Introduction to sericulture
- 1. Dr. T. RAMESH Assistant Professor of Zoology Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam IGNOU - Academic Counsellor faunaldiversity@gmail.com online counselling session on
- 2. CONTENT • Introduction • History of Silk • Silk production in India • Life cycle of Silkworm • Types of Silk • Quality of Cocoons • Sericulture and rural development • Economics for Sericulture development • Funding schemes in India 2 6/9/2021
- 3. Introduction • Sericulture- it is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. • It is a kind of Agro-industry (Agriculture & Industry). • India stands 5th rank in production of silk (5%) in the world after the China. • The total annual production of raw silk in India is about 31 lakhs kg. • Silk is called “Queen of Textiles”. • Sericulture or silk farming is involves cultivation of host plants & rearing of silkworm for production of Cocoon- Raw Silk. • Bombyx mori is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm. • Sericulture playing vital role in rural employment, development & economy growth. Bombyx mori 3 6/9/2021
- 4. History of Silk Silk was discovered by Xilingji (Hsi-ling-chi), wife of China’s 3rd Emperor, Huangdi (Hoang-Ti), in 2640 B.C. While making tea, Xilingji accidentally dropped a silkworm cocoon into a cup of hot water and found that the silk fibre could be loosened and unwound. After 1200 B.C. Chinese immigrants who had settled in Korea helped in the emergence of silk industry in Korea. 3rd century B.C. Semiramus establishment silk industries in Japan Chinese Princess married an Indian Prince- Silk production spread in India 550 A.D. Smuggled from China to other countries. 7th century it spread middle east and Africa. 19th centaury almost machinery in all countries. First mill was established by “East India Company” at Howrah in 1832. 4 6/9/2021
- 5. Silk Production in India States Production in MT Karnataka 9800 Andhra Pradesh 5000 Assam 3300 West Bengal 2400 Jharkhand 2300 https://businessfinancearticles.org/silk-producing-countries Note: MT- Metric Ton More than 6 million people are involved in the culture The value of silk product in India is about Rs. 80 corers /annum. Export of silk brings about Rs. 15 corers in foreign exchange. Most contribution of silk production by Karnataka & Andra Pradesh. Bihar, WB, MP, Assam, J&K, TN & Odisha are prominent in silk manufacturing. At present Karnataka is the premier producing state in India 52%. 5 6/9/2021
- 6. 6 6/9/2021
- 7. Taxonomy Silk producing insects - Sericigenous insects Silk moths belong to Phylum - Artropoda Class - Insecta Order - Lepidoptera Super family - Bombycoidea Bombycoidea comprises eight families Bombycidae and Saturnidae are the two important families the members of which produce natural silk. There are many commercial species are involved for Silk 7 6/9/2021
- 8. Silkworm Lifecycle Life cycle of the silkworm consists of four stages i.e. adult, egg, larva, and pupa. The duration of life cycle is 6 to 8 weeks depending upon racial characteristics & climatic conditions. The moths mate and the females lay 300, to more than 350 eggs, then die. Larvae eat for 20-30 days, consuming large amounts of mulberry leaves, and molt through four changes of skin or 'instars‘ and then cocooning. 8 6/9/2021
- 9. There are Four types of silks i. MULBERRY ii. TASAR iii. ERI iv. MUGA Types of Silk 9 6/9/2021 Major silk produced by Japan, Korea, Russia, Brazil Bulgaria, China, Italy & India India 5% Raw Silk & 10 % Tasar- Globally by India India – Produced all four type of silk Production is increased 40 %- last 15 years in India Total raw silk production- 31 lakhs kg/ annum Mulberry alone- 25 lakhs+Non mulberry- 6 lakhs Tasar production high in central & north eastern parts of India. Bihar- 1.25 lakhs people Eri-limited states- Gangetic plains of Ranchi, Patna
