introduction to Data communication and networking

1.1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.2
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term
The term telecommunication
telecommunication means communication at a
means communication at a
distance. The word
distance. The word data
data refers to information presented
refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.
and using the data. Data communications
Data communications are the
are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
 Components of a data communications system
 Data Flow
Topics discussed in this section:

1.3
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

1.4
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.5
1-2 NETWORKS
1-2 NETWORKS
A
A network
network is a set of devices (often referred to as
is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes
nodes)
)
connected by communication
connected by communication links
links. A node can be a
. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
information.
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks

1.6
Network Criteria
 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

1.7
Physical Structures
 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

1.8
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.9
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.10
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.11
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.12
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.13
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.14
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.15
Categories of Networks
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

1.16
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.17
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.18
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.19
1-3 THE INTERNET
1-3 THE INTERNET
The
The Internet
Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

1.20
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

1.21
1-4 PROTOCOLS
1-4 PROTOCOLS
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of
rules that govern data communications. It determines
rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing
syntax, semantics and timing
 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

1.22
Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
 Semantics
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
 Timing
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is
being received.

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