Introduction to community medicine ppt
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This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine from ancient times to the present. It discusses how early medicine was intertwined with religion and magic before the development of scientific knowledge. Key developments discussed include the emergence of organized medical systems in ancient Egypt, Babylon, Greece, China, India, and their varying approaches. The document then outlines the growth and spread of scientific medicine over time, as well as persisting traditional healing practices. It emphasizes how medicine has broadened in recent decades to focus on disease prevention and health promotion on a global scale.
Introduction to community medicine ppt
- 9. From time immemorial man has been interested in trying to control disease. The medicine man, the priest, the herbalist and the magician, all undertook in various ways to cure man's disease and/or to bring relief to the sick
- 10. In an complete absence of scientific medical knowledge, it would not be fair to say that the early practitioners of medicine contributed nothing to the alleviation of man's suffering from disease. A history of medicine thus contributes a review of accomplishments and errors, false theories and misinformation and mistaken interpretations. It is also a study of the evolution of man and of human knowledge .
- 11. The "explosion" of knowledge during the 20th century has made medicine more complex, and treatment more costly, but the benefits of modern medicine have not yet penetrated the social periphery in many countries. The glaring contrasts in the state of health between the developed and developing countries, between the rural and urban areas, and between the rich and poor have attracted worldwide criticism as "social injustice". The commitment of all countries, under the banner of the World Health Organization, is to wipe out the inequalities in the distribution of health resources and services, and attain the Millenium Development Goals.
- 12. The other and more important goals which have emerged are 1.prevention of disease, 2. promotion of health and improvement of the quality of life of individuals and groups or communities. In other words, the scope of medicine has considerably broadened during recent years. It is also regarded as an essential component of socio-economic development.
- 13. Medicine was dominated by magical and religious beliefs which were anintegral part of ancient cultures and civilizations. Henry Siegerist, the medical historian has stated that every culture had developed a system of medicine, and medical history is but one aspect of the history of culture. Primitive medicine is timeless.
- 14. The concept of disease in which the ancient man believed is known as the "supernatural theory of disease . It is thus obvious that medicine in the prehistoric times (about 5000 B.C.) was intermingled with superstition,religion, magic and witchcraft.
- 15. If we look around the world, we find that the rudiments of primitive medicine still persist in many parts of the world in Asia, Africa, South America, Australia and the Pacific islands. The supernatural theory of disease in which the primitive man believed is as new as today. For example, in India, one may still hear the talk of curing snake bites by "mantras". Diseases
- 16. the so-called "traditional healers" are found everywhere. They live close to the people and their treatments are based on various combinations of religion,magic and empiricism. Indian medicine The medical systems that are truly Indian in origin.
- 17. The medical systems that are truly Indian in origin and development are the Ayurveda and the Siddha systems. Ayurveda is practised throughout India, but the Siddha system is practised in the Tamil- speaking areas of South India.
- 18. In ancient India, the celebrated authorities in Ayurvedic medicine were Atreya, Charaka, Susruta and Vaghbhatt. Atreya (about 800 B.C.} is acknowledged as the first great Indian physician and teacher. He lived in the ancient university of Takshashila, Of significance in Ayurveda is the "tridosha theory of disease". The doshas or humors are: uata (wind}, pitta (gall} and kapha (mucus). Disease was explained as a disturbance in the equilibrium of the three humors; when these were in perfect balance and harmony, a person is said to be healthy). This theory of disease is strikingly similar to the "theory of four humors" in Greek medicine
- 19. in the 18th century. Homoeopathy, which was propounded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) of Germany gained foothold in India during 1810 and 1839 (9). It is a system of pharmacodynamics based on "treatment of disease by the use of small amounts of a drug that, in healthy persons, produces symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated" . Homoeopathy is practised in several countries, but India claims to have the largest number of practitioners of this system in the world . The Indian systems of medicine including Unani-Tibb and Homoeopathy are very much alive in India even today.
- 20. It is based on two principles the yang and the yin. The yang is believed to be an active masculine principle and the yin a negative feminine principle. The balance of these two opposing forces meant good health. Hygiene, dietetics, hydrotherapy, massage, drugs were all used by the Chinese physicians. The Chinese were early pioneers of immunization. The Chinese system of "barefoot doctors" and accupuncture have attracted worldwide attention in recent years .
- 21. Egyptian physicians were co-equals of priests,trained in schools within the temples. They often helped. priests care for the sick who were brought to the temples for treatment. There were no practical demonstrations in anatomy, for Egyptian religion enjoined strict preservation of the human body. Egyptian medicine reached its peak in the days of Imhotep (2800 B.C.) who was famous as a statesman, architect, builder of the step pyramid at Saqqarah and physician.
- 22. Egyptian medicine was far from primitive. They believed that disease was due to absorption from the intestine of harmful substances which gave rise to putrefaction of blood and formation of pus. They believed that the pulse was "the speech of the heart". Diseases were treated with cathartics, enema, blood-letting and a wide range of drugs
- 23. Hammurabi, a great king of Babylon who lived around 2000 B.C. formulated a set of drastic laws know as the of Hammurabi that governed the conduct of physicians And provided for health practices . Doctors whose proposed therapy proved wrong, ran the risk of being killed. Laws relating to medical practice, including fees payable to physicians for satisfactory services and penalties for harmful therapy are contained in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, the very first codification of medical practice. While the code of Hammurabi reflected a high degree of social organization, the medicine of his time was devoid of any scientific foundation.
- 25. The classic period of Greek medicine was the year 460- 136 B.C. The Greeks enjoyed the reputation - the civilizers of the ancient world. They taught men to think in terms of ‘why' and 'how'. An early leader in Greek medicine was Aesculapius (1200 B.C.). Aesculapius bore two daughters - Hygiea and Panacea. The medical historian, Douglas Guthrie (17) has reminded us of the legend that Hygiea was worshipped as the goddess of health, and Panacea as the goddess of medicine. Panacea and Hygiea gave rise to dynasties of healers (curative medicine) and hygienists (preventive medicine) with different philosophies.
- 26. By far the greatest physician in Greek medicine was Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.) who is often called the "Father of Medicine". He was born on the little island of Cos, in the Aegean sea, about 460 B.C. He studied and classified diseases based on observation and reasoning. He challenged the tradition of magic in medicine, and initiated a radically new approach to medicine i.e., application of clinical methods in medicine. Hippocrate's lectures and writings, as compiled later by Alexandrian scholars into the "Corpus Hippocraticum", encompassed all branches of medicine
- 27. Hippocrates was also an epidemiologist. Since hE distinguished between diseases which were epidemic and those which were endemic, he was, in fact, the first true epidemiologist. He was constantly seeking the causes of disease. He studied such things as climate, water, clothing diet, habits of eating and drinking and the effect they had ir producing disease. His book "Airs, Water and Places" i:e considered a treatise on social medicine and hygiene. Thi Hippocratic concept of health and disease stressed the relation between man and his environment
- 28. Some of the sayings of Hippocrates later became favourites with physicians, such as "Life is short, the art (of medicine) long, opportunity fleeting, experience treacherous and judgement difficult", and "where there is love for mankind, there is love for the art of healing". His famous oath, the "Hippocratic oath" has become the keystone of medical ethics. It sets a high moral standard for the medical profession and demands absolute integrity of doctors.
- 34. Roman medicine