- 10. Mulberry Silk It is superior in quality Mulberry is the food plant of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori & B. mandarina. Domesticated & reared indoors About 92 % of the total production in India. Bivoltine silk is superior than Multivoltine. Well practiced in KA, TN AP, KL MH, WB & JK 10 6/9/2021 Life cycle of mulberry worm
- 11. • It is reared tropical & temperate zones . • It is from species of Genus Antheraea A. mylitta (Tropical India) A. proyli (Temperate India) A. pernyi (China & USSR) A. yamamai (Japan) • It copperish colour used for furnishings & interiors. It has 3 types of voltinism - reared outdoors the trees of Asan & Arjuna. • Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Odisha, MH, AP, WB. • Tasar culture main stay for tribal community in India. TASAR SILK A. mylitta 11 6/9/2021
- 12. • This silkworm is Philosamia ricini • Polyphagous- Caster oil plants • It silkworm has protein rich pupae • ERI is a multivoltine silk- Indoor reared • Indigenous preparation of Chaddars- Tribals own use • Practised in Assam, Tripura & WB. Now commercially in many parts of India ERI SILK 12 6/9/2021
- 13. • Muga silk worm- Antheraea assama & produced golden yellow coloured cocoon • Muga is pride of Assam- Only in our country • It contributes only 2% of total silk in India • Polyphagous- feeds aromatic leaves of Som & Soalu plants and reared on that trees • Life span- 50 days in summer & 120 days in winter. • Produces Sarees, Mekhalas, Chaddars & costly. • Practised very common in Assam, Nagaland & South Tripura. MUGA Silk 13 6/9/2021 Antheraea assama
- 14. Lifecycle Silkworm The larvae extrudes two kind of filaments -protein namely Fibroin (70-80%) and Gum Protein Sericin (20-30%) 14 6/9/2021
- 15. • Globalization- Quality is playing vital role in Sericulture • Stockholders focusing to produced better quality-International Silk Standards. • Quality of Cocoon- Uniform Shape, Size, Colour, less defective cocoon and good reelability. • Visual cocoon examination- Melted, Double, Stained, Thin end, Filmsy and Malformed. • Quality parameters of Silk- Non breakable filament, evenness, neatness, elongation, Cohesion, Cleanliness • The cocoons are priced on the basis Rendita and reeling parameters. Rendita may be defined as number of kg of cocoon producing 1 kg of raw silk. Quality of Cocoon and Silk 15 6/9/2021
- 16. • One laying contains 450-500 eggs/12-15kg of mulberry leaves for its rearing. • Average 70 – 80 kg of cocoon yield can be obtained from 100 DFLs. • Production of 1 kg of cocoon needs 18-20 kg of mulberry leaves • It is purely depends on variety, quality of leaves and season of rearing. • To rear 100 DFL a bed space required of 700-750 sq.ft. for Multivoltine and 800-900 sq.ft. for Bivoltine silkworm races. • Proper systematic planning of silkworm rearing to meet day to day requirements it should be necessary to asses the leaf production, supply of in time Chawki worms and labour requirement in addition to disinfectants to the rearing house. DFL- Diseases Free Layings 16 6/9/2021
- 17. 1. It has high employment potential 2. Important Agro based enterprise 3. Low investment and high returns 4. Women friendly occupations 5. Eco friendly Importance of silk industry 17 6/9/2021
- 18. India has achieved significantly in silk production and productivity, but still facing certain problems • Bulk of production achieved only viz Multi or Bivoltine breeds- Silk quality is low by International Silk Standards. • Culture practice is very difficult to introduce in many states. National Sericulture Project (NSP) Since 1990 still limited production. • Indian Silk Cost is much higher than China. So Indian weavers are imported from China in cheaper price. • Production system of China much better than ours. It is essential to improve the quality and productivity of Indian Silk • Many places are uprooted mulberry garden- Urbanization & Improper rainfall • Reeling sector is unorganised in India • Current productivity of raw silk is low & not fulfil our demand- Import from other countries . Constraints of Sericulture Industry in India 18 6/9/2021
