INTRODUCTION TO TOURIAM

Chapter-1
Introduction to Tourism
Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries as well as the major source of foreign
exchange earnings and employment for many developing countries.
World tourism demand continues to exceed expectations, showing resilience against extraneous
factors. According to the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, released (November 2006):
 In the first eight months of 2006 international tourist arrivals totaled 578 million worldwide
(+4.5%), up from 553 million in the same period of 2005, a year which saw an all-time record
of 806 million people traveling internationally.
 Growth is expected to continue in 2007 at a pace of around 4% worldwide.
Tourism is vital to the well being of many countries, because of the income generated by the
consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism
industry and the opportunity for employment and economic advancement by working in the
industry.
1. Definition of Tourism
Layman Definition
Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken
outside the home environment.
2. Definition of Tourist
Layman definition
a person who travels to a place for pleasure,sightseeing,recreation,pilgrimage,sports etc
ex: member of a sports team that is playing a series of official games in a foreign
country
INTRODUCTION

World tourism is considered as a significant factor in the economy of many nations. Today
tourism related infrastructure in various parts of the country has improved the quality of life of the
local people and helped to promote local arts and crafts. Tourism has contributed to increase
awareness about conservation of the environment and the cultural heritage. Tourism is the fastest
growing industry in modern world. People have always travelled to distant parts of the world to
see monuments, arts and culture, taste new cuisine etc. The term tourist was firstly used as official
term in 1937 by the League of Nations.
Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for period of over 24 hours. The word tour
gained acceptance in the 18th century, when the Grand Tour of Europe became part of the
upbringing of the educated and wealthy British noblemen. Tourism is a service industry,
consisting of transportation, accommodation and hospitality. The term tourism and travel are
often used interchangeably though literally there is a difference. A person who indulges in
tourism is known as tourist. Tourism is multifaceted phenomenon which involves movement to
and stay in destination outside the normal place of residence.
Tourism is composed of three basic elements. A dynamic element which involves travel to a
selected destination or destinations. A static element which involves the stay in the destination. A
consequential element resulting from the two preceding elements, which is concerned with effect
on the economic, physical and social subsystems with which the tourist is directly or indirectly in
contact. 22 Swiss Professor Walter Hunzikar and Kurt Krapf (1994), describe the concept of
tourism “Tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationship arising from the travel and stay of
non- residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with
any earning activity” As per the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO),
now called as World Tourism Organization (WTO), has defined tourist as a temporary visitor
staying for at least 24 hours in a country visited when the purpose of the journey can be classified
under one of the following headings - a) Leisure:- recreation, holiday, health, study of religion
and sports or b) Business, family, mission meetings. As per the IASET and Tourism Society of
Cardiff in 1981, “Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and
undertaken outside the home environment.
Tourism may or may not involve overnight stay away from home.” Herman Von Scholar, An
American Economist, defined it as, “The sum of the total operations, mainly of an economic
nature which directly relates to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a
certain country, city or region.” According to Tourism Society in Britain, “Tourism is the
temporary short-term movement of people to destination outside the place where they normally
live and work and their activities during the stay at their destinations, includes movement for all
purposes, as well as day visit or excursions”. 23 In 1981, the International Conference on Leisure-
RecreationTourism, held by Tourism Society in England, defined it as, “Tourism may be defined
in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
Tourism may or may not involve overnight stay away from home”. This definition was
subsequently accepted by the IASET (Burkart & Medlik, 1974). All the above definitions bring

