Introduction to the Human Cardiovascular System- part1
- 1. Introduction to the Human Cardiovascular System
- 2. INTRODUCTION The cardiovascular system is transport system of body It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels. The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body. The conveying media is liquid in form of blood which flows in close tubular system. Figure 1-2(f)
- 3. FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Transport nutrients, hormones Remove waste products Gaseous exchange Immunity Blood vessels transport blood ◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide ◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- 5. BLOOD •The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma •Blood cells 1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells 2- Leucocytes 3- Thrombocytes •Plasma is fluid portion
- 6. HEART • Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist • Location: – Superior surface of diaphragm – Left of the midline – Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 6
- 7. HEART Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 7 Figure 18.1
- 9. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART • Generating blood pressure • Routing blood Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations • Ensuring one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow • Regulating blood supply Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
- 10. BLOOD VESSELS •Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes •These includes: Arteries Capillaries Veins
- 11. BLOOD VESSELS -Arteries(Distributing channel) • Thick walled tubes • Elastic Fibers • Circular Smooth Muscle –Capillaries (microscopic vessels) • One cell thick • Serves the Respiratory System –Veins (draining channel)
- 12. BLOOD VESSELS • General structure 1.Tunica intima 2.Tunica media 3.Tunica adventitia
- 13. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS •Conducting Vessels •Distributing Vessels •Resistance Vessels •Exchange Vessels •Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels
- 14. ARTERIES Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries. They are the thickest blood vessels and they carry blood high in oxygen known as oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood).
- 15. ARTERIES • Accompanied by vein and nerves • Lumen is small • No valves • Repeated branching
- 16. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES • Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches) • Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular, Radial, Tibial etc.) • Arterioles (<0.1 mm)- Terminal arterioles Meta-arterioles Thoroughfare channel/ preferred
- 17. CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron) • The smallest blood vessels are capillaries and they connect the arteries and veins. • This is where the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs.
- 18. BODY CONTAINS TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES • CONTINUOUS-SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE TISSUES • FENESTRATED- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS, SMALL INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS etc.
- 19. SINUSOIDS •SINUSOIDS- Large irregular vascular space (30- 40 micron) eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow, suprarenal, Parathyroid etc.
- 20. VEINS • Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins. • They have one-way valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards. • They carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide known as deoxygenated blood (oxygen poor blood).
- 21. VEINS • Thin Walled • Large irregular lumen • Have valves • Dead space around • Types: Large Medium Small
- 22. VEINS • Veins without valves: SVC & IVC Hepatic, Renal Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular Facial Pulmonary Umbilical Emissary Portal Veins <2mm
- 23. VEINS • Veins without Muscular tissue: Dural venous sinuses Pial Veins Retinal Veins of erectile tissue of sex organs Veins of spongy bones
- 24. VEINS • Factors responsible for venous return: 1.Muscle contraction 2.Negative intrathoracic pressure 3.Pulsation of arteries 4. Gravity 5. Valves
- 25. ANASTOMOSIS • Communication between vessels • ARTERIAL: Actual( end to end & convergent)-Palmar, plantar, Circle of Willis, Labial Intestinal arcade, etc. Potential-Coronary, around joints etc.
- 26. ANASTOMOSIS • ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS: 1. Skin of nose 2. Lips 3. External Ear 4. Mucus membrane of GI & nose 5. Erectile tissue of sex organ 6. Thyroid 7. Tongue
- 27. END ARTERIES • END ARTERIES: 1.Central artery of retina 2. Arteries of spleen, liver, kidneys, metaphyses of long bones 3. Central branches of cerebral cortex
- 28. CIRCULATION –Coronary circulation – the circulation of blood within the heart. –Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. –Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body. –Fetal Circulation
- 29. SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION Pulmonary circulation The flow of blood between the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation The flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body. Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 29 Figure 18.5
- 30. Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 30 CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL SUPPLY Figure 18.7a
- 31. PORTAL CIRCULATION Portal circulation - the flow of blood between tow set of capillaries before draining in systemic veins.
- 33. UMBILICAL ARTERY DESCENDING AORTA (Through Ductus Arteriosus) PULMONARY TRUNK RIGHT VENTRICLE ASCENDING AORTA UMBILICAL VEIN PORTAL VEIN (Through Ductus Venosus) INFERIOR VENA CAVA RIFHT ATRIUM (Through Foramen Ovale) LEFT ATRIUM PLACENTA
- 34. APPLIED Diseases and Disorders BLOOD PRESSURE HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS ANEURYSM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) HEART ATTACK CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA
- 35. APPLIED • Problems with the cardiovascular system are common, but they don’t just affect older people. • Many heart problems affect children and teenagers.
- 37. QUESTIONS 1-All of the following are the example of elastic arteries except: a)Aorta b)Common carotid artery c)Subclavian artery d)Radial artery
- 38. QUESTIONS 2-All of the following are the example of end arteries except: a)Central branches of cerebral arteries b)Central artery of retina c)Facial artery d)Splenic artery
- 39. QUESTIONS 3-Arteriovenous anastomosis are found at all of the following sites except: a)Skin of lips b)Erectile tissue of penis c)Thyroid gland d)Liver
- 40. QUESTIONS 4-All of the following are the example of portal circulation except: a)Hepatic circulation b)Renal circulation c)Circulation of hypophysis cerebri d)Pulmonary circulation
- 41. QUESTIONS 5-All of the following are features of veins except: a)Thin walls b)Thin tunica media c)Thin tunica adventia d)Wide lumen
- 42. REFERENCES 1- General Anatomy by Vishram Singh 2- Clinical Anatomy by R. Snell 3-Gray’s Anatomy