- 19. Mulberry area : 2.00 acres Silkworm rearing shed size : 60’L x 20’W (Feet) A. Mulberry cultivation & maintenance expenditure- First Invest. B. Silkworm rearing shed- First Invest. C. Expenditure on Silkworm Rearing Materials- First Invest D. Silkworm Rearing Expenses E. Income Sericulture Economics-as per TNAU 19 6/9/2021
- 20. • Mulberry area : 2.00 acres Silkworm rearing shed size : 60’L x 20’W (Feet) A. Mulberry cultivation and maintenance expenditure- First Invest. Sericulture Economics-as per TNAU Sl.No. Particulars Amount Rs 1. Ploughing 1,000.00 2. FYM 16 tons/ Rs. 450 / tonne) 7,200.00 3. Forming Ridges and Furrows 1,600.00 4. Mulberry cuttings/ Seedlings (@Rs. 1) per 10,000 Nos 10,000.00 5. Transplanting (Labour charges) 1,000.00 6. Weeding 3,000.00 7. Fertilizers cost 1,500.00 8. Foliar spray of nutrients 500.00 9. Irrigation 800.00 Total 26,600.00 20 6/9/2021
- 21. 1. Silkworm rearing shed size (60’ x 20’) : 1200 Sq.ft 2. Walls with Hallow blocks( 7’ to 8’ ) 3. Coconut fronds for top 3. Door - 6’ to 4’ (one number) 4. Windows - 6’ to 3’ - 13 numbers 5. Cement floor Total cost of building construction Rs. 1, 25,000 B. Silkworm rearing shed- First Invest. 21 6/9/2021
- 22. C. Expenditure on Silkworm Rearing Materials- First Invest Sl.No. Particulars Amount (Rs.) 1. Shoot harvesting 1500 sq.ft. (1 sq.ft. = Rs.7/-) 10,500.00 2. Chandrike 300 Nos (@Rs. 40/- chandrike) 12,000.00 3. Bed cleaning net s (100 m) (Rs. 2. Per/m) 2,000.00 Total 24,500.00 22 6/9/2021
- 23. d. Silkworm Rearing Expenses Sl.No. Particulars Amount (Rs.) 1. Cost of eggs for 2000 dfls @ Rs. 5/dfls 5,000.00 2. Spraying for mulberry (10 crops @ Rs.500/ crop) 5,000.00 3. Labour charges 30,000.00 4. Chemical fertilizers for 10 crops 5,000.00 5. Weeding (10 times @ Rs. 500/ weeding) 5,000.00 6. Cost of pesticides and foliar nutrients 2,500.00 7. Irrigation 2,500.00 8. Transport charges to cocoon market 5,600.00 Total 60,100.00 23 6/9/2021
- 24. e. Income Sl.No. Particulars Amount (Rs.) 1. Cocoon harvested per annum (@ 70 kg cocoon/100 dfls) 1400 kg 2. Return (@ Rs. 120 per / kg) 1,68,000.00 3. Annual expenditure 60,100.00 Net profit 1,07,800.00 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/economic%20of%20seri_late%20rearing.html 24 6/9/2021
- 25. It is playing vital role on rural economy & employment 1. Raising of Mulberry saplings- Nursery 2. Raising of mulberry garden and silkworm rearing 3. Silkworm egg production/DFLs 4. Reeling and Spinning of Cocoons 5. Twisting of Reeled Silk 6. Weaving 7. Dyeing and Printing 8. Miscellaneous activities Sericulture and Rural Economy 25 6/9/2021
- 26. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojona (SGRY) On 2001, Merging some of earlier rural schemes allotted Rs. 6000 Crores Food for work programme (or NREP) Scheme 1977 Provide work for rural poor and livelihood security Development of women and children in Rural areas (DWCRA) Sub Scheme of IRDP, 1982-1983 Sustainable income generating activities through self employment Training of rural youth for self employment (TRYSEM) On 15 AUG 1979 Technical skill development for self employability to cross the poverty line Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Launched 1974-1979 by DRDA Assist them to cross poverty line Financial Schemes 26 6/9/2021
- 27. 1. Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Behrampur (WB). 2. Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Mysore (KA). 3. Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi (Jh). 4. Central Silk Technological Research Institute, Bangalore (KA). Training centres in India There are four major research centres for Sericulture in India: 27 6/9/2021
- 28. Introduction to sericulture (2008) published by School of Agriculture, IGNOU, ISBN-978-81-266-3341-8. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/economic%20of%20seri_late%20rearing.html https://www.aplustopper.com/sericulture-process-of-silk-production/ Reference 28 6/9/2021