Intro Nonverbal Communication .2009
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This document discusses approaches to studying nonverbal communication. It defines key terms like kinesics, proxemics, and semiotics used to label types of nonverbal behavior. The document also outlines five main approaches to researching nonverbal communication: 1) variable-analytic, which analyzes specific nonverbal cues; 2) structural, which examines source/receiver capacities; 3) functional, which analyzes how nonverbal behaviors complement or contradict verbal language; 4) contextual, which considers settings and activities; and 5) analysis of nonverbal skills and abilities. Issues discussed include distinguishing nonverbal behavior from communication and the need to understand how nonverbal behaviors develop across the lifespan.
Intro Nonverbal Communication .2009
- 2. What Is Nonverbal Communication?Labeling and DefiningLimits of domain?Conceptually dysfunctional?Linkages of body movement & individual com system, and between interactantsTerminology for “covering label” (Knapp et al, 1978)Body languageKinesicsPasimology—gestures (or sign language)Coenesis or coenetics—encompassed allSemiotics—”patterned communication in all modalities”
- 3. Issues to Illuminate StudyToo much emphasis on deducing nature of field from covering labelAttend more to premises, assumptions, definitions; e.g. theoretical frameworks
- 4. Issues to Illuminate StudyE.g., level of analysis—single NV cue, isolated display, non-interactive or episodicImplications?
- 5. Issues to Illuminate StudyVs. multiple or sequenced NV cues, interactive/relationalImplications?Hitch love expert stumbling (6:30)
- 6. Issues to Illuminate StudyCan we distinguish NV behavior (NVB) vis-à-vis NV communication (NVC)? Issues identified by theorists 1970, 1978Communicator intent (Burgoon, source orientation)Awareness (receiver orientation; conscious of message, ascribes intent)Meaning—e.g. message orientation; publicly encoded, socially shared meaning; responded to in systematic fashion.Units “counted as meaningful”
- 7. Approaches to Study NVBEach research thrust has own assumptions, methodologiesVariable-analytic traditionStructural research—source, message, channel, or receiver capacitiesFunctional linesContextNonverbal skills, abilities (competency)
- 8. Research Approaches 1Variable-analytic tradition
- 9. Examples: Ekman & Friesen’s (1972) analysis of hand gestures; Patterson’s (1974) analysis of space
- 11. Usage patterns—gaze, conversational distance (proxemics), gestures, touch
- 12. As independent variables; e.g., environment on COM
- 13. As dependent variables; e.g., pupil reflex is sensitive measure of responsiveness to aversive and supportive COM (Hays & Plax), spacing behavior influenced by interpersonal attraction (Burgoon)Pupil Reflex
- 14. Research Approaches 2 (& 4)Structural Research ApproachSource and receiver capacities; can include NV competencyPONS Test (Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity)—see image rightSelf-monitoring scaleCode propertiesKinesics—BirdwhistellProxemics—HallFacial expressions—Ekman, Ekman & FriesenCode & channel comparisonsCingular—mixed messagesGestures & verbal output
- 15. Research Approaches 3Functional PerspectivesEkman & Friesen (1969) five basic functions of NVB (links verbal-NV)Repeat verbalSubstituteComplement or clarifyContradictEmphasizeCriticism that treats NVB as subordinate or supplementary to verbalBurgoon 1970 proposed “new” taxonomy:Symbolic representationsExpressive communicationStructuring of interactionImpression formation/mgtMetacommunicationSocial influence
- 16. Research Approaches 3Functional PerspectiveBurgoon ~1985, 1996 offered different “new” taxonomy:Producing & processing messagesStructuring interactionCreating/managing identitiesForming/managing impressionsExpressing emotionsDefining/managing relationshipsRegulating conversationsInfluencing othersDeceiving others
- 17. Research Approaches 4 & 5Context(s)—much to uncoverType—E.g., Intimate vs. impersonal; Task vs. socialActivity—love, workNonverbal skills, abilities (competency)Decoding, encodingDeception Lie to Me clip Season 1 Feb. 18 (2:27)
- 18. Origins & DevelopmentOntogeny? Phylogeny? Need to understandHow do we incorporate NVBs into communicative repertoire?How do NVBs manifest throughout human lifespan?Raises questions likeUniversalityInnateness Desmond Morris—The Human Zoo (49:12)The Human Zoo Part 1 (10:13)