Dams and Hydraulic Structures
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This document provides an introduction to dams, including their historical development, classification, and key factors in site selection and design. It discusses how beavers inspired early dam construction and provides examples of some early dams from ancient civilizations. It also covers classification of dams based on purpose, materials, hydraulic action, structural action, and project size. Additionally, it discusses social issues related to dam construction like displacement and rehabilitation.
Dams and Hydraulic Structures
- 1. CHAPTER NO 1 INTRODUCTION TO DAMS Prof.Manjunath.B Sanjivani College of Engineering Kopargaon
- 2. UNIT- I SYLLABUS • Introduction • Historical development of dams • Different terms related to dams • Selection of site for dam • Factors governing selection of type of dam • Classification of dam: Based on Purpose, Project, Hydraulic action, Structural action. • Dams and Earthquake • Dams and social issues • Large dams Vs Small dam • Displacement and rehabilitation • Dams and climatic change
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Beavers – The generation of dam • Dams – Significance for the life • Dams- Worldwide • Dams – India • Dams - Maharashtra • ..BEAVER DAMHow_Beavers_Build_Dams___Leave_it _to_Beavers___PBS.mp4
- 4. Beaver Dam
- 5. Sadd el Kafara dam This is rubble masonry wall dam of ht 11m & length 107m was built by King Khufu during 2900 BC
- 6. Soloman Reservoir King Soloman constructed this reservoir in Judah to supply water to Jerusalem in 1098 BC
- 7. Almansa Gravity Dam Persian King Darlus constructed this dam on river Kur at Persepolis during 521 – 485 BC
- 8. Marib dam, Southern Arabia This dam of height 19m was constructed by King of sabeans in 1700 BC
- 9. Kalatala Tank This dam of Height 24 m and 6 Km long was constructed at Anuradhapura
- 10. Tissa Wewa Reservoir 307 BC
- 11. Alcantarilla Dam This dam is constructed in Spain in 2nd century BC after Roman arrival.
- 12. Proserpina Dam Roman constructed this 19m Ht & 427 m long dam near Merida during early 2nd Century
- 13. Subaico Dam Constructed by Emperor Nero in 1St century near Rome. 1st stone masonry dam
- 14. Bhojpur Lake , MP Raja Bhoj constructed this dam on Betwa River in 11th century . It has saddle spillway
- 15. Alicante dam 1st dam constructed in Spain in 1348 AD with rubble masonry . It is 14.6 m high.
- 16. Ferreol dam Earth dam of height 36m was constructed during 1667 - 1675
- 17. Meer Allum Dam, Hyderabad This dam od ht 12m & 762 m curved arch thick 2.6m was constructed in 1800
- 18. Roosevelt Dam Constructed on salt river located at North east , Phoenix. Ht 109m
- 19. Hoover Dam Built in 1930 it is concrete arch gravity dam that spans Colorado river . 221m high
- 20. Oroville Dam Earth fill embankment dam constructed on feather river at Oroville city, California, 230 m high.
- 21. Mauvoisin Dam, Switzerland World 2nd largest arch dam , 250m high .
- 22. Vajot dam Built across Vajot valley in 1961 at 262 m ht.
- 23. Tehri dam Multipurpose rock and earth filled embankment highest dam in India on Bhagirathi river. (260m)
- 24. Grande Dixence dam Concrete gravity dam on Dixence river, Switzerland at a ht 285m
- 25. Nurek Dam Earthfilled embankment dam on the Vakhsh river in Tajikistan & is 300m high
- 26. Rogun Dam Vakhsh river in Tajikistan
- 27. Tarbela dam Indus river, Pakistan , largest earth fill dam in the world, 2nd largest by structural volume of height 143m
- 28. Three Gorges Dam The world largest dam, China
- 29. Bhakra Dam Highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh
- 30. DAM • Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water. • Storage of water is utilized for following objectives: • Hydropower • Irrigation • Water for domestic consumption • Drought and flood control • For navigational facilities • Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
- 31. Factors governing selection of type of dam • Availabity of water • Foundation and geology • Watertight basin • Economic height • Less losses • Topography • Environmental considerations • Land acquisition and rehabilitation issues. • Earthquake zone • Site for spillway
- 34. Different terms related to dam • Dam: An obstruction built on a stream or a river to collect water behind it. • Reservoir: An artificial seasonal or permanent lake, that is created at the U/S of a dam and used for the purpose of Irrigation, Drinking, Land reclamation, Electricity generation, Fishing, Recreation and (or) Protection of towns from flood danger. • Catchment: The action of collecting water, especially the collection of rainfall over a natural drainage area. • Gorge: A narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with steep rocky walls and a stream running through it. • Width of dam: measured along the dam /foundation interface.
- 35. • Heel: Contact of dam with the ground on the upstream side. • Toe: Contact of dam on the downstream side. • Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest OR end support of the dam. • Galleries: Small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking operations. • Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry.
- 36. • Economic height of dam: The vertical distance from the lowest point of natural ground on the downstream side of the dam to the highest part of the dam which would impound the water at which overall cost of the dam is minimum. • Axis of dam: The horizontal centerline of a dam in the longitudinal direction. • Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the reservoir to downstream side • Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.
- 37. Classification of dam based on Purpose • Storage • Detention Coffer (Debris dam) • Diversion (Weir or barrage)
- 38. Classification of dam based on Material • Earth: Ex- Green Mountain dam, California Nagarjun Sagar (India) • Rock fill: Loose rocks and boulders are piled into the river bed. Ex: The salt springs dam in California • Solid masonry gravity dam • Hollow masonry gravity dam • Steel • Timber • R.C.C.
- 39. Classification of dam based on Hydraulic action • Overflow ( Non eroded material ) • Non Overflow • Rigid and Non rigid Dams : Those which are constructed of rigid materials like masonry, concrete, steel timber etc while non rigid dams are constructed of earth and rock fill material
- 40. Classification of dam based on Structural action. • Gravity • Embankment • Arch • Buttress
- 41. Classification of dam based on Size of project Sr. no Particulars Culturable command area (SqKm) Hydraulic head (m) Gross Storage capacity (Cum.Mm) 1 Minor Less than 20 7.5 to 12 0.5 to 10 2 Medium Greater than 20 & less than 100 12 to 30 10 to 60 3 Major Greater than 100 Grater than 30 Grater than 60
- 42. Dams and Earthquake • Springs dam (San Francisco, U.S.A) in 1906. • Pacoima dam (San Fernando) in 1971. • Hsinfengkiang dam (Canton, China) in 1962 • Koyana (lndia) in 1967 . • The reservoir induced seismicity is likely to be small that hardly it has a potential to cause tectonic movement of plates
- 43. Dams and social issues • Mulshi hydroelectric project in Maharashtra was opposed during 1920-1921 . • The Hirakund river valley project in Odisha also, faced protests in1957 . • Bhopalptanam (Chhattisgarh). • lnchampalli (Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh ) . • Bodhghat (Chhattisgarh) . • Sardar Sarovar project in Gujarat
- 44. Displacement and rehabilitation • Undervaluation of compensation. • Failure in acquiring alternate cultivable land. • Absence of advance and comprehensive planning for rehabilitation. • Traumatic, forced and delayed relocation. . • Problems at resettlement sites Multiple displacements. • Failure in providing alternative livelihood. • Lack of transparent, justifiable and comprehensive policy Lack of targeted efforts on economic, legal and cultural fronts