out the following distinct features of tourism. (a) Involvement of a mobile population of travelers
who are stranger to the place they visit.
(b) Their stay is of a temporary nature in the area visited.
(c) It is essentially a pleasure and recreational activity.
(d) Their stay is not connected with any remunerated activity or an activity involving earnings.
WTO has taken the concept of „tourism‟ beyond a stereo type image of „holiday making‟. The
official accepted definition in the report is: “Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling
to and staying in places outside their usual environment not for leisure, business and other
purposes”. WTO has classified three types of tourism. Domestic Tourism: It consists of residents
visiting within their own country. No formalities are required in this kind of travel. Inbound
Tourism: Comprises non- residents travelling into a country of their choice. Outbound Tourism:
Comprises residents of a nation travelling out to foreign country.
These three basic forms of tourism can be in turn being combined to derive three categories of
tourism. Internal Tourism: This comprises domestic and inbound tourism. National Tourism:
domestic and outbound tourism. International Tourism: inbound and outbound tourism.
Geographers study the spatial expression of tourism as a human activity, focusing on tourist
generating and tourist receiving areas. The study can incorporate a variety of scales, climate,
tourist recourses to local landscape, resorts etc. From the geographical point of view, tourism has
three main components-
1) The tourist from one country to another country is known as generating areas.
2) The destination area of tourist receiving countries or region or local areas.
3) The route travelled between respective destinations.
Departing tourists returning tourists Tourism Flow (Source: Leiper, 1990) Tourism flow depends
on pull and push factors. Push factors depend on the stage of economic development in generating
market, number of holidays available and income. Also pull factor influence on tourist flow, it
includes accessibility and the relative cost. Due to growing economic significance of tourism, it
has a spectacular increase in tourism worldwide and increase in tourist earning. That money is
absorbed by the local economies of the nation, and helps to Destination Country / Region / Local
areas Tourism Generating Areas increasing jobs as well as opportunities. Tourism mostly depends
on the range and types of accommodation available at the destination. Accommodation is a core
of the tourist industry, and plays a distinctive role in the development of this ever - expanding
industry. Tourism also tends to give support to local handicrafts and cultural activities; both in
urban and rural areas. Expenditure by tourists has a multiplier effect and also generates
considerable tax revenue for local economy. Tourism has become a major and an integral part of
economic, social and physical development. It comprises complete system of nature, the universe,
the space and the galaxy which includes the man and his activities, wildlife, mountain and
valleys, rivers and waters, forest and trees, social and cultural system, flora and fauna, weather
and climate, sun and the sea. The whole system requires an environmental and ecological

preservation, which can be expressed in terms of following equation Tourism = (N + W + M) EE
Whereas, N = Nature, W = wildlife, M = Man and his activities, EE = Environment and Ecology.
The environment and ecological aspect on all the components as regard to the development of
tourism. The equation can further simplified in natureTourism = (Wildlife + Man)EE Without
planning and controlling mechanism the development of tourism may end by having social
cultural and economic distortions, which will be reflected in the relationship between tourists and
local 26 people. As soon as tourism grows and expands, it brings the social and economic changes
in the respective region. This can be positive as well as negative. Tourism 2020 vision is the
World Tourism Organization long - term forecast and assessment of the development of tourism
up to the first 20 years of the new millennium. An essential outcome of the Tourism 2020 vision
is quantitative forecasts covering a 25 years period, with 1995 as base year and forecasts for 2000
and 2020. Tourism 2020 vision calls these motivating factors the three E‟s - Entertainment,
Excitement and Education. Attraction, accommodation, supporting facilities, and infrastructure
are the basic elements of tourism. For the better development of tourism, these facilities should be
developed in respective areas and for this public as well as private sector should take a lead. The
flow of domestic tourists will depend on the location of tourist spot and population density of an
area. Accessibility is an essential factor for better development of India.
The Tourism industry has gone through many ups and downs in the recent years. While
recording a significant contraction in 2009, international tourist arrivals picked up again slowly
and have now returned to their pre-crisis peak level as shown in figure. The World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC, 2012a) estimates that, from direct and indirect activities combined, the
Tourism and Travel sector now accounts for a remarkable percent of global GDP, percent of
world exports, and percent of world investment. With growing economic activity in the emerging
markets, the Tourism industry provides an important opportunity for developing countries to
move up the value chain toward the production of innovative tourism products and higher value-
added services. Global Tourism arrivals and receipts [Source: WTO, 2012] Tourism industry
possesses a vast intrinsic potential to act as a catalyst for generating employment and promoting
equitable and inclusive economic growth. It encourages socio-economic progress by opening up
new avenues for economic progress and development by creating more businesses and
employment. In several destinations, the tourism industry in general and the accommodation
sector is particular, is characterized by the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMTEs). The SMEs
deliver a variety of benefits for the destinations by providing tourists direct contact with the local
character and also by facilitating rapid infusion of tourist spending into the host community,
stimulating the multiplier effects (Buhalis, 1996). They also contribute significantly to the range,
variety, authenticity and quality of the ‘tourism experience’ (Anandkumar, 2007). India's rich
cultural heritage and history, food, diverse landscape, architectural monuments, friendly people
and hospitality are its unique selling propositions as a tourism destination. This is attested by the
recent recognition bestowed by World Travel Awards (WTA, 2012) on Destination India in the
form of three prestigious awards – Asia’s Leading Destination - India, Asia’s Leading Tourist
Board - Incredible India and Asia’s Leading Tourist Attraction – Taj Mahal. The Incredible India
campaign has been ranked as the Highest Recall Advertisement worldwide by Travel and Leisure.
It has also bagged the coveted PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association) Grand Award for
Marketing (IBEF, 2010). In India, the tourism and hospitality industry has witnessed an increased

