Introduction to Science

Introduction To Science
Year 9
GB

SLO
List Safety Rules for working
in Science Laboratories

What is Science?
 What is Science
 Why do we need a special room to learn about Science?
 Why do we need rules in order to work safely in a
laboratory?
 List five safety rules.
 Complete page 7 of Scipad

What should we do if:
1. A chemical gets in your eyes?
 Wash with lots of water
 Tell the teacher
2. If someone cuts themselves?
 Cover, apply pressure, elevate
 Tell teacher
3. If someone burns themselves?
 Run under cold water for at least ten minutes
4. If you spill a chemical?
First Aid

SLO
Identify safety hazard
symbols

 What are some common everyday symbols?
 Why do we have symbols?
 Complete page 8.
Symbols

SLO
Draw laboratory equipment in
a scientific manner
Identify common laboratory
equipment

Drawing in Science
 Pencil
 Straight lines
 Label diagrams
 No sketching or shading
 Heading needs to describe what is being drawn
 2D only

Name Diagram Use Location
Bunsen Burner Cupboard under
sink at back
Tripod
Gauze Mat
Board
Test Tube Rack
Conical Flask
Chemicals
Test tube
cleaners
Boiling tubes
Naming Game

Name Diagram Use Location
Test tube
Thermometer
Stirring rod
Spatula
Tongs
Test tube holders
Funnels
Dropper
Petri dish
Beaker
Naming Game

Success Criteria
 Complete page 9 - 11 of Sci pad
 Complete worksheets

SLO
Label parts of a Bunsen Burner
Demonstrate how to safely use a
Bunsen Burner
Carry out a simple experiment using
a Bunsen Burner

Which Flame is hotter?
Aim:
To find out which flame is hotter, blue or orange.
Equipment:
250ml beaker, measuring cylinder, stop watch,
Gauze mat, board, tripod, Bunsen burner, safety glasses
Method:
1. Put 100ml of cold water into a 250ml beaker
2. Time how long it takes to boil, (bubble), using
a blue flame (air hole open)
3. Repeat using fresh water and an orange flame
(air hole closed)

Results:
Flame Time Taken to Boil
Blue Flame
Orange Flame
Conclusion:
__________ flame is the hottest and should be used for
heating.
An open air hole allows more oxygen into the Bunsen,
combustion (burning) needs oxygen.

How Hot is the Flame?
Aim:
To investigate different parts of a Bunsen Burner flame
Equipment:
Copper wire, Bunsen, board, stop watch
Tongs
Method:
1. Hold the cold copper wire at the top of the barrel, time
how long it takes to glow red hot, observe and record
where it glows
2. Repeat at three points in both blue and orange flame

Results:
Flame Wire
Position
Time
1 2 3 Av
Location
Orange Top
Orange Middle
Orange Bottom
Blue Top
Blue Middle
Blue Bottom

Conclusion:
The hottest flame is __________ and the hottest location is
_______________.

Success Criteria
 Complete worksheets
 Complete Scipad pages 12-15

Laboratory Skills
Activity Observations
1. Shaking a test tube
o 2ml water
o 1 spatula of potassium permanganate
2. Heating a solid using Tongs
o Magnesium ribbon + heat
o DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT LIGHT
3. Heating a solid in a boiling tube
o 1 spatula load of copper sulphate
crystals
4. Heating a liquid in a boiling tube
o 2ml Glucose solution
o 5 drops Benedict's solution
5. Heating a liquid in an evaporating basin
o 20ml sea water
See pages 10-12 Science World 9 for detailed instructions

SLO
Measure volume and length
accurately
Read Scales accurately

List all the things we can measure:
 Length
 Width
 Height
 Weight
 Mass
 Time
 Volume
 Temperature
 Force
 Speed
Measuring

Tool Unit Things to
measure
Length
or width
Centimetre cm,
Metre, m
Volume Amount of liquid
in a cup.
Mass Scales
Degrees Celsius
Time Time it takes to
run 100 m.
Measuring

Tool Unit Things to measure
Length or
width
Ruler Centimetre cm,
Metre, m
Your height
Volume Measuring
Cylinder
ml, L, Amount of liquid in a cup.
Mass Scales mg, g, Kg, tonnes mass of a brick
Temperature Thermometer Degrees Celsius Temp of a liquid
Time Stop watch,
clock, calendar
sec, min, hours, days,
months, years
Time it takes to run 100
m.
Measuring

Item Equipment Measurement Unit
Length of
workbook
Height of work
bench
Volume of water
held in a full
boiling tube
Mass of your biro
pen
Your Mass
Time it takes to
do 5 sit ups
Measuring Practical

Measuring Practical
Item Equipment Measurement Unit
Length of
workbook
Ruler 30-31 cm
Height of work
bench
Ruler 87-89 cm
Volume of water
held in a full
boiling tube
Measuring
cylinder
55-57 ml
Mass of your biro
pen
Scales g
Your Mass Scales Kg
Time it takes to
do 5 sit ups
Stop watch 5.66 Sec

Tasks
1. How reliable, valid, accurate are your results?
2. How could you have improved reliability, accuracy and validity?
1. Complete round robin measuring practical's
2. Complete Scipad 17-19
3. Read pages 24-26 Science World 9
4. Complete Questions in Science World 9 pages 28-30

SLO
Process, interpret and report
using appropriate data
techniques and convections

Tables
 Independent variable (that which you purposefully change) is
in the left column,
 Dependent variable (that which you measure) with the
different trials is in the next columns,
 Average at the end (add up values and divide by how many
values there are)
 Title: Clearly state the purpose of the experiment, headings
need to have units
Average

Task
I wanted to know who had bigger feet, boys
or girls:
1. Draw a table to put the results in and
calculate the average foot size for both
boys and girls in cm.
2. Collect the data
3. Calculate the average
4. Who has bigger feet?
Complete Questions 5, and 2 on page 33 of
text book

http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/graph4.htm
Graphs must have:
 Title
 Labelled axis
 Units
 Ruled lines
 Even spacing
Graphs

Success Criteria
 Draw a table and collect the following information:
 Number of people with, blue, green, brown, other eyes in
the class
 Now graph your data, this is a bar graph
 Complete page 20-21 Sci pad
 Complete sci pad page 22
 Temperature of water every minute as it is heated with a
blue flame over until boiling
 Now graph your data, this is a line graph

SLO
1. Explain the differences between
observations, inferences, and
predictions
2. Distinguish between qualitative
and quantitative measurements
and observations

Observing
We observe using our 5 senses:
Sight
Sound
Touch
Smell
Taste (only if specifically told you
can eat in a lab)

Observing Practical's
1. Bubble oxygen into limewater
2. Add hydrochloric acid to
Magnesium strip
3. Add 1 spatula of sodium thiosulphate
crystals to a test tube
Half fill with water and shake
4. Make a thumb and index finger
print
Look at page 19 to classify
5. Put two drops of ethanol onto your
hand, blow on it.
Remember for each: smell, listen, feel, look

6. Add two drops of iodine to starch
solution
7. Add 1 ml of potassium iodide to 2ml
of lead nitrate
8. Put 2ml of sulphuric acid into a test
tube, add 6 drops of universal
indicator, then add 3ml of sodium
hydroxide
9. Put one drop of each solution onto
your tongue, identify the taste
10. Smell each bottle carefully, identify
each smell
Remember for each: smell, listen, feel, look

Definitions
Quantitative data – can be measured, counted
Qualitative data – information is described using words
Observations – watching very carefully, using all senses
Prediction – Using observations and evidence to guess
the future or result
Inference – using prior knowledge and reasoning to guess
the future or a result and NOT observations

Task
 Complete questions page 22-23 Science World 9

SLO
Communicate using appropriate
scientific language, formats and
systems

Scientific Method
 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/
content/scientificmethod.html

Experimental Format
Aim/Purpose – what you are trying to find out
Equipment – gear you are going to need
Hypothesis – the results you expect
Method – steps and diagram
- independent variables – thing you change
- dependent variables - result you record
- controlled variables – keep same to make fair test
Results – data and graph, averages, percentages, calculations
Conclusion – answers aim and refers to hypothesis
Discussion – links your results with scientific ideas
Evaluation – what went well, what and how you could have improved the
experiment, how reliable the results are

Tasks
 Complete page 22 Scipad
 Write a plan to test who can run the fastest in the
class, boys or girls
 Copy and complete question 3 page 33 of Year 9
Science World
 Complete questions Answers only 1-5 pages 32-33

Fair Tests
In order for an experiments results to be valid the
experiment must have been carried out fairly:
- Measurements taken accurately
- Experiment repeated
- Conditions controlled so that only one thing changes
- Sufficient information is collected
- Sufficient details (including a diagram) are recorded

Variables;
 Independent Variable = thing you change
 Dependent Variable = results you record
 Controlled variables = things you keep the same to
make it a fair test

Washing Powder
If we wanted to test to see if Drive or Surf is a better washing
powder what would our:
Independent Variable be (thing we change)?
Brand of washing powder
Dependent Variable be (thing we record):
Measure stain size/weight or colour (using a colour chart)
Controlled Variables be (things we need to keep the same):
Amount of water in wash, amount of powder, size of stain, type
of clothing, washing cycle, water temperature, type of stain

