Introduction to instruction set. new course
- 1. Introduction The process of writing program for the microcontroller mainly consists of giving instructions (commands) in the specific order in which they should be executed in order to carry out a specific task. As electronics cannot “understand” what for example an instruction “if the push button is pressed- turn the light on” means, then a certain number of simpler and precisely defined orders that decoder can recognise must be used. All commands are known as INSTRUCTION SET. All microcontrollers compatibile with the 8051 have in total of 255 instructions, i.e. 255 different words available for program writing. At first sight, it is imposing number of odd signs that must be known by heart. However, It is not so complicated as it looks like. Many instructions are considered to be “different”, even though they perform the same operation, so there are only 111 truly different commands. For example: ADD A,R0, ADD A,R1, ... ADD A,R7 are instructions that perform the same operation (additon of the accumulator and register). Since there are 8 such registers, each instruction is counted separately. Taking into account that all instructions perform only 53 operations (addition, subtraction, copy etc.) and most of them are rarely used in practice, there are actually 20-30 abbreviations to be learned, which is acceptable. 3.1 Types of instructions Depending on operation they perform, all instructions are divided in several groups: Arithmetic Instructions Branch Instructions Data Transfer Instructions Logic Instructions Bit-oriented Instructions The first part of each instruction, called MNEMONIC refers to the operation an instruction performs (copy, addition, logic operation etc.). Mnemonics are abbreviations of the name of operation being executed. For example: INC R1 - Means: Increment register R1 (increment register R1); LJMP LAB5 - Means: Long Jump LAB5 (long jump to the address marked as LAB5); JNZ LOOP - Means: Jump if Not Zero LOOP (if the number in the accumulator is not 0, jump to the address marked as LOOP); The other part of instruction, called OPERAND is separated from mnemonic by at least one whitespace and defines data being processed by instructions. Some of the instructions have no operand, while some of them have one, two or three. If there is more than one operand in an instruction, they are separated by a comma. For example: RET - return from a subroutine; JZ TEMP - if the number in the accumulator is not 0, jump to the address marked as TEMP; ADD A,R3 - add R3 and accumulator;
- 2. CJNE A,#20,LOOP - compare accumulator with 20. If they are not equal, jump to the address marked as LOOP; Arithmetic instructions Arithmetic instructions perform several basic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication etc. After execution, the result is stored in the first operand. For example: ADD A,R1 - The result of addition (A+R1) will be stored in the accumulator. ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS Mnemonic Description Byte Cycle ADD A,Rn Adds the register to the accumulator 1 1 ADD A,direct Adds the direct byte to the accumulator 2 2 ADD A,@Ri Adds the indirect RAM to the accumulator 1 2 ADD A,#data Adds the immediate data to the accumulator 2 2 ADDC A,Rn Adds the register to the accumulator with a carry flag 1 1 ADDC A,direct Adds the direct byte to the accumulator with a carry flag 2 2 ADDC A,@Ri Adds the indirect RAM to the accumulator with a carry flag 1 2 ADDC A,#data Adds the immediate data to the accumulator with a carry flag 2 2 SUBB A,Rn Subtracts the register from the accumulator with a borrow 1 1 SUBB A,direct Subtracts the direct byte from the accumulator with a borrow 2 2 SUBB A,@Ri Subtracts the indirect RAM from the accumulator with a borrow 1 2 SUBB A,#data Subtracts the immediate data from the accumulator with a borrow 2 2 INC A Increments the accumulator by 1 1 1 INC Rn Increments the register by 1 1 2 INC Rx Increments the direct byte by 1 2 3 INC @Ri Increments the indirect RAM by 1 1 3 DEC A Decrements the accumulator by 1 1 1 DEC Rn Decrements the register by 1 1 1 DEC Rx Decrements the direct byte by 1 1 2 DEC @Ri Decrements the indirect RAM by 1 2 3 INC DPTR Increments the Data Pointer by 1 1 3 MUL AB Multiplies A and B 1 5 DIV AB Divides A by B 1 5 DA A Decimal adjustment of the accumulator according to BCD code 1 1 Branch Instructions There are two kinds of branch instructions: Unconditional jump instructions: upon their execution a jump to a new location from where the program continues execution is executed.
- 3. Conditional jump instructions: a jump to a new program location is executed only if a specified condition is met. Otherwise, the program normally proceeds with the next instruction. BR AN CH INS TRU C TIONS Mnemonic Description Byte Cycle ACALL addr11 Absolute subroutine call 2 6 LCALL addr16 Long subroutine call 3 6 RET Returns from subroutine 1 4 RETI Returns from interrupt subroutine 1 4 AJMP addr11 Absolute jump 2 3 LJMP addr16 Long jump 3 4 SJMP rel Short jump (from –128 to +127 locations relative to the following instruction) 2 3 JC rel Jump if carry flag is set. Short jump. 2 3 JNC rel Jump if carry flag is not set. Short jump. 2 3 JB bit,rel Jump if direct bit is set. Short jump. 3 4 JBC bit,rel Jump if direct bit is set and clears bit. Short jump. 3 4 JMP @A+DPTR Jump indirect relative to the DPTR 1 2 JZ rel Jump if the accumulator is zero. Short jump. 2 3 JNZ rel Jump if the accumulator is not zero. Short jump. 2 3 CJNE A,direct,rel Compares direct byte to the accumulator and jumps if not equal. Short jump. 3 4 CJNE A,#data,rel Compares immediate data to the accumulator and jumps if not equal. Short jump. 3 4 CJNE Rn,#data,rel Compares immediate data to the register and jumps if not equal. Short jump. 3 4 CJNE @Ri,#data,rel Compares immediate data to indirect register and jumps if not equal. Short jump. 3 4 DJNZ Rn,rel Decrements register and jumps if not 0. Short jump. 2 3 DJNZ Rx,rel Decrements direct byte and jump if not 0. Short jump. 3 4 NOP No operation 1 1 Data Transfer Instructions Data transfer instructions move the content of one register to another. The register the content of which is moved remains unchanged. If they have the suffix “X” (MOVX), the data is exchanged with external memory. DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS Mnemonic Description Byte Cycle MOV A,Rn Moves the register to the accumulator 1 1 MOV A,direct Moves the direct byte to the accumulator 2 2 MOV A,@Ri Moves the indirect RAM to the accumulator 1 2 MOV A,#data Moves the immediate data to the accumulator 2 2 MOV Rn,A Moves the accumulator to the register 1 2 MOV Rn,direct Moves the direct byte to the register 2 4 MOV Rn,#data Moves the immediate data to the register 2 2 MOV direct,A Moves the accumulator to the direct byte 2 3 MOV direct,Rn Moves the register to the direct byte 2 3
- 4. MOV direct,direct Moves the direct byte to the direct byte 3 4 MOV direct,@Ri Moves the indirect RAM to the direct byte 2 4 MOV direct,#data Moves the immediate data to the direct byte 3 3 MOV @Ri,A Moves the accumulator to the indirect RAM 1 3 MOV @Ri,direct Moves the direct byte to the indirect RAM 2 5 MOV @Ri,#data Moves the immediate data to the indirect RAM 2 3 MOV DPTR,#data Moves a 16-bit data to the data pointer 3 3 MOVC A,@A+DPTR Moves the code byte relative to the DPTR to the accumulator (address=A+DPTR) 1 3 MOVC A,@A+PC Moves the code byte relative to the PC to the accumulator (address=A+PC) 1 3 MOVX A,@Ri Moves the external RAM (8-bit address) to the accumulator 1 3-10 MOVX A,@DPTR Moves the external RAM (16-bit address) to the accumulator 1 3-10 MOVX @Ri,A Moves the accumulator to the external RAM (8-bit address) 1 4-11 MOVX @DPTR,A Moves the accumulator to the external RAM (16-bit address) 1 4-11 PUSH direct Pushes the direct byte onto the stack 2 4 POP direct Pops the direct byte from the stack/td> 2 3 XCH A,Rn Exchanges the register with the accumulator 1 2 XCH A,direct Exchanges the direct byte with the accumulator 2 3 XCH A,@Ri Exchanges the indirect RAM with the accumulator 1 3 XCHD A,@Ri Exchanges the low-order nibble indirect RAM with the accumulator 1 3 Logic Instructions Logic instructions perform logic operations upon corresponding bits of two registers. After execution, the result is stored in the first operand. LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS Mnemonic Description Byte Cycle ANL A,Rn AND register to accumulator 1 1 ANL A,direct AND direct byte to accumulator 2 2 ANL A,@Ri AND indirect RAM to accumulator 1 2 ANL A,#data AND immediate data to accumulator 2 2 ANL direct,A AND accumulator to direct byte 2 3 ANL direct,#data AND immediae data to direct register 3 4 ORL A,Rn OR register to accumulator 1 1 ORL A,direct OR direct byte to accumulator 2 2 ORL A,@Ri OR indirect RAM to accumulator 1 2 ORL direct,A OR accumulator to direct byte 2 3 ORL direct,#data OR immediate data to direct byte 3 4 XRL A,Rn Exclusive OR register to accumulator 1 1 XRL A,direct Exclusive OR direct byte to accumulator 2 2 XRL A,@Ri Exclusive OR indirect RAM to accumulator 1 2 XRL A,#data Exclusive OR immediate data to accumulator 2 2 XRL direct,A Exclusive OR accumulator to direct byte 2 3
- 5. XORL direct,#data Exclusive OR immediate data to direct byte 3 4 CLR A Clears the accumulator 1 1 CPL A Complements the accumulator (1=0, 0=1) 1 1 SWAP A Swaps nibbles within the accumulator 1 1 RL A Rotates bits in the accumulator left 1 1 RLC A Rotates bits in the accumulator left through carry 1 1 RR A Rotates bits in the accumulator right 1 1 RRC A Rotates bits in the accumulator right through carry 1 1 Bit-oriented Instructions Similar to logic instructions, bit-oriented instructions perform logic operations. The difference is that these are performed upon single bits. BIT-ORIENTED INSTRUCTION S Mnemonic Description Byte Cycle CLR C Clears the carry flag 1 1 CLR bit Clears the direct bit 2 3 SETB C Sets the carry flag 1 1 SETB bit Sets the direct bit 2 3 CPL C Complements the carry flag 1 1 CPL bit Complements the direct bit 2 3 ANL C,bit AND direct bit to the carry flag 2 2 ANL C,/bit AND complements of direct bit to the carry flag 2 2 ORL C,bit OR direct bit to the carry flag 2 2 ORL C,/bit OR complements of direct bit to the carry flag 2 2 MOV C,bit Moves the direct bit to the carry flag 2 2 MOV bit,C Moves the carry flag to the direct bit Next Lecture______________________________________12-12-12 Data Transfer Instructions Data Transfer within the microcontroller takes place between working register W (called accumulator) and a register which represents any location of internal RAM regardless of whether it is about special function or general purpose registers. First three instructions move literal to W register (MOVLW stands for move Literal to W), move data from W register to RAM and from RAM to W register (or to the same RAM location with change on flag Z only). Instruction CLRF clears f register, whereas CLRW clears W register. SWAPF instruction swaps nibbles within f register (one nibble contains four bits).
- 6. Arithmetic-logic Instructions Similar to most microcontrollers, PIC supports only two arithmetic instructions- addition and subtraction. Flags C, DC, Z are automatically set depending on the results of addition or subtraction. The only exception is the flag C. Since subtraction is performed as addition with negative value, the flag C is inverted after subtraction. It means that the flag C is set if it is possible to perform operation and cleared if the larger number is subtracted from smaller one. Logic one (1) of the PIC is able to perform operations AND, OR, EX-OR, inverting (COMF) and rotation (RLF and RRF). Instructions which rotate a register actually rotate its bits through the flag C by one bit left (toward bit 7) or right (toward bit 0). The bit shifted from the register is moved to the flag C which is automatically moved to the bit on the opposite side of the register. Bit-oriented Instructions Instructions BCF and BSF clear or set any bit in memory. Although it seems to be a simple operation, it is not like that. CPU first reads the entire byte, changes one its bit and rewrites the whole byte to the same location. Program Control Instructions The PIC16F887 executes instructions GOTO, CALL, RETURN in the same way as all other microcontrollers do. A difference is that stack is independent from internal RAM and has 8 levels. The „RETLW k‟ instruction is identical to RETURN instruction, with exception that a constant defined by instruction operand is written to the W register prior to return from subroutine. This instruction enables Lookup tables to be easily created by creating a table as a subroutine consisting of „RETLWk„ instructions, where the literals „k‟ belong to the table. The next step is to write the position of the literals k (0, 1, 2, 3...n) to W register and call the subroutine (table) using the CALL instruction. Table below consists of the following literals: k0, k1, k2...kn. Main movlw 2 ;write number 2 to accumulator call Lookup ;jump to the lookup table Lookup addwf PCL,f ;add accumulator and program cur ;rent address (PCL) retlw k0 ;return from subroutine (accumulator contains k0) retlw kn ;return from subroutine (accumulator contains kn)
- 7. The first line of the subroutine ( instruction ADDWF PCL,f )simply adds a literal "k" from W register and table start address which is stored in the PCL register. The result is real data address in program memory. Upon return from the subroutine, the W register will contain the addressed literal k. In this case, it is the "k2" literal. RETFIE (RETurn From IntErrupt) represents a return from interrupt routine. In contrast to the RETURN instruction, it may automatically set the GIE bit (Global Interrupt Enable). When an interrupt occurs this bit is automatically cleared. Only the program counter is pushed to the stack, which means that there is no auto save of registers‟ status and the current status either. The problem is solved by saving status of all important registers at the beginning of interrupt routine. These values are retrieved to these registers immediately before leaving the interrupt routine. Conditional jumps are executed by two instructions: BTFSC and BTFSS. Depending on the state of bit being tested in the „f‟ register, the following instruction will be skipped or not. Instruction Execution Time All instructions are single-cycle instructions. The only exception may be conditional branch instructions (if condition is met) or instructions being executed upon the program counter. In both cases, two cycles are required for instruction execution where the second cycle is executed as a NOP (No Operation). A single-cycle instruction consists of four clock cycles. If 4MHz oscillator is used, a nominal time for instruction execution is 1µS. In case of jump, the instruction execution time is 2µS.