a function prototype. Syntax: def function_name(*arg_list) For example: Page 63 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 66. Python Interview Questions def func(*var): for i in var: print(i) func(1) func(20,1,6) The * in the function argument represents variable arguments in the function. 83. WAP (Write a program) which takes a sequence of numbers and check if all numbers are unique. You can do this by converting the list to set by using set() method and comparing the length of this set with the length of the original list. If found equal, return True. def check_distinct(data_list): if len(data_list) == len(set(data_list)): return True else: return False; print(check_distinct([1,6,5,8])) #Prints True print(check_distinct([2,2,5,5,7,8])) #Prints False 84. Write a program for counting the number of every character of a given text file. The idea is to use collections and pprint module as shown below: import collections import pprint with open("sample_file.txt", 'r') as data: count_data = collections.Counter(data.read().upper()) count_value = pprint.pformat(count_data) print(count_value) 85. Write a program to check and return the pairs of a given array A whose sum value is equal to a target value N. Page 64 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 67. Python Interview Questions This can be done easily by using the phenomenon of hashing. We can use a hash map to check for the current value of the array, x. If the map has the value of (N-x), then there is our pair. def print_pairs(arr, N): # hash set hash_set = set() for i in range(0, len(arr)): val = N-arr[i] if (val in hash_set): #check if N-x is there in set, print the pair print("Pairs " + str(arr[i]) + ", " + str(val)) hash_set.add(arr[i]) # driver code arr = [1, 2, 40, 3, 9, 4] N = 3 print_pairs(arr, N) 86. Write a Program to add two integers >0 without using the plus operator. We can use bitwise operators to achieve this. def add_nums(num1, num2): while num2 != 0: data = num1 & num2 num1 = num1 ^ num2 num2 = data << 1 return num1 print(add_nums(2, 10)) 87. Write a Program to solve the given equation assuming that a,b,c,m,n,o are constants: ax + by = c mx + ny = o By solving the equation, we get: Page 65 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 68. Python Interview Questions a, b, c, m, n, o = 5, 9, 4, 7, 9, 4 temp = a*n - b*m if n != 0: x = (c*n - b*o) / temp y = (a*o - m*c) / temp print(str(x), str(y)) 88. Write a Program to match a string that has the letter ‘a’ followed by 4 to 8 'b’s. We can use the re module of python to perform regex pattern comparison here. import re def match_text(txt_data): pattern = 'ab{4,8}' if re.search(pattern, txt_data): #search for pattern in txt_data return 'Match found' else: return('Match not found') print(match_text("abc")) #prints Match not found print(match_text("aabbbbbc")) #prints Match found 89. Write a Program to convert date from yyyy-mm-dd format to dd-mm-yyyy format. We can again use the re module to convert the date string as shown below: import re def transform_date_format(date): return re.sub(r'(d{4})-(d{1,2})-(d{1,2})', '3-2-1', date) date_input = "2021-08-01" print(transform_date_format(date_input)) You can also use the datetime module as shown below: from datetime import datetime new_date = datetime.strptime("2021-08-01", "%Y-%m-%d").strftime("%d:%m:%Y") print(new_data) Page 66 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 69. Python Interview Questions 90. Write a Program to combine two different dictionaries. While combining, if you find the same keys, you can add the values of these same keys. Output the new dictionary We can use the Counter method from the collections module from collections import Counter d1 = {'key1': 50, 'key2': 100, 'key3':200} d2 = {'key1': 200, 'key2': 100, 'key4':300} new_dict = Counter(d1) + Counter(d2) print(new_dict) 91. How will you access the dataset of a publicly shared spreadsheet in CSV format stored in Google Drive? We can use the StringIO module from the io module to read from the Google Drive link and then we can use the pandas library using the obtained data source. from io import StringIO import pandas csv_link = "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/..." data_source = StringIO.StringIO(requests.get(csv_link).content)) dataframe = pd.read_csv(data_source) print(dataframe.head()) Conclusion: Page 67 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 70. Python Interview Questions In this article, we have seen commonly asked interview questions for a python developer. These questions along with regular problem practice sessions will help you crack any python based interviews. Over the years, python has gained a lot of popularity amongst the developer’s community due to its simplicity and ability to support powerful computations. Due to this, the demand for good python developers is ever-growing. Nevertheless, to mention, the perks of being a python developer are really good. Along with theoretical knowledge in python, there is an emphasis on the ability to write good quality code as well. So, keep learning and keep practicing problems and without a doubt, you can crack any interviews. Important Resources: Python Basic Programs Python MCQ Python Commands Python Developer Resume Python Projects Difference Between Python 2 and 3 Python Frameworks Python Documentation Numpy Tutorial Python Vs R Python Vs Javascript Difference Between C and Python Python Vs Java Features of Python Golang vs Python Python Developer Skills Page 68 © Copyright by Interviewbit
- 71. If you're a Python Developer looking to learn more, the guidance of an expert might complement the insights from the book. If you're interested, feel free to register for our FREE upcoming Masterclass, where you can interact with a top instructor, LIVE “As a regular attendee of the Masterclass, I feel the most valuable part about Scaler Academy's Masterclasses is the unparalleled content quality that they deliver. A 3 hour Masterclass is very helpful and good enough for the teaching part and doubt clearing sessions. I use the study material they provide before each Masterclass. In these times when nothing is for free, these classes are a life-savior!” “The session was so well structured and simplified. 3 engaging hours of learning, interesting polls and lots of doubt resolution! The best part was, he saw curious learners and extended the session for another hour for people who wished to stay. Recommend it to all beginners out there who are clueless about starting HLD themselves! This is a must!!” If interested, don't hesitate to attend this FREE session. REGISTER NOW Shubh Agrawal B.Tech, IIIT, Bhagalpur Abhinav Koppula Developer, Mckinsey
- 72. C Interview Questions Php Interview Questions C Sharp Interview Questions Web Api Interview Questions Hibernate Interview Questions Node Js Interview Questions Cpp Interview Questions Oops Interview Questions Devops Interview Questions Machine Learning Interview Questions Docker Interview Questions Mysql Interview Questions Css Interview Questions Laravel Interview Questions Asp Net Interview Questions Django Interview Questions Dot Net Interview Questions Kubernetes Interview Questions Operating System Interview Questions React Native Interview Questions Aws Interview Questions Git Interview Questions Java 8 Interview Questions Mongodb Interview Questions Dbms Interview Questions Spring Boot Interview Questions Power Bi Interview Questions Pl Sql Interview Questions Tableau Interview Questions Linux Interview Questions Ansible Interview Questions Java Interview Questions Jenkins Interview Questions Page 69 © Copyright by Interviewbit Links to More Interview Questions