Introduction to Research
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This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as the pursuit of truth through study, observation, comparison and experimentation. Research can be motivated by a desire to validate intuition, improve methods, meet job demands, or pursue publication. The types of research covered include descriptive research, which reports on current phenomena; applied research, which aims to solve practical problems; and quantitative versus qualitative research. Key parts of the research process discussed are choosing a subject and objectives, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, making conclusions, and testing those conclusions.
Introduction to Research
- 2. WHAT IS A RESEARCH Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and experiment.
- 3. Why do research? Validate intuition Improve methods Demands of the Job For publication
- 4. Motivation in Research Desire to get research degree Desire to face challenges in solving the unsolved problems Desire to get intellectual joy doing some creative work Desire to be of service to the society Desire to get responsibility
- 5. Choose a subject Based on an idea Based on your experience Based on your reading Originality
- 6. Objectives of Research Research comprises Defining and redefining the problems Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions. Collecting, organizing and evaluating data. Making conclusions And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypotheses
- 7. TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only what has happened or what is happening Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business organizations Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
- 8. Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or re-interpret existing ones. Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or observations alone, often without due regard for system and theory. Qualitative Research: - Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind
- 9. Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory. Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use facts on information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
- 10. RESEARCH METHODS Vs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methods:- Refers to the methods/ techniques researchers use in performing research operations. Research Methodology:- It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them.
- 11. Choose a subject Based on an idea Based on your experience Based on your reading Originality
- 12. Choose a study design Case report Case series Case controlled study Cross sectional Cohort Retrospective comparison Prospective Comparison
- 13. A Case report Description of one interesting and unusual case This is anecdotal and may form the basis for further study This may be the only way to report on something very rare
- 14. Case series Description of several cases in which no attempt is made to answer specific hypotheses or compare results with another group of cases.
- 15. Cross sectional study A survey of the frequency of disease, risk factors or other characteristics in a defined population at one particular point in time.
- 16. Cohort study An observational study of a group of people with a specific characteristic or disease who are followed over a period of time to detect change Comparison with control group is allowed
- 17. Case control study An observational study where characteristics of people with a disease (cases) are compared with selected people without the disease (controls)
- 18. Controlled Trials An experimental study in which an intervention is applied to one group and the outcome compared with that in a similar group (controls) not receiving the intervention