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- 2. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Nursing is a profession where proficiency in mathematics is necessary to safely administer medications and intravenous fluids. It is important to learn the “language” spoken – to know the terminology and abbreviations used when calculating patient medication dosages.
- 3. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing The necessary mathematical competencies in nursing are the ability to: Translate Arabic numerals to Roman numerals Translate Roman numerals to Arabic numerals Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers, fractions and decimals Convert decimals to percents Convert percents to decimals Set up and solve ratio and proportion problems Convert from one system of measure to another Solve drug problems involving non-parenteral and parental medications Solve IV drip rate problems
- 4. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing The are three measurement systems commonly used in health care facilities: metric, apothecary and household. In order to compare measured amounts in the systems, approximate equivalents have been developed. For example, 1 teaspoon is approximately equal to 5 mL (milliliters). RULE: Always convert from one unit of measure to another by the shortest number of steps possible. Because the measures are not exactly equal, a conversion which takes more than one step will not produce as accurate a value as a conversion which only takes one step. For example, it is more accurate to convert from teaspoons to milliliters by using the conversion factor directly from teaspoons to milliliters than it is to go from teaspoons to ounces to milliliters.
- 5. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Metric Apothecaries Household Volume 1 minim (m) 1 drop (gtt) 1 milliliter (ml) (cc) 15-16 minims (m) 15-16 drops (gtts) 4 milliliters (ml)(cc) 1 dram (dr) (4 ml/cc) 1 teaspoon (t) (4-5 ml/cc); 60 drops (gtts) 15 milliliters (ml)(cc) 1 tablespoon (T), 3 teaspoons (t) 30 milliliters (ml)(cc) 1 ounce (oz) 2 tablespoons (T) 1000 milliliters (1 liter) 1 quart 1 quart Note: cubic centimeters (cc) and milliliters (ml) can be used interchangeably
- 6. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Metric Apothecaries Household Weight 1 milligram (mg) 1000 micrograms (mcg) 60 milligrams (mg) 1 grain (gr) 1 gram (gm) 15 grains (gr), 1000 milligrams (mg) 454 grams (gm) 16 ounces (oz) 1 pound (lb) 1 kilogram (kg) 2.2 pounds (lb) Units (u) and milliequivalents (meq) cannot be converted to units in other systems. They have their value given and will never need to be converted. (1 unit = 1000 miliunits)
- 7. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Mathematical Conversions Basic Formula Value you want = Value you have x conversion Example You are caring for a patient that weighs 73 pounds. How many kilograms (kg) does this person weigh? Value you want (kg) = 73 pounds (value you have) x 1 kg 2.2 pounds kg = 73 pounds x 1 kg 2.2 pounds (cancel out the common terms) kg = 73 kg 2.2 kg = 33.18 (rounded to the nearest tenth, the patient weighs 33.2 kg)
- 8. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Dosage Calculation Formulas There are several ways to correctly calculate medication dosages and they all work perfectly well. What is important is for you to find the formula that you understand the best, learn how to use it, and then use it consistently. You may need to use another method occasionally, so it’s good to understand how to use them all if necessary. In the beginning, use one formula consistently so that you get practice and create a sound foundation for further learning. DO-DA Method DO x Volume (or Vehicle) = Amount to be administered to patient DA DO means “dose ordered” by the prescribing healthcare provider DA means “dose available,” which is how the medication is labeled Volume or Vehicle is they way the medication is delivered
- 9. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Dosage Calculation Formulas (continued) DO-DA Method Example 1 Your patient is to receive 500mg of Keflex and the pharmacy sent 250mg tablets. How many tablets should the patient receive? Amount to be administered to patient = 500mg (DO) x 1 tablet (Vehicle) 250mg (DA) = 500 x 1 tablet 250 = 2 x 1 tablet = 2 tablets
- 10. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Dosage Calculation Formulas (continued) DO-DA Method Example 2 If the medication order is for Ampicillin suspension 250 mg and it is available as 125 mg/5 mL, how many mL should the patient receive? Amount to be administered to patient = 250 mg x 5 mL 125 mg = 1250 mL 125 = 10 mL
- 11. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Ratio and Proportion Method H (on hand) = D (desired dose) V (vehicle) X (amount to give) Ratio and Proportion Method Example 1 Using the same example as the DO-DA method, your patient is to receive 500mg of Keflex and the pharmacy sent 250mg tablets. How many tablets should the patient receive? 250 mg = 500mg Cross multiply and solve for x 1 tablet x tablet(s) 250 x = 500 x = 500 250 x = 2 tablets
- 12. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Ratio and Proportion Method (continued) Ratio and Proportion Method Example 2 Using the same example as the DO-DA method, if the medication order is for Ampicillin suspension 250 mg and it is available as 125 mg/5 mL, how many mL should the patient receive? 125 mg = 250 mg Cross multiply and solve for x 5 mL x mL 125x = 1250 x = 1250 125 x = 10 mL
- 13. Introduction to Mathematics in Nursing Practice, Practice, Practice Preparation for the math requirements in nursing takes independent study along with help from your faculty and by participating in study groups. Use the resources below to practice working dosage calculations. Resources • Fundamentals of Mathematics for Nursing, McAlister, Cynthia M, and Shapiro, Sandra G. (Eastern Kentucky University 2004), www.laniertech.edu/downloads/Nursing Math.pdf • Math for Nursing and Allied Health, Baiyasi, Stephanie S., Constan, Karen, Dewey, Elizabeth, with Hersh, Leslie J. (Delta College 2001) www.delta.edu/files/TLC/Math for Nursing and Allied Health.pdf • Dosage Drills at http://www.waybuilder.net/free- ed/HealthCare/MedMath/NursingMath/DoseDrill01.asp • Dosage Calculation Tutorial and Practice Questions, www.DosageHelp.com • Once you are proficient, there is an app available on iTunes: Kaplan Math for Nurses, http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/kaplan-math-for-nurses/id309887100?mt=8 • There are many good vidoes on YouTube, so browse and see what works for you. Here is one as an example: Med Math Study Review for RN Nurses & Paramedics, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QR9yCkAEpE