growth in recent past. As per the World Travel and Tourism Council, the tourism industry in India
is likely to generate US$ 121.4 billion of economic activity by 2015 and accommodation sector
has the potential to earn US$ 24 billion in foreign exchange by 2015 (Sharma et al., 2012).
The booming tourism industry has had a cascading effect on the accommodation sector with an
increase in the occupancy ratios and average room rates. 3 Accommodation is an important aspect
of a destination’s offering (Henning and Willemse, 1999) and plays an important role in the
destination experience. While tourist accommodation typically refers to traditional hotels of
several categories, Alternative Accommodation refers to establishments such as Guest houses,
Service apartments and Commercial homes. The concept of Alternative Accommodation is not
new. While the practice originated in Europe, it has always been a fixture in popular American
vacation areas (Nuntsu et al, 2003). However, in India, the practice is a decade old.
The Ministry of Tourism (Government of India) introduced and promoted the concept of
Alternative Accommodation as part of its globally acclaimed Incredible India campaign in 2001-
12. This research pertains to the Alternative Accommodation sector in Pondicherry, a Union
Territory of India. GLOBAL TOURISM INDUSTRY Over the decades, Tourism has experienced
continued growth and widening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic
sectors in the world. Modern tourism is closely linked to the development and economic growth
of the destination. On the occasion of the World Tourism Day 2011, the United Nations
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon noted: At a time of profound global economic uncertainty,
tourism’s ability to generate socio-economic opportunities and help reduce the gap between rich
and poor, is more important than ever (UN, 2011). Travel and Tourism continues to be one of the
world’s largest industries.
The recent years, notably 2009-12 were one of the most challenging years ever experienced by
the global Travel and Tourism industry due to political upheaval, economic uncertainty and
natural disasters in different parts of the world. The year 2009 registered a revenue decline of per
cent as the global economy plunged into recession and tourist numbers fell sharply (IBISWorld,
2012). Yet, the industry staged a remarkable recovery riding on the rising household incomes and
growing international trade from the emerging markets. International Tourist Arrivals (monthly
evaluation during 2008-12) [Source: WTO, 2012] In the year 2012, travel and tourism industry
had outperformed the global economy – growing faster than several key industries such as
manufacturing, retail, financial services and communications. More than 10 per cent of all new
jobs created in 2012 were from the industry.
According to the World Travel & Tourism Council’s economic research (WTTC), Travel and
Tourism’s total economic contribution - taking account of its direct, indirect and induced impacts
- was US$6.6 trillion in GDP (a rise of US$500 billion year-on-year), US$765 billion in
investment and US$1.2 trillion in exports. This contribution represents 9 per cent of total GDP, 5
per cent of total investment and 5 per cent of world exports. It is predicted that the Travel and
Tourism industry will expand its total contribution to GDP by 3.2% in 2013, faster than the 2.4%
predicted for global economic growth. The industry is expected to support nearly 266 million jobs
in 2013 and again outperform many other industries. David Scowsill, Chief Executive Officer of
WTTC, while applauding the resilience of the Travel and Tourism industry, has stated: ‘Despite

