Introduction cell
- 1. The Cell The basic unit of life
- 2. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is a small, membrane enclosed structure filled with an aqueous solution where organelles and other subcellular structures are found.
- 3. Cells are of different size and shape. The cell’s size and shape can be related to its specific function.
- 4. Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Organelles Eukaryotic Cell 3. Internal Organization
- 5. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cell membrane Contain DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Compare and Contrast
- 7. EUKARYOTIC CELLS Two Kinds: Plant and Animal
- 9. Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2
- 10. Animal Cells Plant Cells Centrioles Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Compare and Contrast Venn Diagrams
- 11. Internal Organization Cells contain ORGANELLES. Cell Components that PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL.
- 12. Cellular Organelles The Plasma membrane The boundary of the cell. Composed of three distinct layers. Two layers of fat and one layer of protein.
- 13. The Nucleus Brain of Cell Bordered by a porous membrane - nuclear envelope. Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein called Chromatin. Rod Shaped Chromosomes Contains a small round nucleolus produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.
- 16. The nucleus of eukaryotic cells is contained by the nuclear envelope, which is made of two membranes (inner and outer) decorated with pore complexes
- 17. Inside the nucleus, chromatin (DNA + DNA associated proteins) and a nucleolus are present
- 18. The nuclear lamina (made of intermediate filaments) covers the inner nuclear membrane, helping in the maintenance of nuclear shape The nucleus hosts the genetic material (DNA and RNA)
- 19. Ribosomes Small non-membrane bound organelles. Contain two sub units Site of protein synthesis. Protein factory of the cell Either free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
- 20. Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex network of transport channels. Two types: 1. Smooth- 2. Rough -
- 21. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. It is a network of pipe-like interconnected tubes. Functions of the SER include synthesis of lipids/steroids, processing of sugars, and detoxification of drugs and poisons
- 24. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the outside. The RER is in fact an extension of the outer nuclear membrane. Functions of the RER include anchorage of newly synthesize proteins, and the finishing of proteins
- 25. Golgi Apparatus A series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials out of the cell. Works with the ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum.
- 26. Lysosomes Recycling Center Recycle cellular debris Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes. Internal pH is 5.
- 27. Lysosomes Digest material or microbes ingested by the cell Remove old/damaged organelles Self destruct (autolyze/autophagy)
- 28. Centrioles Found only in animal cells Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other. Role in building cilia and flagella Play a role in cellular reproduction (division)
- 29. Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion Cytoskeleton
- 30. Cytoskeleton Framework of the cell Contains small microfilaments and larger microtubules. They support the cell, giving it its shape and help with the movement of its organelles.
- 31. Mitochondrion Mitochondria are double membrane- bounded organelles present in nearly all eukaryotic cells (plant, animals, fungi, etc.).
- 32. Mitochondrion Mitochondria process macromolecules to obtain energy through a process termed aerobic respiration. Mitochondria have their own DNA mitochondrial DNA, mDNA) and ribosomes in their matrix.
- 33. The Chloroplast Double membrane Center section contains grana Thylakoid (coins) make up the grana. Stroma - gel-like material surrounding grana
- 34. The Chloroplast Chloroplast are plastids that contain the green pigment chlorophyll along with other photosynthetic pigments. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis In the stroma, chloroplast DNA and ribosomes can be found
- 35. The Vacuole The vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle containing water and other enzymes that function during the life of the plant.
- 36. Structurally, the central vacuole is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer.
- 37. Plant Cell
- 38. Cell Wall Extra structure surrounding its plasma membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Cellulose – Plants Chitin – Fungi Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
- 39. The Plant Cell Wall The plant cell wall is the outermost layer of plant cells It provides extra protection to the plant and cohesiveness among neighboring plant cells. Cell walls of adjacent plant cells are in close communication through plasmodesmata
- 40. Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata are narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells.
- 42. Size of organelles Nucleus- 5-10 Micrometers in diameter. Nucleolus- Depends on metabolic needs of cell. Can be up to 25% of nucleus. Mitochondria- .5-1 Micrometers in diameter. ER- Typically 1-2 Micrometers long, but can be up to 7 Micrometers. Lysosome- .05-.5 Micrometers in diameter. Golgi- 2.5 Micrometers in length. Ribosome- .025 Micrometers in diameter.
- 43. Chloroplast- .2-.4 Micrometers in diameter. Centrioles- .5 Micrometers in length. Cilia- Depends on the size of the cell. .25 Micrometers in diameter. Flagella- Depends on the size of the cell. . 02 Micrometers in diameter and can be up to 2-3 times the length of the cell.