Introducing Elixir
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This document provides an overview of the Elixir programming language, covering its key features such as being dynamic, functional, and supporting pattern matching. It summarizes Elixir's core data types, how to define modules and structs, use protocols and enumerables, pipe operators, macros, processes, and supervisors.
![Data Types/Structures
1 # integer
2.0 # float
true # boolean
:atom # atom / symbol
'elixir' # character list
"elixir" # string
[1, 2, 3] # list
{1,2} # tuple
[{:a, 1}, {:b, 2}] # keyword list
[a: 1, b: 2] # ^ same keyword list
%{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} # hash](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qdrp5ujtvyleubmlfgk3-signature-02480ec7a060cd1168abc816711d73bf44934bca69ccbe48d52b4c531b85a2b4-poli-151118061441-lva1-app6891/85/Introducing-Elixir-3-320.jpg)
![Pattern Matching
a = 1
{x, y} = {0, 0}
[head | tail] = [1, 2, 3]
result = case {1, 2, 3} do
{4, 5, 6} -> "Doesn't match"
{1, x, 3} when x > 3 -> "doesn't match because 2 < 3"
{x, 2, 3} -> "matches and x is #{x}"
_ -> "matches if nothing above matches"
end
def zero?(0), do: true
def zero?(x) when is_number(x), do: false](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qdrp5ujtvyleubmlfgk3-signature-02480ec7a060cd1168abc816711d73bf44934bca69ccbe48d52b4c531b85a2b4-poli-151118061441-lva1-app6891/85/Introducing-Elixir-4-320.jpg)
![Protocols
defprotocol Blank do
@doc "Returns true if data is considered blank/empty"
def blank?(data)
end
defimpl Blank, for: Integer do
def blank?(0), do: true
def blank?(_), do: false
end
defimpl Blank, for: List do
def blank?([]), do: true
def blank?(_), do: false
end
Blank.blank?(3) # false
Blank.blank?([]) # true](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qdrp5ujtvyleubmlfgk3-signature-02480ec7a060cd1168abc816711d73bf44934bca69ccbe48d52b4c531b85a2b4-poli-151118061441-lva1-app6891/85/Introducing-Elixir-7-320.jpg)
![Enumerables
iex(2)> Enum.map([1, 2, 3], fn x -> x * x end)
[1, 4, 9]
iex(3)> Enum.map([1, 2, 3], &(&1 * &1))
[1, 4, 9]
iex(4)> Enum.reduce(1..100, 0, &+/2)
5050](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qdrp5ujtvyleubmlfgk3-signature-02480ec7a060cd1168abc816711d73bf44934bca69ccbe48d52b4c531b85a2b4-poli-151118061441-lva1-app6891/85/Introducing-Elixir-8-320.jpg)
Introducing Elixir
- 2. Features Dynamic Functional Pattern Matching Ruby inspired syntax Extensible: macros Concurrency, Distributed and Fault tolerant
- 3. Data Types/Structures 1 # integer 2.0 # float true # boolean :atom # atom / symbol 'elixir' # character list "elixir" # string [1, 2, 3] # list {1,2} # tuple [{:a, 1}, {:b, 2}] # keyword list [a: 1, b: 2] # ^ same keyword list %{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} # hash
- 4. Pattern Matching a = 1 {x, y} = {0, 0} [head | tail] = [1, 2, 3] result = case {1, 2, 3} do {4, 5, 6} -> "Doesn't match" {1, x, 3} when x > 3 -> "doesn't match because 2 < 3" {x, 2, 3} -> "matches and x is #{x}" _ -> "matches if nothing above matches" end def zero?(0), do: true def zero?(x) when is_number(x), do: false
- 5. Modules defmodule Math do def sum(a, b) do a + b end def sub(a, b) do a - b end end IO.puts (Math.sum(3,4))
- 6. Structs defmodule Person do defstruct name: "Sattar", age: 40 end me = %Person{name: "AbdulSattar"} IO.puts me.name # Abdulsattar %Person{name: name, age: age} = me IO.puts(age) # 40 youngMe = %{me | age: 10}
- 7. Protocols defprotocol Blank do @doc "Returns true if data is considered blank/empty" def blank?(data) end defimpl Blank, for: Integer do def blank?(0), do: true def blank?(_), do: false end defimpl Blank, for: List do def blank?([]), do: true def blank?(_), do: false end Blank.blank?(3) # false Blank.blank?([]) # true
- 8. Enumerables iex(2)> Enum.map([1, 2, 3], fn x -> x * x end) [1, 4, 9] iex(3)> Enum.map([1, 2, 3], &(&1 * &1)) [1, 4, 9] iex(4)> Enum.reduce(1..100, 0, &+/2) 5050
- 9. Pipe Operator sumOfSquares = Enum.reduce(Enum.map(1..100, fn x -> x * x end), 0, &+/2) sumOfSquares1 = 1..100 |> Enum.map(fn x -> x * x end) |> Enum.reduce(0, &+/2) square = fn x -> x * x end sumOfSquares2 = 1..100 |> Enum.map(square) |> Enum.sum
- 10. Macros defmodule Unless do defmacro macro_unless(clause, expression) do quote do if(!unquote(clause), do: unquote(expression)) end end end Unless.macro_unless false, do: IO.puts "prints" Unless.macro_unless true, do: IO.puts "doesn't print"
- 11. Processes pid = spawn fn -> receive do msg -> IO.puts "Received: #{msg}" end end send pid, "Hello!" send pid, "3 times"
- 12. Supervisors DEMO