many economic difficulties, last year, for the first time, we saw more than one billion
international travelers cross an International border. This industry is an important driver for
countries’ economic development and growth strategies, and is responsible for % change 5
creating jobs, lifting people out of poverty, and broadening horizons’ (WTTC, 2012b). The year
2012 witnessed a symbolic landmark of one billion tourists having travelled the world in 2012,
marking a new record for global tourism that accounts for one in every 12 jobs and 30% of the
world’s services exports.
Global Inbound Tourism INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY India as a destination was frequented
by visitors from afar even as early as in the pre-Christ era. As documented by the National
Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT, 2012), the prominent early visitors
include explorers, pilgrims and traders, such as Megasthenes (302-298 BC) from Greece, Fa-Hien
(405-411 AD) from China, Al-Masudi (957 AD) from Arabia, Macro Polo (1292-1294 AD) from
Italy, Vasco De Gama (1498-1524 AD) from Portugal and so on. Later the colonial rulers from
Europe visited and occupied India. describes the evolution of the Indian tourism and hospitality
sector in the independent India. Post the country’s independence, the Government of India 6
focused on developing other industries, such as agriculture, irrigation, power and infrastructure
(HVS, 2012). It was only in 1982, three decades ago, that the first Tourism Policy was drafted
and it provided the much needed impetus to the industry. During the economic liberalization in
the early 1990s, the tourism industry experienced its share of reforms and progress. A new
National policy on Tourism was unveiled in 2002 along with the globally acclaimed Incredible
India campaign. It sought to position tourism as a major engine of economic growth and to
harness its direct and multiplier effects for employment and poverty eradication in an
environmentally sustainable manner (GOI, 2008).
The new policy focused on developing a robust tourism infrastructure which resulted in massive
investment in and rapid development of the accommodation sector in the Indian Tourism
industry. Evolution of the Indian Tourism industry [Source: IBEF, 2012] India is one of the
favourite tourist destinations around the world, according to world travel and tourism Council
(WTTC, 2013). Further, the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report by World Economic
Forum, has ranked India among the Top 10 destinations in terms of natural and cultu is the
second-fastest growing tourism market in the world. Tourism in India is the largest service
industry contributing up to 6.23 per cent to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and
providing 8.78 per cent opportunity in India (IBEF, 2013). Profitable industries in India and i of
foreign exchange to the national The tourism sector's direct contribution to the GDP of India in
2011 was estimated at US$ 32.7 billion.
It registered a compounded annual growth rate of 13 per cent during the period of 2006 2011
from US$ 56.3 billion in 2009. Exchange Earnings (FEEs) during the period of 2011 growth
(GOI, 2011a; IBEF, 2013) Table1.1. Foreign Tourist Arrivals 7 10 destinations in terms of natural
and cultural attractions (WEF, 2011). Today, fastest growing tourism market in the world.
Tourism in India is the largest service industry contributing up to 6.23 per cent to the National
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and providing 8.78 per cent of the total employment opportunity
in India (IBEF, 2013).

Travel and tourism industry is also one of the most and it is credited with contributing a
substantial amount national exchequer. The tourism sector's direct contribution to the GDP of
India in 2011 was estimated at US$ 32.7 billion. It registered a compounded annual growth rate of
13 per cent during the period of 2006-11. Total contribution increased to US$ 76.7 billion in US$
56.3 billion in 2009. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) during the period of 2011-2012 also
registered a steady ; IBEF, 2013).
Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 1997-2012 [Source: GOI, 2011a] Today, India
fastest growing tourism market in the world. Tourism in India is the largest service industry
contributing up to 6.23 per cent to the National Gross of the total employment one of the most t is
credited with contributing a substantial amount The tourism sector's direct contribution to the
GDP of India in 2011 was estimated at US$ 32.7 billion. It registered a compounded annual
growth rate of 13 per 11. Total contribution increased to US$ 76.7 billion in Foreign Tourist
Arrivals (FTAs) and Foreign 2012 also registered a steady 2012.Foreign Exchange Earnings
(FEEs) (in US$ Million) from Tourism in India The India Brand Equity Fund (IBEF, 2012)
identifies four factors of advantage for Destination India.
The factors of advantage include a growing demand from both foreign and domestic tourists,
attractive opportunities through diverse offerings including the fast growing medical tourism,
diverse attractions in the form of world heritage sites, bio-geographic zones and a long coastline,
and policy support through successful Destination Marketing initiatives by both the National and
State Governments. However, in spite of these advantages, the Travel and Tourism
Competitiveness Report from the World Economic Forum (WEF, 2011) ranks India at 68th
position which is six positions behind the 2010 rankings.
Among the 14 pillars considered in the Travel and Tourism attributed to the low score
Infrastructure remains somewhat underdeveloped with very few hotel rooms per capita by
international comparison and low Automatic T penetration. Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs)
(in US$ Million) from Tourism in India during 1997-2012 [Source: GOI, 2011a] The India Brand
Equity Fund (IBEF, 2012) identifies four factors of advantage for Destination India. The factors
of advantage include a growing demand from both foreign and domestic tourists, attractive
opportunities through diverse offerings fast growing medical tourism, diverse attractions in the
form of world geographic zones and a long coastline, and policy support through successful
Destination Marketing initiatives by both the National and State r, in spite of these advantages,
the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report from the World Economic Forum (WEF, 2011)
ranks India at position which is six positions behind the 2010 rankings.
Among the 14 pillars considered in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, India’s poor
ranking is attributed to the low score in the Tourism Infrastructure component remains somewhat
underdeveloped with very few hotel rooms per capita by international comparison and low
Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) . Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) (in US$ Million) from
Tourism in India The India Brand Equity Fund (IBEF, 2012) identifies four factors of advantage
for Destination India.
The factors of advantage include a growing demand from both foreign and domestic tourists,
attractive opportunities through diverse offerings fast growing medical tourism, diverse

