Introduction
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This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It discusses the main topics covered, including gross and microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and levels of structural organization. The major organ systems of the body are also introduced, along with directional terms, body cavities, and membranes. Key concepts covered are the definitions of anatomy and physiology, as well as the levels of structural organization and organ systems of the body.
Introduction
- 1. Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline *
- 2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
- 3. Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope Regional: studied area by area; abdomen, head/neck Systemic: studied system by system; nervous, skeletal Surface: study of internal structures as they relate to deeper structures Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope Cytology: cellular anatomy Histology: study of tissues Developmental Anatomy Traces structural changes throughout life Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
- 4. Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology Pathology : structural and functional changes caused by disease Exercise Physiology : changes in structure and function caused by exercise
- 5. Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form Examples: Friction ridges of the fingers Folding of the intestinal lining Hardness of bone Ultra-thin lining of cells through which diffusion occurs
- 6. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level: interaction of atoms Cell Level: functional unit of life Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together Organism Level: any living thing.
- 7. Organ Systems of the Body INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Forms the external body covering Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D SKELETAL SYSTEM Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals (calcium, phosphorous) MUSCULAR SYSTEM Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat (thermogenesis)
- 8. Organ Systems of the Body NERVOUS SYSTEM Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves Is the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Composed of various hormone- secreting glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas) Regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body Blood transports nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones throughout the body
- 9. Organ Systems of the Body LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; prevents edema Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
- 10. Organ Systems of the Body URINARY SYSTEM Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
- 11. Necessary Life Functions I Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes Organismal level – accomplished by the skin Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
- 12. Necessary Life Functions II Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Excretion – removal of wastes from the body Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism
- 13. Survival Needs of Living Things Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
- 14. Homeostasis Describes a relatively stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values. Set point : the ideal normal value of a variable. What is the set point for body temperature? What other variables are maintained homeostatically?
- 16. Directional Terms Table 1.1
- 17. Body Planes Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections Oblique : Other than at a right angle
- 18. Planes of Section Through an Organ Longitudinal : cut along the length of an organ Cross / Transverse : cut at right angle to length of the organ Oblique : cut at any but a right angle
- 19. Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic
- 20. Body Planes Figure 1.9a
- 21. Trunk Cavities Diaphragm : divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Mediastinum : contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs
- 22. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae
- 23. Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line the cavity Fist represents an organ Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes Inflammation of the serous membranes
- 24. Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs Pericardium refers to heart. Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity
- 25. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities