Introduction of Pshycology.ppt
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The document discusses the concept of attention in psychology, highlighting the cognitive process of focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others. It outlines objective factors (like size, intensity, movement, and novelty) and subjective factors (such as interests, desires, and past experiences) that influence attention. Additionally, it addresses the span of attention, distractions, fluctuation of attention, and strategies to control distraction for improved performance.
Introduction of Pshycology.ppt
- 1. Introduction To Psychology (PSY-101) Instructor: Amina Riasat Submitted By: Wasif Ali Syed 18221554-001
- 2. Attention Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. We are particularly attentive to stimuli that appear exceptionally bright, large, loud, novel or high in contrast.
- 3. Attention We also pay greater attention to stimuli that are particularly meaningful or are relevant to our motivations. E.g., If we are hungry ,we are more apt to be sensitive to food and food related stimuli. It also includes listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversation in a room.
- 4. Factors of Attention Why do we pay attention to something and not to others? What directs our attention? 1. Objective Factors 2. Subjective Factors
- 5. External / Objective Factors The external factors are concerned with the environment. These are also called Objective Factors. Intensity 1. Size 2. intensity 3. Movement 4. Repetition 5. Duration 6. Abrupt change 7. Novelty
- 6. Size: Size has effect on attention. It is natural an unusual size attracts attention of the people. Very big size or very small size too draws our attention when compared with normal size. For example, a dwarf man walking on the road too draws our attention. Intensity: Loud sounds, strong smells and deep colors are attractive in nature. If a sound is intense then it would attract our attention. The thunder is louder than a car sound. So, our attention is drawn on thunder
- 7. Movement: Moving things draws our attention more than stationary one. A moving car attracts faster than a stationary car Repetition: If a thing or person or event is repeated several times, then our attention drawn to it. When an advertisement is repeated in the walls drawn our attention. Duration: attention is drawn to a thing that lasts longer. A salesperson draws attention by lengthening his voice.
- 8. Novelty: Newness attracts quickly than traditional one. A new teacher attracts the children very much in the school.
- 9. Subjective Factors The internal factors are concerned with the individual. So, these are also called subjective factors 1. Interests 2. Desire 3. Motives 4. Aim/ goals 5. Habit 6. Past Experience
- 10. Interest: we are interested in some things and disinterested in other things. Interesting things draws our attention soon. An engineer and a botanist going down the same path will attend entirely different things on the way. Engineer attention will be on the buildings and botanist attention will be on the trees. Desire: A person’s desire becomes a cause of paying attention to a thing. For example, a person has to desire of buying a hammer. There are many things available in a market, but when he goes to a shop where hammers are available.
- 11. Motives: Basic motives are important in drawing attention. Human motives like hungry, thirst, safety, etc., play a vital role in drawing attention. A thirst person attention always on where water is available. Aim/Goal: Every man has some immediate aim and ultimate goal in their life. The immediate aim of a student is to pass in the examination while his ultimate goal may be to become a doctor. The student, whose goal is not to pass the examination, will not be concerned with textbooks or note, etc, but who has the aim to pass in the examination, will at once attend to them
- 12. Habit: Habit is also a vital determinant of attention. The kind of habit we found in our life, our attention is drawn to such things. if a person has habit to play cricket, then his attention is always drawn to it, and he will listen to cricket commentaries with attention. Past Experience: It is also affect attention. If we know by our past experience that a particular person is sincere to us, we shall pay attention to whatever he advises us. If our experience is contrary, we shall not attend even to his most serous advice.
- 13. Span of Attention How many things can we hold in our attention at the same time? Most psychologists agree that the ability to focus attention on a task is important for the achievement of one's goals. The attention span for this level is very brief, with a maximum span, without any break at all, that may be as short as 8 seconds
- 14. Poor attention span with distractibility Fails to finish the things started Shift from one uncomplicated activity to other Does not seem to listen Easily distracted by external stimuli Often loses things
- 15. Distraction of Attention Distraction means the dividing of attentions or some interference in attention. The object which causes the distraction is called the distractor Duration of attention is often short. Different stimuli distract person’s attention. if a person wants to attend a stimuli constantly , Even then different factors can distract him. Person pays more attention and concentration to his work but remain unable to maintain it. .
- 16. Distraction of Attention There are individual differences in distraction of attention. Its not always necessary that two different people get distracted by same stimuli. Some people can study in noise ,while others need complete silence. Two important factors are as under: Objective Factors Subjective Factors
- 17. Objective Factors The factors that distract attention from environment are called objective factors. It is also called environmental factors. Routine work distract less attention while different and novel work distracts more. Noise, music, improper lighting, uncomfortable seats, defective method of teaching, improper use of teaching aids, defective voice of the teacher are the common external distractors in the classrooms.
- 18. Subjective Factors These factors are related to person’s internal characteristics. Every person get distracted by his tendencies or interests. Emotional disturbances, mental and physical health, anger, fear, feeling of insecurity, boredom, lack of motivation, feeling of fatigue, lack of interest, desires, preferences, freshness, unrelated subject matter are the examples for internal distractor.
- 19. Control of Distraction Distraction of attention affects our performance. So these factors can decrease distraction of attention. 1. By giving Reward 2. Social Acceptance 3. Through Self Control 4. Increase in Capability 5. Through clear objective
- 20. Fluctuation of Attention We can only attend a stimulus for few seconds. If we have to attend a stimulus for long, then the attention fluctuates. This is called fluctuation of attention. Fluctuation of attention is the length of time one can attend continuously to a single object. Attention is not steady or concentrated throughout. At one time the object come in our focus, at another time, it goes out from focus. Attention is a mobile or dynamic activity, and it is difficult to attend to one a particular object for any great length of time. When attention moves from one object to another, it is called the shifting of attention. But even when the attention persists with one object, it grows more or less in degree. This is called fluctuation of attention.
- 21. Fluctuation of Attention In shift of attention our attention passes from one stimulus to another or from one part of a complex stimulus to another part. Our receptors get fatigued by concentrating on one stimuli and stop working. But when attention decreases , the capacity of receptors resumes. Usually we say, that I can study for 1 or 2 hour. But when a person is studying ,even then his attention is not static ,rather it’s diverting on different words ,phrases and concepts.