attractions in the form of world geographic zones and a long coastline, and policy support through
successful Destination Marketing initiatives by both the National and State r, in spite of these
advantages, the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report from the World Economic Forum
(WEF, 2011) ranks India at position which is six positions behind the 2010 rankings. Among the
14 pillars, India’s poor ranking is ucture component. Tourism remains somewhat underdeveloped
with very few hotel rooms per eller Machines (ATM) 9 The Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce in India (FICCI) in a collaborative study with the investment bank, Yes Bank
suggested a ten-point agenda to make ‘Incredible India’ campaign live up to the image (FICCI,
2011).
One of the suggestions is to enhance hotel infrastructure by introducing Alternative
Accommodation concepts such as Bed & Breakfast (B&B) across all the Indian states besides
encouraging increase in the number of hotel rooms. ACCOMMODATION SECTOR IN INDIAN
TOURISM Tourism is an intensely competitive, inter-connected, focused, rapidly evolving
business sector.
The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the supply of accommodation have a direct
bearing on the overall development of tourism and success of the destination. Consequently, in
order to ensure that the supply of accommodation contributes effectively to tourism development
plans and objectives, it is imperative that the development of the accommodation sector should be
the primary element of the overall destination planning process (HVS, 2012). With the
phenomenal increase and prospects in tourism, the accommodation sector has evolved in its form
and nature, and thus providing a bouquet of choices to the tourists depending on their taste and
budget. There is no tourism without the accommodation sector because it is this sector that
provides the tourists what they basically need when they travel. Accommodation sector in India is
growing.
The sector is concentrating on different types of accommodation products including Alternative
Accommodation products. However, compared to global standards, India still requires a lot of
efforts to increase the quality and quantity of accommodation available for the tourists to meet the
growing demand. Presently, India is not able to meet the growing demand of rooms in hotels for
the tourists. Therefore, there is a need for capacity addition in terms of rooms and the types of
accommodation. The President of the Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Associations of India, Mr.
Vivek Nair, is his inaugural remarks commented that the Indian hotel industry is poised to
commit a huge capital investment to bridge the projected shortfall of over 1,80,000 rooms in the
10 country over the next decade (FHRAI, 2012).
A greater need is being felt in the midmarket and budget hotels segment in which a shortfall of
around 100,000 rooms is estimated (India Biznews, 2011; GOI, 2011b). Hotel Rooms in India
[Source: HVS, 2011] In the Indian hospitality industry, the major players in the accommodation
sector are Indian Hotels, EIH, ITC hotels, Hotel Leela Ventures, Bharat Hotels and Asian Hotels,
ITDC and Orient Hotels Ltd. The booming industry has attracted many international players as
well. A number of global players are already well established in India.
These include Hilton, Shangri-La, Radisson, Mariott, Meridian, Sheraton, Hyatt, Holiday Inn,
InterContinental and Crown Plaza. New brands such as Amanda, Satinwoods, Banana Tree,

