Introduction to Routing Protocols of MANET

Introduction to Routing Protocols of
MANET- 1
By
Mr. Darwin Nesakumar A, M.E., (P.hD)
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
R. M. K. Engineering College
The purpose of the education is to socialize and moralize the people. - Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, P.hD
Welcome

Agenda
 Review of previous session
 Introduction to Routing Protocols
 AODV Protocol
 Quizzes
Monday, 20 July 2020 Introduction to Routing Protocols of MANET 2

Review of previous session
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IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBER
MANETs
• Multi Hop Relaying Network
• No fixed infrastructure
• No Pre existing Infrastructure
• Dynamic network topology
• Nodes in the network are mobile in general
• No central Controller ( To serve as server)
• The wireless hosts in such networks
communicate with each other without existing
of fixed infrastructure and without central
controller
• Decentralized Network
• Cooperative Communications
• Heterogeneous in nature
• Device to Device Communication
• A MANET can be connected to other fixed
network or to the internet
• Limited bandwidth and power
• No peer – peer communication
• Multipath Propagation
• Proactive / Reactive Protocols
• CSMA/CA Protocol to avoid hidden terminal
problem

Issues in MANETs
• Computation, storage, and communications
capabilities and interoperability
• Identification of neighbouring devices and their
corresponding attributes (Characteristics).
• Battery capacity
• Limitations imposed by Mobility
• Dynamically changing topologies/routes
• Lack of mobility awareness by
system/applications
• Limitations of the Mobile Computer
• Short battery lifetime
• Limited capacities
• Packet loss due to transmission errors
• Mobility-induced route changes
• Mobility-induced packet losses
• Variable capacity links
• Frequent disconnections/partitions
• Limited communication bandwidth
• Broadcast nature of the communications
• Hidden terminal problem
• Limited wireless transmission range
• Ease of snooping on wireless transmissions
(security hazard)
• Quality of Service

Applications of MANETs
Tactical Network - Military Communications, Telecommunication Network
Sensor Networks - Environmental / Earth Sensing -Air Pollution Monitoring, Forest Fire detection, Water
Quality Monitoring, Natural Disaster Monitoring, Industrial Monitoring - Machine health monitoring, Data
Logging, Health care monitoring - Implanted devices, Wearable devices, Environment-embedded systems,
Waste water monitoring, Area Monitoring
Emergency Services - Search and rescue -Crowd control, Commando operations, Disaster recovery Sensors
used to sense the natural disasters, Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes,
fire, Emergency operations -108 Ambulance, Using Google Maps, KAVALAN App, Policing and fire fighting
Location Based Services - Automatic call forwarding, Google Maps – SWIGY, OLA, UBER, OYO, AMAZON,
FLIPCART & all online based service applications, WhatsApp, Face Book, We Chat, Arokya Setu APP –
COVID 19

Applications of MANETs
Home and enterprise Networking- Home/office wireless networking(WLAN), e.g., shared whiteboard, application,
Use PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) to print anywhere – Bus, Super Market, Personal area network (PAN) ,Cell phone,
laptop, ear phone, SMART wrist watch, Mobile Hotspot
Educational Applications - Set up virtual classrooms or conference rooms, Google MEET, Zoom Communications,
Microsoft Meeting, My Meeting, Set up ad hoc communication during conferences, meetings, or lectures
Commercial applications- E-commerce - Electronic payments from anywhere(Ex. In taxi) – Google PAY, Phone Pay,
PayTM, Business, Dynamic access to customer files stored in a central location. Mobile – AADHAAR, Vehicular
services -Transmission of news ,road conditions ,weather, Local ad hoc network with nearby vehicles for
road/accident guidance, Civilian environments - Taxi cab network, Meeting rooms, Sports stadiums, Boats, small
aircraft
Entertainment - Multiuser games – PUBG, Robotic pets, Outdoor internet access, Online Games - Cricket – Tennis –
Foot Ball, Online FUN Quizzes – Multiple Participants, Online Movies – NETFLIX, AMAZON PRIME etc.

ROUTING PROTOCOLS
INTRODUCTION

Classification of routing protocols
Routing protocols for ad-hoc wireless networks can be classified based on:
 routing information update mechanism:
Proactive, Reactive, Hybrid
 usage of temporal information (e.g. cached routes):
Past temporal , Future temporal
 usage of topology information:
Flat, Hierarchical
 usage of specific resources :
Power-aware routing
Geographical information assisted routing

Question
Based on the usage of topology information the protocols are classified into
Proactive, Reactive, Hybrid
Past temporal , Future temporal
Flat, Hierarchical
Power-aware routing
Geographical information assisted routing

Answer for the Question
Flat, Hierarchical

Question
Proactive, Reactive, Hybrid protocols are classified based on
usage of temporal information
usage of topology information
usage of specific resources
Routing information update mechanism

Routing information update mechanism

Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
Reactive ProtocolHybrid Protocol Proactive Protocol

Overview
Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
Table-Driven Demand-Driven
DSDV WRP
AODV DSRLMR ABR
SSR
ReactiveProactive
CGSR
TORA

Protocols
• DSR: Dynamic Source Routing
• ABR: Associativity-Based Routing
• SSA: Signal Stability-Based Adaptive Routing Algorithm
• AODV: Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
• LAR : Location Aided Routing Protocol
• RDMAR: Relative Distance Micro-Discovery Ad Hoc Routing
• LMR: Light-weight Mobile Routing
• DSDV: Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector
• TORA: Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
• ARA: Ant-colony-based Routing Algorithm

