Introduction to mycorrhiza
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This document discusses mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhiza as a fungus-root association and explains that the fungus provides minerals to the plant while the plant provides carbon to the fungus. The document then classifies mycorrhizal relationships into different types, including endomycorrhiza (arbuscular mycorrhiza), ectomycorrhiza, monotropoid mycorrhiza, arbutoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza, and ericoid mycorrhiza. Each type is defined based on the fungal partner involved and morphological features of the association.
Introduction to mycorrhiza
- 2. What is Mycorrhiza? Albert Bernhard Frank (1885) – Germam botanist- Mycorrhiza from Greek “mukes +rhiza” means “fungus+ root”. Mycorrhiza- Most important type of symbiotic plant-fungus association (Lewis-1985) •movement of nutrients - carbon flows to the fungus and inorganic nutrients move to the plant •mycorrhizas normally occur in roots, primary role of mycorrhizas is the transfer of mineral nutrients from fungus to plant.
- 3. Cont… • Mycorrhizas require synchronized plant-fungus development, since hyphae only colonized young roots Present in 90% of plants (83% Dicots, 79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms). Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae- do not have mycorrhizal associations (10-20%).
- 4. Benefits of Mycorrhizae Produce more vigorous and healthy plants Increase plant establishment and survival at seedling or transplanting, Enhance flowering and fruiting, Increase yields and crop quality, Improve drought tolerance, allowing watering reduction, Optimize fertilizers use, especially phosphorus, increase tolerance to soil salinity, Reduce disease occurrence, Contribute to maintain soil quality and nutrient cycling, contribute to control soil erosion.
- 6. Classification of Mycorrhiza Based on tropic level by A.B. Frank Ectotropic Mycorrhiza Endotropic Mycorrhiza Based on morphological and anatomical feature Ectomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza Ectendomycorrhiza
- 7. Broadly classify into seven categories •Endomycorrhiza (AM / VAM) •Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) •Monotropoid Mycorrhiza •Arbutoid Mycorrhiza •Orchid Mycorrhiza •Ericoid Mycorrhiza •Ectendo- mycorrhiza
- 8. Type of mycorrhizae No. Mycorrhiza Fungi -Phylum Definition Host 1 Endomycorrhiza (AM) Glomeromycota Glomeromycotan fungi- Arbuscules, vesicles Plants (All types) 2 Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) Higher fungi (asco,basidio and zycomycetes) Hyphal mantle, Harting net Plants (Trees) Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae and Betulaceae 3 Monotropoid Mycorrhiza Basidiomycetes Exploitative epidermal ECM-myco-heterotropic plants-Ericaceae-individual hyphae penetrate epidermal cells achlorophyllous plants -Monotropaceae, Ericaceae (Monotropa, Pterospora) 4 Arbutoid Mycorrhiza Basidiomycetes ECM of autotropic plants-Ericaceae-multiple hyphae Arbutus, Arctostaphylos and several species of the Pyrolaceae, Ericaceae 5 Orchid Mycorrhiza Most are Basidiomycetes Coils of hyphae (pelotons)penetrate within cells Orchidaceae 6 Ericoid Mycorrhiza Most are Ascomycetes Coils of hyphae within very thin roots -Ericaceae Callanu and Rhododendron Ericaceae (most genera) 7 Ectendo- mycorrhiza Ascomycetes Several fungi colonize single plant-lacking hyphae in harting net Eucalyuptus, Alnus, Salix etc…
- 9. Arbutoid mycorrhiza Ericoid mycorrhiza Orchid mycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza and Ectomycorrhiza Monotropoid mycorrhiza Pelotons