Hampton Inns, Scandium by Hilt and Mandarin Oriental are also said to be planning to enter the
Indian hospitality industry in joint ventures with domestic hotel majors (India Biznews, 2011).
With 740 million domestic travellers and over 6.3 million FTAs in 2011, India, after China, is
considered one of the most lucrative hotel markets in the world and has the second largest
construction pipeline in Asia (ICRA, 2012).
Growing affluence and the increasing role India is expected to play in the global economy are
likely to drive 11 both leisure and business travel in the coming years. For most global hotel
majors a significant part of their hotel pipeline is centred on emerging markets like India. The
Ministry of Tourism, Government of India introduced the concept of Alternative Accommodation
such as Commercial homes (specifically, the Bed & Breakfast and Homestay establishments) as
part of its globally acclaimed Incredible India campaign in 2001-12. This is intended to help
bridge the demand-supply gap and cater to specific target segments, such as the middle-class
tourists. By providing credit and tax incentives, the Government – both at centre and state levels -
has induced the entry of new Alternative Accommodation service providers.
| Hotels and other Alternative Accommodation are an integral part of a tourist's visit to a place
and the services offered by them can make his/her visit memorable. With the aim of providing
comfortable Home Stay facilities of standardized world class services to the tourists, and to
supplement the availability of accommodation in the Metros and tourist destinations, Ministry of
Tourism, Government of India has classified fully operational rooms of Bed and Breakfast
(B&B)/ Homestay establishments as Incredible India Bed-and-Breakfast and Homestay
Establishments (GOI, 2010). The basic idea is to provide a clean and affordable place for
foreigners and domestic tourists alike including an opportunity for foreign tourists to stay with an
Indian family to experience Indian customs and traditions and relish authentic Indian cuisine.
The Incredible India Bed & Breakfast/Homestay facilities are categorized as Silver or Gold
category depending on the amenities (such as parking) offered and other pre-defined criteria. A
classic case of promotion of Alternative Accommodation such as bed-andbreakfast and homestay
by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India happened during the Commonwealth games in
New Delhi in 2010 to meet the increased demand of accommodation. To motivate house owners
to apply for this scheme, an integrated publicity campaign was launched. Such registered houses
were promoted through the e-commerce platform of the ‘Incredible India’ website (India SME,
2011).
On the 12 request of the Ministry of Tourism, the Government of Delhi had exempted such
establishments from various taxes by treating them residential. According to the Statistical Year
Book from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme implementation (GOI, 2013), there were
2483 Government approved hotels as on 31st December 2010 with about 118,000 rooms. The
distribution of approved hotels and the number of rooms in approved hotels are shown. As can be
inferred from these figures, Alternative Accommodation such as Bed and Breakfast
establishments have grown rapidly. Bed and Breakfast establishments have one-fourth share in
the total number of hotels but only two per cent share in total number of rooms. This is attributed
to their smaller size as they are usually family-run, home-based facilities.

Distribution of approved hotels in India [Source: GOI, 2013].Distribution of the number of rooms
in approved hotels in India [Source: GOI, 2013] 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The
Government of India’s Incredible India destination promotion initiative since 2002 has provided
an impetus for Alternative Accommodation sector in Indian Tourism industry. While this sector
has been in organized business for over a decade now, there are no scientific studies on this
unique accommodation product. Hence, the present study aimed to understand Alternative
Accommodation from the supply side (that is, service providers) and demand side (that is, the
guests). In supply side, it was aimed to study the business perspective and opinion of
hosts/managers in the Alternative Accommodation. In demand side, it was aimed to investigate
the perception of guests/travellers staying in Alternative Accommodation establishments.
Such a unified view serves as a comprehensive study offering actionable findings and
suggestions, besides adding up as a pioneering study in the literature. The aim of this research is
to assess the marketing practices in Alternative Accommodation sector and also the motivations
and perceptions of the guests in Alternative Accommodation sector. The main research questions
are: How is marketing practiced by Alternative Accommodation sector? How do they
differentiate the Alternative Accommodation product from traditional accommodation? What 14
factors determine a guest’s choice for Alternative Accommodation and the subsequent
satisfaction or otherwise?
Positive & Negative Effects of Tourism
Travel and tourism is one of the world's largest industries. It "surpasses that of oil exports, food
products or automobiles," according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization. Inbound
tourism boosts the economic growth of a region's economy while providing high potential to
support job creation. Outbound tourism promotes cross-cultural understanding and goodwill. In
the words of Mark Twain, “Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness.
Positive Economic Effects of Tourism
Job creation is paramount to any discussion about tourism's positive economic effects. The 2017
Economic Impact Report by the World Travel & Tourism Council indicates that the industry
generates one out of 10 jobs worldwide, growing at a pace that outperforms employment in the
global economy for the sixth consecutive year. The report also indicates that among new jobs, the
sector accounts for one in five.
Negative Economic Effects of Tourism
Unexpected and unforeseeable events such as terrorism, political upheaval, impactful weather
conditions and natural disasters can wreak havoc on a region, negatively affecting inbound
tourism for considerable periods of time. The more dependent a destination is on tourism, the
more the impact will be felt and the longer recovery will take.

