INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
- 1. 1 KMJ26403 HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING MRS SITI KAMARIAH BT MD SA’AT FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, UNIMAP sitikamariah@unimap.edu.my
- 2. 2 Course synopsis This course introduces principles of surface water hydrology and their applications in water resources engineering. These include descriptive and quantitative applications of the hydrologic cycle, weather system, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, surface and subsurface waters, stream flow hydrographs and flood routing. The course also covers applications of hydrologic and frequency analysis with respect to basic water management design procedure with emphases on earth embankments, reservoir and flood design. The use of water in agriculture especially in irrigation and water quality management are also introduces in this course.
- 3. 3 Course Outcomes At the end of the course, students are expected to have: Course Outcome Level of Complexity Program Outcomes CO1 Ability to analyse the components of hydrologic cycle and concept of watershed in solving problem in agricultural engineering. C4 PO1 CO2 Ability to assess hydrological data to solve problems in water budget and hydrological gain and loss. C5 PO2 CO3 Ability to design solution on problem based on hydrology for unit hydrograph, frequency analysis, flood routing, and flood management and irrigation. C6 PO11 CO4 Ability to use the hydrologic analyses techniques in hydrological components measurement P4 PO5
- 4. 4 Text/Reference Books Subramaya K.(2008),Engineering Hydrology, 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill,New York,N.Y (Textbook) Bedient B. P; Huber W.C and Vieux B.E,. (2008) Hydrology & Floodplain Analysis, 4th Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DID. (2000), Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, DID, Malaysia V.T. Chow, D.R. Maidment and L.W. Mays (1988,) Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill
- 5. 5 Laboratory 42 hours lecture- 2 + 1 8 hours laboratory – Start week 6 (after hari raya) Conducted by En Mohd Sani Jamailudin No. Title / Topic 1 Measurement and analysis of Evaporation 2 Measurement and analysis of Evapotranspiration, ET 3 Measurement and determination of rainfall – runoff relationship 4 Stream gauging by area-velocity method using current meter/or float device (Open ended lab)
- 6. 6 Course Assessment Final Examination = 50% Test = 20% (2 Test) Assignments = 10% (3 Assignment) Design Project = 10% Lab Report = 10% (4 Lab) Total 100%
- 7. 7 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PRINCIPLES
- 8. 8 What is hydrology? From Greek word “hudor” means water and “logy” means research. The science dealing with all aspects of the waters of the Earth. Water is essential for all living things. It also participates in the physical and geochemical evolution of most nonliving matter on Earth Its adequate supply is a key factor for urban, agricultural, and industrial development
- 9. 9 What is hydrology? Deals with occurence,circulation, storange and distribution of surface and ground water on earth Relates to water quality and quantity Hydrologic cycle and process Water resources management To solve human problem related to water such as flood, water supply
- 10. 10 Application of hydrology Study the water balance of a region & the agricultural water balance Predicting flood, landslide and drought risk Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning Designing irrigation schemes & managing agricultural productivity Providing drinking water Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation Designing bridges Designing sewers and urban drainage system Predicting of erosion or sedimentation. Assessing the impacts of natural & environmental change on water resources Assessing contaminant transport risk
- 11. 11 Flood event in Malaysia
- 12. 12 Drought event
- 14. Dam/Resevoir
- 15. 15 Dam Pedu Dam Timah Tasoh Dam
- 16. 16 Problems in Hydrology Extreme weather and rainfall variation Streamflow and major flood devastation River routing and hydraulic conditions Overall water supply - local and global scales Flow and hydraulics in pipes, streams and channels Flood control and drought measures Watershed management for urban development
- 17. 17 Importance of water The most important resources after oxygen. Minimum requirement for human= 1.5L/d Household usage. Average usage 225 L/d/person Agriculture application- Mostly for irrigation Plants also need water for photosynthesis and nutrient transport Human civilization such as Nile River, Hwang Ho River, Klang River Recreation Industrial applications
- 18. 18 What percent of the Earth’s total volume of water is stored in the atmosphere? 0.001% Water vapor Clouds (water vapor condensed on particulate)
- 19. Total water in the world = 1.36 x 1018 m3
- 20. 20 The global water inventory The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) estimates the global, accessible freshwater supply to be about 200 000 km3 (Marshall, 2013)
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- 22. 22 Seasonal variability in available water supply Source: WRI (2019). Note: Seasonal variability measures the average within-year variability of available water supply, including both renewable surface and groundwater supplies. Higher values indicate wider variations of available supply within a year. Global Water Availability
- 23. 23 Available water resource: Malaysia Total available water: 630 km3/year Surface water: 566 bil. m3/year (90%) Groundwater: 64 bil. m/3year (10%) Major water uses: irrigation, domestic & industrial water supplies. Irrigation: consumes 70% of the total surface water used.
