INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.ppt

Introduction to
Anatomy & Physiology
MR. SAGAR PANDYA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.Sc. Nursing (Child Health Nursing)
Bhagyalaxmi College Of Nursing, Modasa (Guj.)

 Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape
of the body and body parts & their relationships
to one another.
The term anatomy comes from the Greek words
meaning to cut (tomy) apart ( ana).
 Physiology – the study of how the body and its parts
work or functions.
physio =nature , ology = the study of.

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology are always related.
Structure determines what functions can take place.
For example: the lungs are not muscular chambers
like the heart and can not pump blood, but because
the walls of lungs are very thin, they can exchange
gasses and provide oxygen to the body.

Levels of Organization
 Chemical level
 Cellular level
 Tissue level
 Organs level
 System level
 Organismal level

Homeostasis
 A condition in which the internal environment of the
body(extracellular fluid) remains constant.
 Chemical composition
 Temperature
 Pressure
It is the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions even though the outside world is continuously
changing
 A failure to maintain homeostasis results in DEATH!!

Homeostatic regulation
 The adjustment of physiological systems to
maintain homeostasis.
 Autoregulation- cell, tissue, organ, or organ system
adjust in response to change.
 Extrinsic Regulation- nervous or endocrine systems
adjust the activities of multiple systems
simultaneously.

Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism
 Receptor
 Senses environmental
change
 External stimuli
 Control Center
 Receives & processes
stimuli
 Sends out command
 Effector
 Cell or organ that responds
to a command

Negative Feedback
 Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation
 A stimulus produces a response that opposes the
original stimulus
 Example: Control of Body Temperature

Positive Feedback
 Stimulus creates a
response that enhances
the original condition
rather than opposing it
 Can be dangerous or
common in stressful
conditions

Systems Integration, Equilibrium,
& Homeostasis
 Occurs when opposing
processes or forces are in
balance
 Loss of Homeostasis
indicates system
abnormality- disease or
damage.

Anatomical Position
 Hands at side, palms facing
forward
 Standing front = anterior
 Standing back = posterior
 Laying face up = supine
 Laying face down = prone

Superior (cranial ) – toward the head end or upper part
of a structure or body; above
Inferior (caudal) – away from the head end or toward
the lower part of a structure or body; below
Anterior (ventral) – toward or at the front of the body;
in front of
Posterior (dorsal) – toward or at the backside of the
body; behind
Medial – toward or at the midline of the body; on the
inner side of
Lateral – away from the midline of the body; on the
outer side of

Proximal – close to the origin of the body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk.
Distal – farther from the origin of a body or the
point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Superficial (external) – toward or at the body
surface.
Deep (internal) – away from the body surface;
more internal.

Body planes and sections
A section is a cut made along a plane
 Sagittal – cut made along the lengthwise or
longitudinal plane of the body dividing it into left and
right parts
 Midsagittal (median) plane – right and left parts are of
equal size
 Frontal (coronal) plane – cut made along a lengthwise
plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts
 Transverse plane (cross section) – cut made along a
horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into
superior and inferior parts

 Sagittal Plane – divides body
into right and left parts.
 Midsagittal =median
plane –divides
body into two equal halves.

 Frontal = coronal plane –
divides body into anterior and
posterior parts

 Transverse plane = cross
Section= horizontal section
divides into upper and lower
parts

Anatomical Regions
Because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and
contains several organs, it helps to divide it into
smaller areas for study.
One division method, used primarily by anatomists,
uses two transverse and two parasagittal planes.
These planes, divide the cavity into nine regions :
-The umbilical region is the centermost region deep
to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

 The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region (epi =
upon, above; gastri = belly).
 -The hypogastric (pubic) region is located inferior to the umbilical region
(hypo = below).
 -The right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions (ing′gwĭ-nal) are located
lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).
 -The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region
(lumbus = loin).
 -The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region
laterally (chondro = cartilage).

Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate & support
internal organs.
 Ventral
 Thoracic (Pleural, Pericardial, Mediastinum)
 Abdominopelvic (Abdominal, Pelvic)
 Dorsal
 Cranial Cavity
 Vertebral Cavity
Internal chambers with 2 functions:
 Protect delicate organs
 Allow for change in shape or size of internal organs without disruption of
surrounding tissues
Body Cavities (Spaces)

Membranes
 Isolate and protect the organs
 Serous Membranes
 Visceral- next to the organ
 Parietal- next to the wall of the cavity

Ventral Body Cavity
Divided by the diaphragm
into the
 Thoracic cavity
 Pericardial cavity -
heart
 Pleural Cavity -
lungs
 Abdominopelvic
cavity

Mediastinum
 Mediastinum divides
thoracic cavity into 2
pleural cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Abdominal cavity
 Liver
 Stomach
 Spleen
 Intestines
 Pelvic cavity
 Intestines
 Bladder
 Reproductive organs

INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.ppt

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.ppt (20)

More from Nursing Mastery (12)

Recently uploaded (20)

INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.ppt