On-demand vs. Table-driven
Table-Driven Routing Protocol
• Proactive!!
• Continuously evaluate the routes
• Attempt to maintain consistent, up-to-date routing information
• when a route is needed, one may be ready immediately
• When the network topology changes
• The protocol responds by propagating updates throughout the network to
maintain a consistent view
• Example DSDV

Question
Which is true for Table driven Protocol?
PROCATIVE PROTOCOL
REACTIVE PROTOCOL

PROCATIVE PROTOCOL

Question
Find the ODD one for the Table Driven Protocol
Up-to-date routing information
Reactive Protocol
Proactive Protocol
Continuously evaluate the routes

Reactive

• Each node maintains a routing table which stores
• next hop, cost metric towards each destination
• a sequence number that is created by the destination itself
• Each node periodically forwards routing table to neighbors
• Each node increments and appends its sequence number when sending its
local routing table
• Each route is tagged with a sequence number; routes with greater sequence
numbers are preferred
• Each node advertises a monotonically increasing even sequence number for itself
• When a node decides that a route is broken, it increments the sequence number
of the route and advertises it with infinite metric
• Destination advertises new sequence number

On-Demand Routing Protocol
• Reactive!!
• On-demand style: create routes only when it is desired by the source
node
• Route discovery: invoke a route-determination procedure
• The procedure is terminated when
• A route has been found
• No route is found after all route permutations are examined
• Longer delay: sometimes a route may not be ready for use immediately
when data packets come
• Example AODV

Question
Which is true for On-demand Protocol?
PROCATIVE PROTOCOL
REACTIVE PROTOCOL

REACTIVE PROTOCOL

Question
In which of the protocol route discovery is available?
Table Driven Protocol
On-demand Protocol

On-demand Protocol

The route is discovered only when it is required/needed.
 Process of route discovery occurs by flooding the route request packets
throughout the mobile network.
 Route Discovery:
This phase determines the most optimal path for the transmission of data
packets between the source and the destination mobile nodes
 Route Maintenance:
This phase performs the maintenance work of the route as the topology in
the mobile ad-hoc network is dynamic in nature

Proactive Protocol
• Traditional distributed shortest-path protocols
• Maintain routes between every host pair at all times
• Based on periodic updates; High routing overhead
• Example: DSDV (destination sequenced distance vector)
• Determine routes independent of traffic pattern
• Traditional link-state and distance-vector routing protocols are proactive

Question
Traditional Link state is related to TOPOLOGY
TRUE
FALSE

TRUE

Reactive Protocol
• Determine route if and when needed
• Source initiates route discovery
• Maintain routes only if needed
• Example: DSR (dynamic source routing

Question
Who initiates route discovery in reactive protocols?
Source node
Destination node
Intermediate nodes

Source node

Reactive Protocol
 Source floods the network with a Route Request packetwhen a route is not available to the
required destination
 Flood is propagated outwards from thesource
 Pure flooding = every node transmits the request onlyonce
 Destination send the Route reply to Route Request
 Reply uses reversed path of Route Request
 sets up the forwardpath

Question
How many times every nodes will transmit in
pure flooding?
Continuously
Only Once
Twice

Only Once

Question
Which casting is being used in flooding?
Unicasting
Multicasting
Broadcasting

Broadcasting

Advantages & disadvantages of Reactive
routing protocol
Advantages:
 Eliminate periodic updates
 Adaptive to network dynamics
Disadvantages:
 High flood-search overhead with mobility,
 Distributed traffic
 High route acquisition latency

Hybrid Protocol
 Adaptive
 Combination of proactive and reactive
 Example : ZRP (zone routing protocol)

Proactive vs Reactive
Proactive Reactive
Route from each node to every
other node in the network
Routes from Source to Destination
only
Routes are ready to use
instantaneously
Routes constructed when needed,
higher connection setup delay
Periodic route-update packets Route update when necessary
Large routing tables Small or No routing tables

Objective of routing protocols in ad hoc
networks
• To transmit the packets from one node(Source) to another node (Destination) via intermediate
nodes
• Nodes – Mobile devices
• We need a new routing and multicasts protocols that perform the following functions :
• Ensure routing in a dynamic, Ad-Hoc network through automatic detection of new or missing
links.
• Automatically select the highest quality, least congested paths.
• Provide an efficient multicast mechanism across the wireless broadcast channel.

Challenges of routing protocols in ad hoc networks
Movement of nodes:
 Path breaks
 Partitioning of a network
 Inability to use protocols developed for fixed network
 Bandwidth is a scarce resource:
 Inability to have full information about topology
 Control overhead must be minimized
 Shared broadcast radio channel:
 Nodes compete for sending packets
 Collisions
 Erroneous transmission medium:
 Loss of routing packets

Challenges of routing protocols in ad hoc networks
Issues
• Frequent route changes
• amount of data transferred between route changes may be much smaller than traditional networks
• Route changes may be related to host movement
• Low bandwidth links
Goal of routing protocols
• Decrease routing-related overhead
• Find short routes
• Find “stable” routes (despite mobility)

THANK YOU

Introduction to Routing Protocols of MANET

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