Fair Test 1
Aim: Which ball bounces highest
Hypothesis: The _________ ball will bounce the highest
Equipment: tennis ball, ping pong ball, golf ball, metre ruler
Method:
Independent Variable:
Ball type
Dependent Variable:
Height of bounce, (cm)
Controlled Variables:
Height drop ball from, surface it hits, force released with, same
person dropping it

Method:
Step 1:
Drop first ball from 20 cm height (bottom of ball)
Step 2:
Measure from top of ball in cm the height it bounces too.
Step 3:
Repeat three times for each type of ball

Results:
Ball Type Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (cm)
Tennis Ball
Ping pong Ball
Graph: Bounce height of Balls
Height ball bounced(cm)
Ball Type
Golf ball

Conclusion:
____________ bounced the highest. This is because . . .
Contains a rubber centre which absorbs and then releases the energy gained
when falling.
The hypothesis was correct/incorrect.
Evaluation:
The experiment was accurate because . . . (measurements)
Used a ruler and appropriate scale, were careful and took time when reading
ruler.
The experiment was reliable because … (things you kept the same and how
many times you did it)
The experiment was repeated, same method for each ball, controlled variables,
method could be repeated by someone else and they would get the same
results.
In order to improve the experiment . . .
More repeats, video and slow it to take bounce height measurement, machine
to drop ball,

Fair Test 2
Aim: Which cup keeps water warmest
Hypothesis:
Equipment:
Method:
Independent Variable:
Cup type
Dependent Variable:
Time water took to drop 5’C or Temperature drops in 2 minutes
Controlled Variables:
Cup size, amount of water, temperature of water at start

Method:
Step 1:
Heat 50ml of water over a Bunsen until it reaches 35’C
Pour into cup, record temperature
Step 2:
Record time taken to drop 10 degrees.
Or
Record temperature after 5 minutes.
Step 3:
Repeat three times for each type of cup

Results:
Cup Type Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
Graph: Insulating capacity of cups
Time taken to drop 10’C (min)
Cup Type
(min)
Temperature change after 5 Mins
Plastic
Polystyrene

Conclusion:
____________ kept the water warmest for longest. This
is because . . . The hypothesis was correct/incorrect.
Evaluation:
The experiment was accurate because . . .
The experiment was reliable because …
In order to improve the experiment . . .

Success Criteria
 Complete workbook pages 7-8
 Complete bouncing ball practical on page 32 of
Science World 9
 Copy main ideas on page 34
 Complete Test yourself pages 34-35

Solutions
Solute – solid part, sugar
Solvent – liquid part, water
Solution – made up of solid and liquid part,
cordial

Concentration
 Concentrated: Lots of solute, more solid you add
more concentrated a solution becomes
 Dilute: Lots of solvent, not much solute, more liquid
you add more diluted a solution becomes
 Complete Scipad potassium permanganate
investigation on page 33.

Solubility
 Solubility relates to how much solid can be
dissolved into a solution.
 Soluble – means a solid can be dissolved and mix
into a liquid, eg sugar
 Insoluble – means a solid will not dissolve or mix
into a liquid eg rocks
 Complete Scipad Investigation into Solubility on
page 32
 Teaspoon of Baking soda/salt – 2g

Saturation
When no more solid
will dissolve into a
liquid the solution is
said to be Saturated!
Complete practical
page 35 Scipad on
Saturation

Separating Mixtures
 Mixture – made up of more than one chemical
and can be separated physically.
 http://activities.macmillanmh.com/science/ca/s
cienceinmotion/Common/SIM.html?Module=../
Grade5/Chapter7-SeparatingMixtures/
 Page 28 Sci pad

Separating Mixtures
• Filtration
• Sieving
• Gravity separation
• Distillation and Condensation
• Crystallization and Evaporation
• Froth flotation
• Magnetic separation
• Chromatography
• Centrifuging

Evaporation
Evaporation:
Heating a solution until the solvent turns from a
liquid to a gas, leaving behind the solute.
Complete Sci pad Practical
Separating Solutions page 36

Distillation
Distillation
The solution is heated until it boils. The liquid with
the lowest boiling point boils first and becomes a
gas.
Complete Sci pad Practical
Distillation and Condensing
pages 38-39

Chromatography
 Chromatography. a method for
analyzing mixtures by separating
them into the chemicals from which
they are made.
 Complete Sci pad pages 40-41
Chromatography

Filtration
 Filtration. This separates a solid from a liquid
through the use of a porous material as a filter.
 Scipad page 29 – separating solids and liquids

Magnetism
Magnetism:
Using a magnet to remove
metals from a mixture.

Success Criteria
1. Complete cut and past
2. Complete pages 28, 28-30 31, 37, 42-47, Scipad
3. Read pages 67-75 Science World 9
4. Complete Questions page 76 Science World 9 (do
not do question 1, do challenges as well)

Introduction to Science

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