Introduction to Organizational Behaviour
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An organization is a system of two or more persons, engaged in cooperative action, trying to reach a purpose. Organizations are bounded systems of structured social interaction featuring authority relations, communication systems, and the use of incentives. They usually have a hierarchical form, whether narrow or broad. Organizations have formal legal status and are recognized by the governments. Examples of organizations include businesses, hospitals, colleges, retail stores, and prisons (Champoux, 2010). Organizational behavior (OB) is a field of study that concentrates on the effect of people, groups, and structure on behavior of individuals within the organizations. OB examines the three determinants of behavior in organizations: people, group, and structure
Introduction to Organizational Behaviour
- 1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Dr DINESH S Assistant Professor Management Sciences Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science (Autonomous) Coimbatore - 641 006 Tamil Nadu, India
- 2. Introduction An organization is a system of two or more persons, engaged in cooperative action, trying to reach a purpose. Organizations are bounded systems of structured social interaction featuring authority relations, communication systems, and the use of incentives. They usually have a hierarchical form, whether narrow or broad. Organizations have formal legal status and are recognized by the governments. Examples of organizations include businesses, hospitals, colleges, retail stores, and prisons (Champoux, 2010). Organizational behavior (OB) is a field of study that concentrates on the effect of people, groups, and structure on behavior of individuals within the organizations. OB examines the three determinants of behavior in organizations: people, group, and structure. OB is the investigation of what individuals do in an organization and how their behavior influences the organization’s performance. According to McShane & Vonglinow, “OB is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organisations.” In the words of Hellriegel, Solcum& Woodman, “OB is the study of human behaviour, attitude and performance in organisations”
- 3. Factors Impacting Individual Behavior • The behavior of each individual is influenced by several factors. Every individual has particular motives, ambitions, perceptions and abilities. To understand the human behaviour a careful study of all the factors is necessary. The factors affecting individual behavior are: Personal Factors Environmental Factors Organizational Factors Personal Fact
- 4. Implications of Hawthorne Studie • ● Illumination Study (November 1924): The mere practice of observing people’s behavior tends to alter their behavior (Hawthorne Effect). • ● Relay Assembly Test Room Study (1927-1932): Relationships between workers and their supervisors are powerful. Human interrelationships increase the amount and quality of worker participation in decision making. • ● Interviewing Program (1928-1930): Demonstrated powerful influence of upward communication. Workers were asked for opinions, told they mattered, and positive attitudes toward company increased. • ● Bank Wiring Room Observation Study (November 1931 - May 1932): Social groups can influence production and individual work behavior. Informal organization constrains employee behavior within formal organizational structure, Led future theorists to account for the existence of informal communication
- 5. PERSONALITY • The definition of personality we most frequently use was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years ago. Allport said personality is “the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.” According to Salvatore Maddi, “Personality is a stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalties and differences in the psychological behaviour (thoughts, feelings and actions) of people that have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment”. In the words of R.T. Hogan, “Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explains a persons behavioural tendencies”.
- 6. Culture • Culture directs our lives and impacts the advancement of personality in every way, fundamentally by recommending and constraining what will be required to gain for improving the personality. Such culture expects and prepares the individuals to be successful in the group. Each culture has its own particular ideas, needs and strategies for upbringing and conduct. Major Personality attributes influencing OB Type A/B Behaviour Authoritarianism Bureaucratic Machiavellianism Locus of control Goal orie
- 7. Type A Behaviour • Restless, Impatient, Does several things at once, Starts another before completing one, Schedules too many work in less time, Has no time to relax and enjoy Is stress phone
- 8. Type B Behavior • Never experience the ill effects of a feeling of time desperation with its going with anxiety; Feels no compelling reason to show or talk about either their accomplishments or achievements; Play for the sake of entertainment and unwinding, as opposed to show their predominance at any cost; Authoritarianism Blind acceptance of authority Conservation, strong parental control Make good followers Dogmatic
- 9. Trait Theory • Early work on the structure of personality attempted to distinguish and name persisting characteristics that portray an individual’s behavior, including modest, forceful, meek, languid, goal- oriented, steadfast, and hesitant. When somebody shows these characteristics, we call them personality traits of that individual. Two special cases are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five Model, now the prevailing structures for distinguishing and measuring traits
- 10. Behaviourist Theory • eory Behavioral psychology, otherwise called behaviorism, is a theory of learning upheld by eminent behaviourists like John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral hypotheses commanded brain research amid the early 50% of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral strategies are still generally utilized as a part of therapeutic settings to enable clients to learn new abilities and behaviors. Dissimilar to psychodynamic scholars, behaviorists consider just noticeable behavior. Their clarifications of personality centrearound learning. Skinner, Bandura, and Walter Mischel all proposed imperative behaviorist theories
- 11. ATTITUDES AND VALUES • tion According to Hellriegel et al, attitudes are relatively lasting feelings, beliefs and behavioural tendencies directed towards specific people, groups, ideas, issues or objects. Attitudes alludes to feelings and beliefs of an individual or group of individuals. Attitudes continue until the point when something happens
- 12. Components of Attitudes • There are three components of attitude as follows: • Affective • Behavioral • Cognitive
- 13. Types of Values • Theoretical—Interest in the discovery of truth through reasoning and systematic thinking. • Economic—Interest in usefulness and practicality, including the accumulation of wealth. • Aesthetic—Interest in beauty, form, and artistic harmony. Social—Interest in people and love as a human relationship
- 14. PERCEPTION • Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality.Why is perception critical in the investigation of OB? Essentially on the grounds that individuals’ behavior depends on their perception of what the truth is, not on reality itself
- 15. Four Stages of Perception • The four stages of perception are as follows: • Sensation • Selection • Organisation • Interpretation
- 16. LEARNING • Learning is relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of reinforced practice or prior experience. It is a process of having one’s behavior modified, more or less permanently, by what one does and consequences of one’s action, or what one observes.The process of learning has great value for enriching human life in all spheres of life.All activities and behaviours that make personal, social and economic life peaceful and pleasurable are learned. Learning definitely affects human behaviour organizations.Nature of learning implies the trademark highlights of learning. Learning includes transform; it might possibly ensure change
- 17. Components of Learning • The components of learning are as follows: Involves change Change should be relatively permanent Reflective in behaviour Change in behaviour should occur as a result of experience, practice or training Practice or experience must be reinforced in order for learning to occur
- 18. MOTIVATION • “Motivation represents an unsatisfactory need which creates a state of tension or disequilibrium, causing the individual to move in a goal directed pattern towards restoring a state of equilibrium, by satisfying the need” – Viteles. Motivation is the result of the interaction between the individual and the situation. According to Robbins, Motivation is “the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal – specifically, an organizational goal.”
- 19. Features of Motivation • The features of motivation are as follows, Motivation is an inside feeling • Motivation yields goal focused behaviour • Motivation comprises of systems orientation • Motivation can either be positive or negative • Motivation is different from job satisfaction
- 20. Content Theory • Content Theories • Theory comprises of Maslow’s need Hierarchy Theory • Herzberg’s Two-Factor • Theory Alderfer’s ERG Model • Theory X and Theory Y
- 21. THANK YOU