introduction to central nervous system
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The document provides an overview of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), detailing the structure and functions of the brain, including its major parts like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It also explores the role of neurons and neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and GABA in brain function and their impact on mental health, particularly in conditions like autism and ADHD. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of diet and nutrition in influencing brain health and cognitive development.
introduction to central nervous system
- 1. INTRODUCTION OF CNS/PNS Presented by : Fouzia Saleemi MS,SLP(Clinical Consultant Speech Language Pathologist)
- 2. The nervous system consists of CNS made up of brain and spinal cord PNS consisting of peripheral nerves and ganglia
- 3. BRAIN DESCRIPTION Brain weighs 3 to 3.5 pounds Major portions of the brain--brainstem, cerebrum, and cerebellum cerebrum is 83% of brain volume.
- 5. DIVISION OF BRAIN 1. Fore brain 2. Mid brain 3. Hind brain Fore brain Cerebrum Diencephalon 1. 1. Thalamus 2. 2. Hypothalamus Mid brain Hind Brain 1. Pons 2. Medulla 3. Cerebellum
- 6. The brain is an important organ with many different parts that work together to do the essential work of human life. The brain controls everything that happens in our body, including conscious processes (such as thinking, reasoning, memory and emotions) and unconscious processes (such as breathing, digestion, balance, and reflexes.) The brain is well- organized to handle its many functions.
- 8. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES Cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere is divided into four sections called lobes: frontal, temporal parietal occipital Left Right
- 9. Right hemisphere: controls overall, general impressions; puts together the big picture.
- 10. Left hemisphere: focuses on specific details
- 11. Corpus callosum: enables the hemispheres to communicate with each other.
- 13. LOBES OF THE BRAIN The four lobes of the brain process different types of information and control different functions.
- 14. Frontal lobe: controls thinking, planning, and reasoning processes.
- 15. Parietal lobe: responsible for perception of touch, smell and taste.
- 16. Temporal lobe: processes hearing and some language.
- 17. Occipital lobe: brain's vision center.
- 18. Brain stem: responsible for basic survival functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
- 19. Cerebellum: responsible for reflexive movements such as blinking the eyes.
- 20. Cerebral cortex: responsible for conscious, voluntary actions.
- 21. Limbic system: responsible for processing emotions.
- 22. FRONTAL LOBE
- 23. FRONTAL LOBE Cognitive activities – Judgment , reasoning, Planning 9,10,11
- 24. PARIETAL LOBE
- 25. PARIETAL LOBE Wernicke’s area – understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions
- 26. OCCIPITAL LOBE
- 28. TEMPORAL LOBE
- 29. CEREBRAL LOBES
- 30. BRODMANN AREAS
- 31. PROTECTION AND NOURISHMENT OF THE BRAIN It consist on two systems. 1. MENINGES 2. CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
- 32. THREE MENIGES
- 34. NERVOUS SYSTEM Central nervous system (CNS): brain spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS): cranial nerves spinal nerves Two types of cells: Neurons Supporting (glial) cells
- 35. NEURON Neurons are the basic cells considered to be the building blocks of the brain. Early brain development focuses on neurons since these cells are believed to be the main components of intelligence. Neurons have four parts: dendrites cell body axon synapses Neurons communicate with each other through electrical signals. Synapses connect neurons into pathways that enable all brain processes to occur.
- 38. DIETS OF BRAIN
- 39. Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink in order to maintain life and growth. WHAT IS FOOD?
- 40. The kinds of food that a person, animal, or community habitually eats. WHAT IS DIET?
- 42. EFFECTS OF NUTRITION ON BRAIN Nutrition influences neurotransmitters that maintain and regulate the diet of brain. e.g. If diets effect on brain, it cause mental dysfunction in human.
- 43. NEUROTRANSMITTERS Neurotransmitters are the fundamental basis for chemical action in NS. Dopamine GABA Glutamate Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine
- 44. WHAT ARE NEUROTRANSMITTERS? Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that support and govern development. Many neurotransmitters are needed to create the environment needed for optimal language, social and cognitive development. Neurological and mental disorders may occur when the balance of neurotransmitters is upset.
- 45. SEROTONIN Serotonin is a key brain chemical that is been identified in the physiological abnormalities in ASD and AD/HD.
- 46. Learning Memory Sensory Perception Noise sensitivity Mood Behavior Sleep Appetite SEROTONIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING
- 47. Dopamine is needed for fundamental brain function. Children with autism and ADHD often have dysregulation in their dopamine system. Low dopamine levels impair attention and focus. High dopamine levels cause the mind to race and increase sensory perception which causes an overload on the brain’s ability to process. DOPAMINE
- 48. Sensitivity and processing of information Perception of change Relaying information Fundamental brain function – cognition Motivation Emotional Responses Attention and Focus DOPAMINE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING
- 49. GABA is a calming neurotransmitter. It is created from glutamate with the help of B6, zinc and taurine. Research into the autistic brain has identified an imbalance in glutamate to GABA receptors. Deficient levels of GABA or problems with GABA receptors are thought to play a role in the excitatory elements of autism and ADHD. Identifying and addressing problems with neurotransmitter systems is a key component to biomedical treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD as well as many other developmental disorders. GABA&GLUTAMATE
- 51. ADHD BRAIN