Positive Environmental Effects of Tourism
Education about the reasons for sustainable tourism places a spotlight on responsible planning. As
more consumers become aware of the lasting benefits of "take only pictures, leave only
footprints," we can better respect nature and minimize the impact on any habitat we visit.
Negative Environmental Effects of Tourism
Too many tourists can have a negative impact on the quality of life. Known as overtourism, this
phenomenon is creating a burden in such destinations as rural Patagonia, Chile, and
urban Barcelona, Spain. The slopes of Mount Everest are littered and, in Iceland, tourists far
outnumber the resident population. In the U.S. where the top 10 parks saw more than 44 million
visitors in 2016, the National Park Service is looking for ways to protect natural treasures in light
of year-on-year increases in visitor numbers.
Positive Effects of Mega Events
A rotating mega event, such as the Olympics, the World Cup or even a pop-up happening such as
a high profile royal wedding, will benefit a host destination by attracting global attention. Large
numbers of spectators visit, injecting significant cash into the local economy. International
sporting events also serve as catalysts for longer term improvements in stadiums, facilities,
transportation and infrastructures. For Athens, Greece, in 2004 and for Pyeongchang, South
Korea, in 2018, this even meant new airport terminals.
Negative Effects of Mega Events
Those rows of empty arena seats at the London 2012 Olympics have been attributed to the toxic
fear of crowds, disruption and ultra high prices that served to block intentions of locals and
travelers. We've all observed that the legacy left by hosting a major event can hurt a local
economy more than it benefits. In years following the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, venues
went unused although the city chalked up a $15 billion price tag. Four years later, the same thing
happened at the far more costly Beijing Olympics. During the 2013 America's Cup, "equal
amounts of civic pride and political controversy" were generated, reported the San Francisco
Chronicle, which also reported the unpaid tab for the host city was $11.5 million.
Positive Social Effects of Tourism
Tourism has long been cited by world leaders as a driver of peace and security through
understanding. In the 21st century, tourism is closely linked to development, embracing a
growing number of new destinations – hence new jobs. Tourism can create civic pride by
encouraging cultivation and sharing of local customs, food, traditions and festivals. Personal
exchanges between hosts and guests goes a long way toward fostering better cultural
understanding. Tour operators are focusing on the experiential travel trend, providing more
authentic and immersive experiences for their guests. Open spaces and national parks in countries
around the world are good for replenishing both body and soul, but traffic jams are not a good
look.

Negative Social Effects of Tourism
While tourism can help preserve cultures, it can also water them down via commercialization and
cookie-cutter approaches. Airbnb's advertising has attacked the sameness of hotels, suggesting
real people's homes in real neighborhoods as an alternative. There is nothing authentic about a
hotel's nightly staging of an indoor Hawaiian luau featuring acrobatic fire dancers or the
"Venetian" gondola that plies a fake canal on the Vegas strip in the shadow of the "Eiffel Tower."
Such features have none of the social benefits that a truly genuine travel experience can produce.
Chapter-2
Tourism in India
Nature and State of International Tourism in India
Today tourism is the largest service industry in India with a contribution of 6.23% to national
GDP and providing 8.78% of the total employment in the year 2011. On an average more than 5
million foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourists visits are witnessed by India
annually.
India is ranked 68thamong the world‟s 139 most attractive destinations and scores very high on
natural resources (ranked 8th) and cultural resources (24th); with 30 world heritage sites and
strong creative industries in the country. India‟s air transport network is ranked 39th, the ground

transport infrastructure however remains underdeveloped (ranked43rd).India is ranked first with
regard to tourism air attendance. The promotional campaigns and marketing strategies to attract
tourists remain average (ranked53rd). The World Economic Forum study states that India also
benefits from excellent price competitiveness, ranked 6th overall, with low ticket-taxes and airport
charges along with low prices in the economy as a whole. These rankings are based on the Travel
& Tourism Competitive Index (TTCI) 2011, which measures the different regulatory and business
related issues.
Moreover, India has been ranked the “best country brand for value for money” in the
Country Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted by Future Brand, a leading global brand
consultancy in the year 2011. India also claimed the second place in CBI‟s „best country
brand for history‟, as well as appears among the top 5 in the best country brand for
authenticity of art and culture and the fourth best new country for business. India made it to
the list of „rising stars‟ or the countries that are likely to become major tourist destinations in
the next five years, led by the United Arab Emirates, China and Vietnam.