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- 25. 25 Water Use by sector Consumptive use Potable water Domestic Industrial Commercial Institutional Agricultural Water Irrigated paddy Non-paddy crops (oil palm, rubber, fruits, flowers, vegetables) Livestock Fisheries/Aquacultures Non-consumptive use Hydropower Recreation Eco-tourism
- 26. 26 Global Water Supply/ Withdrawal Agriculture currently accounts for 69% of global water withdrawals, which are mainly used for irrigation but also include water used for livestock and aquaculture. This ratio can reach up to 95% in some developing countries (FAO, 2011). Industry (including energy and power generation) accounts for 19%, while municipalities are responsible for the remaining 12%. Source: AQUASTAT (2010)
- 27. 27 Groundwater Resources Ground water occurs only close to the surface (a few miles down) Density of soil/rock increases with depth The weight of the rocks above condense the rocks below and squeeze out the open pore spaces deeper in the Earth
- 29. Hydrologic cycle
- 30. 30 Lets look into the video…
- 31. 31 Major Hydrologic Cycle Processes Precipitation Evaporation or Evapotranspiration (ET) (loss to atmosphere) Infiltration (loss to subsurface soils) Overland flow (sheet flow toward nearest stream) Streamflow Ground water flow and well
- 33. a- Evaporation due to the heat energy provided by solar radiation. b- Water vapor moves upward and forms clouds. c- Clouds condense and fall back to the oceans as a rain d- Part of cloud is driven to the land e- Cloud condense and precipitate to the land as a rain f- Part of the precipitation may evaporate back to the atmosphere. g- Another part of the precipitation may be intercepted by vegetation. h- The remaining part may be evaporate it back to the atmosphere or move down to the ground surface. i- A portion of the water that reaches the ground enters the earths surface through infiltration, enhancing the moisture content of the soil. J- Vegetation sends a portion of the water from under the ground surface back to the atmosphere through the process of transpiration. K- Portion of the precipitation by different paths above and below the surface of the earth reaches the stream channel is called runoff Once it enters the stream channel , runoff becomes stream flow.
- 36. 36 Precipitation The vapor that accumulates or freezes on condensation nuclei is acted on by gravity and falls to Earth’s surface. rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail Primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth
- 37. 37 What two processes change liquid water into vapor that can ascend into the atmosphere? •Evaporation •Transpiration 90% 10% What percent of the water in the atmosphere comes from evaporation?
- 38. 38 Evaporation •The process by which liquid water is transformed into a gaseous state •Evaporation into a gas ceases when the gas reaches saturation
- 39. 39 Evaporation v. Precipitation About equal on a global scale Evaporation more prevalent over the oceans than precipitation Over land, precipitation exceeds evaporation Most water evaporated from the oceans falls back into the ocean as precipitation 10% of water evaporated from the ocean is transported over land and falls as precipitation Once evaporated, a water molecule spends ~ 10 days airborne
- 40. 40 (Stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves that are connected to vascular plant tissues.) •passive process that depends on: ~humidity of the atmosphere ~the moisture content of the soil •only 1 % of the water transpired used for growth •transports nutrients from the soil into the roots and carries them to the various cells of the plant •keeps tissues from becoming overheated Transpiration The process of water loss from plants through stomata.
- 41. 41 Surface runoff Surface runoff Drains to a creek To a stream To a river To an ocean Rarely runoff drains to a closed lake May be diverted for human uses
- 42. 42 Meteorological factors affecting surface runoff Type of precipitation Rainfall intensity Rainfall amount Rainfall duration Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin Direction of storm movement Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil moisture Meteorological conditions that affect evapotranspiration
- 43. 43 Physical characteristics affecting surface runoff Land use Vegetation Soil type Drainage area Basin shape Elevation Topography, especially the slope of the land Drainage network patterns Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc. in the basin, which prevent or delay runoff from continuing downstream
- 44. 44 Human factors affecting surface runoff Urbanization -- more impervious surfaces reduce infiltration and accelerate water motion Removal of vegetation and soil -- surface grading, artificial drainage networks increases volume of runoff and shortens runoff time to streams from rainfall and snowmelt
- 45. 45 Groundwater begins as INFILTRATION Precipitation falls and infiltrates into the subsurface soil and rock •Can remain in shallow soil layer •Might seep into a stream bank •May infiltrate deeper, recharging an aquifer •May travel long distances •May stay in storage as ground water