![Performance Growth
Unmatched by any other industry !
[John Crawford, Intel]
• Doubling every 18 months (1982-1996): 800x
– Cars travel at 44,000 mph and get 16,000 mpg
– Air travel: LA to NY in 22 seconds (MACH 800)
– Wheat yield: 80,000 bushels per acre
• Doubling every 24 months (1971-1996): 9,000x
– Cars travel at 600,000 mph, get 150,000 mpg
– Air travel: LA to NY in 2 seconds (MACH 9,000)
– Wheat yield: 900,000 bushels per acre](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lec00introduction-220803033312-e5f65624/85/introduction-to-computer-engineering-6-320.jpg)
![Technology
• Technology advances at astounding rate
– 19th century: attempts to build mechanical
computers
– Early 20th century: mechanical counting systems
(cash registers, etc.)
– Mid 20th century: vacuum tubes as switches
– Since: transistors, integrated circuits
• 1965: Moore’s law [Gordon Moore]
– Predicted doubling of capacity every 18 months
– Has held and will continue to hold
• Drives functionality, performance, cost
– Exponential improvement for 40 years](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lec00introduction-220803033312-e5f65624/85/introduction-to-computer-engineering-11-320.jpg)
introduction to computer engineering
- 1. Introduction to Computer Engineering ECE/CS 252, Fall 2008 Prof. Mikko Lipasti Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin – Madison
- 3. Computers! • Engineers and scientists of all disciplines rely on computers for many aspects of their work – Not just word processing, spreadsheets, CAD, etc. – Computational methods, data mining, analysis/synthesis are fundamental to advances in many fields • Many of the advanced techniques used in today’s microprocessors were invented right here at UW • Some of the most renowned computer design researchers in the world are on our faculty • There is a near-100% likelihood that a Wisconsin graduate helped design the computer or processor that you own
- 4. 1987 vs. 2008 System IBM PC/AT Nokia N95-4 Smartphone Year 1987 2008 Cost $2000 $699 (MSRP) Form factor ½ desktop Pocket CPU 12 MHz 80286 332MHz ARM Memory 512KB 128MB Storage 20MB hard disk, 1.2MB floppy 8+ GB Display 80x25 monochrome text 320x240 pixel color Peripherals Keyboard Camera, phone, web Connectivity 1200 baud dialup modem 3G, WiFi
- 5. $10 base; 60% growth Year Salary Comments 0 $10 Base 3 $40 Still live at home 16 $18K Buy car 21 $193K Buy median house in Madison 36 $223M Need fundamentally new ways to spend money 51 $2.5T Replace US Federal Government
- 6. Performance Growth Unmatched by any other industry ! [John Crawford, Intel] • Doubling every 18 months (1982-1996): 800x – Cars travel at 44,000 mph and get 16,000 mpg – Air travel: LA to NY in 22 seconds (MACH 800) – Wheat yield: 80,000 bushels per acre • Doubling every 24 months (1971-1996): 9,000x – Cars travel at 600,000 mph, get 150,000 mpg – Air travel: LA to NY in 2 seconds (MACH 9,000) – Wheat yield: 900,000 bushels per acre
- 7. This Course This course will: • Help you understand the significance and pervasiveness of computers in today’s society and economy • Teach you how computers really operate and how they are designed • Introduce you to concepts that students in the Computer Engineering and Computer Science degree programs learn in depth over four years • Prepare and motivate you for study in these degree programs (CMPE, EE, CS) • Counts towards GCR introduction to engineering requirement
- 8. Go Over Web Page http://ece252.ece.wisc.edu Instructor & TAs Textbook Lecture Notes Schedule LC-3 Simulator Grading Exams Homework
- 9. Course Outline • Prerequisite – none • Major topics in course – Introduction to computers and computing – Information representation and manipulation – Logic elements and combinational Logic – Sequential Logic and Memory – Simple computer organization, design and operation – Machine language and instruction set architecture – Assembly language – Programming constructs
- 10. Advice • Textbook – read BEFORE corresponding lecture • Homework – completed in study groups – Will reinforce in-class coverage – Will help you prepare for midterm exams • Study Groups – Groups of 3, should meet weekly, learn from each other – Review material, complete homework assignments – Each submitted homework should include consensus- based statement of work
- 11. Technology • Technology advances at astounding rate – 19th century: attempts to build mechanical computers – Early 20th century: mechanical counting systems (cash registers, etc.) – Mid 20th century: vacuum tubes as switches – Since: transistors, integrated circuits • 1965: Moore’s law [Gordon Moore] – Predicted doubling of capacity every 18 months – Has held and will continue to hold • Drives functionality, performance, cost – Exponential improvement for 40 years
- 12. Applications • Corollary to Moore’s Law: Cost halves every two years • Computers cost-effective for – National security – weapons design – Enterprise computing – banking – Departmental computing – computer-aided design – Personal computer – spreadsheets, email, web – Smartphone – camera, calendar, email, web, games – Pervasive computing – computers everywhere • Countless industries revolutionized
- 13. Some History Date Event Comments 1947 1st transistor Bell Labs 1958 1st IC Jack Kilby (MSEE ’50) @TI Winner of 2000 Nobel prize 1971 1st microprocessor Intel (calculator market) 1974 Intel 4004 2300 transistors 1978 Intel 8086 29K transistors 1989 Intel 80486 1M transistors 1995 Intel Pentium Pro 5.5M transistors 2006 Intel Montecito 1.7B transistors 201x IBM 50B transistors
- 14. Abstraction and Complexity • Abstraction helps us manage complexity • Complex interfaces – Specify what to do – Hide details of how Goal: Use abstractions yet still understand details Electronic circuits ECE340 Digital Design ECE/CS352 Computer Architecture ECE/CS552 Machine Language (ISA) ECE/CS354 Compiler CS536 Application Program CS302 Operating System CS537 Scope of this course
- 15. Computer As a Tool • Many computers today are embedded – Fixed functionality – Appliance-like – Not really programmable by end user • Not the focus of this course! – Instead, programmable computers • Embedded/appliance computers still programmed! – Learn to think of computer as a tool • Program? – Algorithm or set of steps that computer follows – Human brains wired to work this way
- 16. Additional Information • Resources for Special Help – McBurney Center – alternative testing or other arrangements – Course problem consultation: Prof. Lipasti – Broader problem consultation: advisor or counselor • Academic Misconduct – We really don’t expect it to happen – Please don’t disappoint us – Serious repercussions • Academic record, dismissal from university • Only hurting yourself and your future
- 17. Wrapping Up • Readings – Chapter 1: Welcome Aboard • Homework 1 – Due Friday 9/12 in class (next week) • Room changes, starting Friday: – Lec 001 (11am) meets in CS1240 – Lec 002 (8:50am) unchanged (EH1227) – Lec 003 (1:20pm) meets in CS1221