Introduction on protected floriculture
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This document discusses protected floriculture (greenhouse cultivation) in India. It notes the potential for higher productivity and quality through this technology to meet domestic and export market demands. Protected cultivation allows controlling the environment for off-season and higher quality production. The Indian floriculture industry has progressed through phases of initial hype, struggles, and now recovery as technology and business models have improved. Greenhouse structures provide benefits but also challenges around costs, technology transfer, and other factors.
Introduction on protected floriculture
- 2. SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, ALLAHABAD (U.P.)-211007, INDIA SUBJECT- Protected Floriculture HOFL-812
- 3. Introduction As a result of globalization of trade and liberalization of Indian economy, there is an immense scope for export of high value horticultural crops from India, besides meeting the increased demand in domestic market. The need of the time is to increase the productivity and quality of produce to meet the demand of quality conscious consumers. A breakthrough in production technology that integrates market driven quality parameters with the production system, besides ensuring a vertical growth in productivity is required. One such technology is “Protected cultivation”, or generally called Greenhouse technology.
- 4. PROTECTED CULTIVATION Protected cultivation can be defined as a cropping technique where in the microclimate surrounding the plant body is controlled partially/ fully as per the requirement of the plant species grown during their period of growth Greenhouse technology is the most practical way of achieving the goal of protected cultivation.
- 5. An Indian Perspective India has an amazing area under floriculture production. Small farms use traditional cultivation practices to produce tonnes of traditional loose flowers and modern cut flowers. Several biotic and abiotic stresses are the major factors responsible for low productivity and poor quality in large number of flower crops under open field cultivation. The increasing demand of off-season and high-quality flowers in various markets of the big cities, have called the attention of the growers for diversification from traditional ways to modern methods in an agri-business entrepreneurial models.
- 6. Under the new era of foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail, these kinds of models are having high potential for betterment of the farmers opting for quality and offseason production through protected cultivation.
- 7. Protected cultivation structures are useful for combating both biotic and abiotic stresses that limits the productivity and quality of crops. This requires – Careful planning Attention and details about timing of production and moreover Harvest time to coincide with high market prices Choice of varieties adopted for off-season environment Ability to produce economic yield of high-quality produce
- 8. The domestic Indian market for flowers is growing at 25% per year in the country and about 40% per year in New Delhi, thanks to the increase in urban income coupled with high income elasticity of demand for cut flowers.
- 9. The export geared hi-tech floriculture is not an offspring of this vast domestic flower industry but something quite apart. Indian hi-tech floriculture industry has undergone lot of ups and downs after its launching. The industry has passed through roughly three faces since its inception in the early nineties.
- 10. Phase 1 The first phase was characterized by a lot of hype generated by the declaration of export-oriented floriculture the consequent dubbing of the sector as a sunrise industry when few enthusiastic floriculture enterprises came up mostly with the help of Dutch technical assistance and associated costly imported planting materials and greenhouse equipments.
- 11. Phase 2 The second phase spanning the late 90s and extending into the early years of the new millennium was a period of gloom when many hi-tech floriculture units were struggling to break even while some became sick and were on the verge of closure. Many of the initial hi-tech rose farms failed due to micro-climate problems, lack of economies of scale, inappropriate technology and the fact that India is still far from being an infrastructure driven economy.
- 12. Phase 3 The third phase started around 2005-06 having reported marked recovery period during which several first-generation hi-tech floriculture units have apparently made a turn around while most second-generation units are even flourishing. The term 'first generation' unit is conventionally used in the industry to typify those units which were started in the early nineties with the technology and equipment almost totally borrowed from Europe While the 'second generation' unit refers to those started from the late nineties onwards using in large part the cost-effective local technology and greenhouse equipments.
- 13. Green House Greenhouse is the most practical method of achieving the objectives of protected cultivation where the natural environment is modified by using sound engineering principles to achieve optimum plant growth and yield. A greenhouse is a framed or inflated structure covered with a transparent or translucent material in which crops can be grown under the conditions of atleast partially controlled environment and which is large enough to permit a person to work within it, to carry out cultural operations.
- 14. Glasshouse . Shadenet . Polyhouse . Different types of structures used in protected floriculture
- 15. Hot beds . Cold Frames . Plastic low tunnels .
- 16. The environmental factors which affect plant growth include air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, soil temperature and moisture content of the soil. By controlling these environmental factors, cultivation of crops during off-season is possible under protected structures and therefore, plants can be grown throughout the year instead of once during the season only. It has been seen that there is ample scope to double or triple the yield and, in some cases, even yield can be enhanced more than 5 times.
- 17. Advantages of protected floriculture Protection from excess rainfall, wind current, scorching sunlight and extreme cold conditions Under minimum space one can have maximum production of crop plants Humidity is maintained Efficient use of CO2 Minimum use of water and fertilizers A single person can have control over thousands of plants Diseases and pests can be controlled easily Production of crop throughout the year Protection from birds, animals and human activities Labor cost is reduced Quality of product is best
- 18. Constraints of protected cultivation Lack of high yielding varieties High initial investment for construction and management of greenhouses Lack of chartered cargo flights besides high freight charges Unavailability of standard technologies to suit various regions Hurdles in transfer of technology People’s lack of interest Lack of technical know how Lack of adequate power supply Lack of quality planting materials Insufficient technical manpower Lack of post-harvest technology