Major Policy Initiatives Taken by Indian Government
An Overview of Indian Tourism Policies
The Ministry of tourism headed by the „Union Minister for Tourism‟ is the nodal
agency for the formation of national policies and programs related to tourism. It also
coordinates all the activities of the central government agencies, state government
undertakings and the private sector for the development and promotion of tourism. The
administrative head of the ministry is the secretary (tourism) who also acts as the Directorate
General (DG) tourism. Directorate General of tourism has 20 offices within India and 13
offices overseas. The work of the ministry is divided into 10 divisions which are headed by
either a Director or Deputy Secretary level officer. These include administration, public
sector undertakings (PSU) planning & coordination, division, publicity, international cooperation
and IT & Events divisions, market research division, overseas marketing division, hotels and
restaurants division, travel & trade division, integrated finance ,e-governance division, official
language division, human resource development and domestic tourism division and parliament
vigilance, administration & public grievances divisions. The first conscious and organized efforts
to promote tourism in India were made in 1945 when a committee was set up by the government
under the chairmanship of Sir John Sargent, the then Educational Advisor to the government of
India (Krishna, A.G., 1993).Thereafter, the development of tourism was taken up in a planned
manner in 1956 coinciding with the second five year plan. The approach has evolved from
isolated planning of single unit facilities in the second and third five year plan. The sixth plan
marked the beginning of a new era when tourism began to be considered as a major instrument
for social integration and economic development. But it was only after the 80s that tourism
activity gained momentum. The government took several policy initiatives explained below:-

3.4 Organizations Involved in Tourism
The various organizations engaged in the development of tourism in India are:
1. Department of Tourism
Tourism department is responsible for promotion of India as a tourist destination,
development of tourism infrastructure and facilities in the country and performing regulatory
functions in the field of tourism. It has four regional offices at Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai and a sub-regional office at Guhawati. The regional offices supervise the working
of other tourist offices situated at different places throughout the country. The head of
department is a Director General who has under him Additional secretary and also
Additional Director General tourism and market research. To assist the Additional secretary,
a Joint Secretary and Financial Advisor are also appointed. The department independently
formulates the policies and liases with central and state government departments and local
bodies in discharging their duties. The area of operations of the department are classified
into various headings which include planning and promotions; publicity and conference;
travel, trade and hospitality; accommodation; wildlife and additional accommodation;
market research and administration.
During the course of the discharge of its duties the department of tourism interacts
with advisory committee on Indian Airlines, Indian Board for wild life, Governing body of
the Institute of Hotel Management catering Technology and Nutrition –New Delhi, Central
Advisory Board of Archeology, Indian Tourism Development corporation, Export Import
Advisory council, Central Post and Telegraph Advisory Council and so on.
Organizations for International Tourism
1. Overseas Organizations
In order to position India as a preferred destination in the global market, 18 offices

are established in USA, American countries, Canada and other Gulf countries. These offices
function under the supervision of a regional Directorate office in New York, USA. A
separate Directorate of Tourism office is established in Geneva to look after and monitor the
functioning of tourist offices in London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Brussels.
Most of the overseas promotional programs are organized with Air India and these
are termed as „operation schemes.‟ For the first time in 1968 a scheme named „Operation

Europe‟ was launched to promote Indian tourism in Europe. It was launched in partnership
with Air India, which has extended financial support to its offices across Europe. In due
course of time, several such schemes were launched due to the success achieved in these
schemes, to give the much needed push to Indian tourism. From a modest beginning in 1949,
the tourism has passed through several stages to reach the present stage of national and
international presence. Several expert committees, councils and boards were appointed to
study and submit their recommendations, which have contributed to the development of the
sector.
2. India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
India Tourism Development Corporation was established in October 1966. ITDC
performs following activities:
Construction, management and marketing of hotels, restaurants and travelers lodges at
various places in the country.
Provision of tourist publicity materials
Provision of entertainment facilities in the shape of sound and light shows, music
concerts etc.
Provision of shopping facilities in the shape of duty free shops and
Provision of consultancy cum managerial service in India and abroad.
3. Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (ITTM)
ITTM was set up in January 1983 with registered office at New Delhi. It offers
different level academic courses in tourism and travel management and related areas. It has
embarked upon a series of alternative educational courses for supervisory and grass root-
level workers of the industry.
4. National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology

It acts as an apex body to coordinate training and research in hotel and catering
management. Its head office is in New Delhi. It is the main agency for planning and
monitoring the activities of 15 institutes of Hotel Management and 15 food craft institutes
and ensures uniformity in academic standards and procedures for selection and admission of
candidates for various courses conducted by these institutes.

5. Tourism Finance Corporation of India Ltd.(TFCI)
TFCI sponsored by IFCI (Industrial Finance Corporation of India) was set up in
April 1988 and it started its functioning from February 1, 1988. TFCI is set up with a view to
provide institutional assistance to tourism projects other than those in the accommodation
sector. In addition to the above mentioned organizations at the central level, the state
government and union territories have their own Department of Tourism, Tourism
Development Corporations and other institutions or organizations formed for the purpose of
helping the development of tourism industry in their areas. Besides these, various agencies
such as Department of Archaeology, International Airport Authority of India, Indian
Airlines, Vayudoot, