Introduction to Microbiology

MICROBIOLOGY
Dr Muneeb Muhammed Ali
Nethaji College,Manglore
1Dr Muneeb Muhammed Ali

 Microbiology is the science of living organism that are
only visible under the microscope
 -micro=tiny, -bio=alive, -logy=science
 In general; we call this part of the science : Microbiology
and the organisms called Microorganisms
 These microorganisms are widley distributed in nature
and some of them are beneficial to man and some of
them are harmful (pathogenic; cause diseaes).

 Medical microbiology deals with the causative agents
of infectious disease of man,his reaction to such
infection,the ways in which they produce disease and
the methods for their diagnosis

Some Facts about microbes
 There are > 5 x 1030 types Microbes in the world

 •Humans have intimate relation with Microbes > 90%
of the cells in our Body are Microbes
 Your body has more microbial cells than human cells

 Atleast 1200 different types of bacteria live in your
mouth.most are either benign or protect you from
infection,but some are bad and cause tooth decay bad
breath and gum disease
 And no two people have the exact same mix of
microbes

 The harmful microbes (agents) called pathogens
 Thus; the agents of human infecious diseases belong
to 5 major groups:
 1- Viruses
 2- Bacteria
 3- Fungi
 4- Protozoa
 5- Helminths

FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

FATHER OF ANTISEPTIC SURGERY
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

FATHER OF CHEMOTHERAPY
PAUL EHRLICH (1854-1915)

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
 Medical microbiology deals with the causative agents of
infectious disease of man,his reaction to such infection,the
ways in which they produce disease and the methods for
their diagnosis
 --DR CP BAVEJA
 Microbiology is a science which deals with organisms
which cause infectious disease in humans,mechanism of
sdisease causation,the host response to such infections and
different methods available for diagnosis
 --Dr suchitra Shenoy

Louis Pasteur He was trained chemist of france
 His studies on fermentation led him to take interest in
microbiology. He established that fermentation was
caused by microbial agents
 Important Contributions:-
 Development of methods and technique of
bacteriology
 Proved coclusively that all forms of life,even
microbes ,arose only from their like and do not de
novo

LOUIS PASTEUR:How a BEER saved
the world

Why does beer sometimes spoil?
 He made a discovery that beer is alive with large
round yeast cells he spotted something smaller
 Pasteur has discovered bacteria and he concluded
that bacteria causing spoilage
 Next he asked himself simple but brilliant
question, if bactereia could make beer sick,could
they do samething to the people

 Intoduced sterilisation techniques and development of
steam sterilizer,
 autoclave and hot air oven
 Studies on anthrax,chicken cholera amd
hydrophobia….during studies on rabies,though
pasteur could not isolate any mirorganism from man
and dog,he suggested that the causative agent is too
small to be seen by microscope
 Live Vaccine:chicken cholera,anthrax

 Pasteur also had to face challenges from pouchet who
was a proponent of sponatneous generation theory.
pasteur disproved the view by demonstrating the
ubiquity of microorganisms in the air by his
experiments performed in swan necked flasks
 Pasteurs development of a vaccine for hydrophobia
marked a mile stone inimmunisation of medicine

Spontaneous generation
Is an obsolete body of thought on the
ordinary formation of living
organisms without decents from
similar organisms.typically the idea
was the certain forms such as fleas
could arise from matter such as dust
and maggots arise from dead flesh
Louis pasteur designed an experiment
to test whether sterile nutrient broath
could spontaneously generate
microbial life
Dust particles----cloudy -----microbial life

ROBERT KOCH
He was a german general practitioner
Contributions:-
Perfected bacteriological techniques and intoduced
methods for isolation of pure strains of bacteria
Introduced methods of obtaining bacteria in pure
cultures using solid media
Introduced staining techniques
Discovered anthrax bacillus ,tubercle bacillus,and
cholera vibrios

KOCH’S POSTULATES:-
According to koch’s postulates a microorganism can be accepted as
the causative agent of an infectious disease only if the following
conditions are fulfilled
 The organism shoud be constantly associated with
the lesion of the disease
 It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure
culture from the lesion of the disease
 The isolated organism when inoculated in suitable
laboratory animals shoukd be produce a similar
disease
 It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in
pure culture from the lesions produced in
experimental animals

An additional criterion intoduced subsequently requires
that specific antibodies to the organisms should be
demonstrable in the serum of the patient
These postulates have proved to be usefull in confirming
doubtfull claims made regarding the causative agents of
infectious disease
An important example of not fullfillimg the Koch’s
postulates is LEPRA BACILLUS

KOCH’S PHENOMENON:-
Koch observed that guinae pigs already infected
with tubercle bacillus responded with an
exaggerated inflamatory response when injected
with tubercle bacillus or its protein.This
hypersensitivity reaction is called KOCH’S
PHENOMENON

PAUL EHLRICH
German Scientist
Contributions:-
Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their
functions
Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus
Proposed side chain theory of antibody production
Dicovered Salvarsan an arsenical compound {magic
bullet}.it was capable of destroying spirochaetes of
syphilis.Later he discovered Neosalvarsan and thus created a
new branch of medicine known as chemotherapy
Introduced methods of standardising toxin and toxin

JOSEPH LISTER
He was a professor of surgery
He applied Pastuers work and introduced
antiseptic techniques in surgery (1867)
Effecting a pronounced drop in mortality
and morbidity due to surgical sepsis
His antiseptic surgery involved the use of
carbolic acid

IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Nurses play an important role in collection,labelling
transportation of specimens to the laboratary,if proper
precautions are taken in collection anmd transport of
clinical specimes,it results in quality examination and
appropriate reporting and thus contributes in proper
patient care
Health care associated infections or nosocomial
infection are of great concern in hospitals they can help in
prevention of nosocomial infections by providing sterile
instruments,dressings,surgical gloves face masks and
implementing hand hygiene after any procedure involving
care of the patiemt

Microbiology helps in basic understanding of
sterilization and disinfection procedures
Maintanance of vaccines is another aspect which
nurses may contribute with the help of
microbiology
Microbiology helps to understand about various
microrganisms

QUESTIONS:-
1. DEFINE MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
2. JOSEPH LISTER
3. LOUIS PASTEUR
4. ROBERT KOCH
5. KOCHS POSTULATES
6. KOCH PHENOMENON
7. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY

THANK YOU

Introduction to Microbiology

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Introduction to Microbiology