INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LECTURE.ppt
- 2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT The scientific study of how people change and remain the same across the lifespan. It involves: Quantitative changes: improvements in height, age, weight Qualitative changes: improvements in speech, attitude, intelligence.
- 3. ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Physical development– changes in body structure and acquisition of motor skills. Perceptual development– changes in sensory capacities. Intellectual development– changes in thought processes. Personality and social development– changes in self-concept, interpersonal relations, and gender identity.
- 4. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT Takes place during the first 20 years of life Happens after 20 years of life Physical change and increase in size Increase in complexity of function and skill progression Measured quantitatively Measured qualitatively Varies during different stages Capacity and skill of a person to adapt to the environment Rapid during prenatal, neonatal, infancy and adolescence and slows down during childhood Behavioral aspect of growth Minimal during adulthood
- 5. THREE QUESTIONS ACROSS THEORIES ABOUT DEVELOPMENT What is the source of development? Nature (heredity) vs. Nurture (environment) What is the shape of development? Continuity vs. Discontinuity Timing: Is it too late? Critical and Earlier Periods vs. Later Experiences
- 6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT Development is lifelong. Development is multidimensional. Development is multidirectional. Relative influence of biology and culture shift over the lifespan. Development involves changing resource allocation. Development shows plasticity. Development is influenced by historical and cultural context.
- 7. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE MEIOSIS-- a cell division which produces gametes (sex cells) SEX CELLS– Sperm (male) Ovum/Ova (female)
- 8. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE SEX CELLS– Sperm (male) Ovum/Ova (female)
- 9. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE CHROMOSOMES -- X chromosomes (dominant) -- y chromosomes (recessive) GENES– true units of heredity DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)– code for genetic information
- 10. FERTILIZATION– union of sperm and ovum THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
- 11. FERTILIZATION– union of sperm and ovum THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
- 12. FERTILIZATION– union of sperm and ovum ZYGOTE– fertilized egg. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
- 13. MITOSIS– cell multiplication; zygote reproduces itself. XX– female Xy-- male THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
- 14. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES Mutation– process where genes become altered or damaged resulting to defective characteristics. Inherited Diseases Maternal Diseases Teratogens– harmful external substances like drugs, alcohol, etc., that may invade the womb and may result in defects or severe damage at birth.
- 15. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21– distinctive physical appearance and retarded intellectual growth.
- 16. DOWN SYNDROME OR TRISOMY 21
- 17. MULTIPLE BIRTHS Identical Twins– monozygotic twins
- 18. Fraternal Twins– dizygotic twins MULTIPLE BIRTHS
- 19. Siamese Twins– incomplete separation of two masses of cells. MULTIPLE BIRTHS
- 20. Traits that are controlled by the genes found in the chromosomes. Genes in the X chromosome control virtually all these sex-linked traits since the y chromosome is small and carries few genes. SEX-LINKED TRAITS
- 21. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES 1. PRENATAL Germinal Stage Embryonic Stage Fetal Stage 2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (0-3 years) 3. Early Childhood (3-6 years) 4. Middle Childhood (6-11 years) 5. Adolescence (11-20 years) 6. Young Adulthood (20-40 Years) 7. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years) 8. Late Adulthood (65 years above)
- 24. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- PRENATAL Period of development before birth or gestation. Divided into three substages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages. Germinal Stage (fertilization-2 weeks)– cell division continues then the cells are developed into a blastocyst, which is made up of three layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Ectoderm– skin and nervous system Endoderm– digestive and respiratory system. Mesoderm– muscle and skeletal system.
- 25. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- PRENATAL Divided into three substages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages. Embryonic Stage ( 2-12 weeks)– placenta and umbilical cord develops; basic outlines of the organ, body, and nervous system are established; beginnings of features such as fingers, eyes, mouth, and ears become visible; pregnancy is critical. Fetal Stage (12 weeks-birth)– neural tube develops into brain and spinal cord and neurons form; sex organ begins to appear.
- 26. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- INFANCY, BABYHOOD, TODDLERHOOD (0-3 YEARS) Physical Development: complex development of the brain; rapid development of physical features and body mass Perceptual Development: prefer anything sweet and can discriminate scent. Intellectual: they gain knowledge using their senses Psychosocial: attachment to parents
- 27. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-EARLY CHILDHOOD 3-6 YEARS OLD) Physical Development: Handedness appears; appearance becomes slender Perceptual Development: prefer anything sweet and can discriminate scent. Intellectual: egocentric thinking develops then later on begin to acknowledge other’s opinion; memory and language improves Psychosocial: they become independent; helping, aggression, and fearfulness becomes common.
- 28. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 6-11 YEARS OLD) Physical Development: Growth gap takes place but strength increases Perceptual Development: preference develops Intellectual: overcomes egocentricism and thinks logically and concretely; developed learning skills but needs to be improved for some Psychosocial: developed sense of self; peers becomes the center of their interest.
- 29. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-ADOLESCENCE11- 20 YEARS OLD) Physical Development: development of secondary sex characteristics Perceptual Development: preference develops Intellectual: thinks abstractly and scientifically Psychosocial: search for identity; peer influence becomes an issue
- 30. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-YOUNG ADULTHOOD20-40 YEARS OLD) Physical Development: growth spurt stops but physical prowess is at its peak; however, it will gradually decline; becomes more health conscious Perceptual Development: preference develops Intellectual: mental abilities are at its peak Psychosocial: formation of intimate relationship; occupational choices are made and taken
- 31. HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES Cognitive Theory of Development (Jean Piaget)– explains how we acquire knowledge. Moral Reasoning Stages of Development (Lawrence Kohlberg)– explains how we learn to form and use moral judgment . Psychosexual Theory of Development (Sigmund Freud)– explains how personality develops. Psychosocial Theory of Development (Erik Erikson)– explains how we learn to adapt to our environment as we relate to people and as our environment meet our emotional needs.
- 32. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-LATE ADULTHOOD65 YEARS OLD & ABOVE) Physical Development: physical prowess and health declines Perceptual Development: sensory abilities declines Intellectual: mental abilities are gradually declining for some Psychosocial: search for legacy, life’s meaniing, importance of family and support, coping with death becomes the focus.
- 33. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-LATE ADULTHOOD65 YEARS OLD & ABOVE) Physical Development: physical prowess and health declines Perceptual Development: sensory abilities declines Intellectual: mental abilities are gradually declining for some Psychosocial: search for legacy, life’s meaniing, importance of family and support, coping with death becomes the focus.
Editor's Notes
- #7: Lifelong—every period is important..the past affects the future Multidimensional– different rates; interaction of biological, psychological and social. Multidirectional– several directions that can either provide growth or deficiency in some aspects. Relative influence- biological abilities which are weakened can be reinforced by cultural aspects Resource allocations—invest on development Plasticity—improve with training and practice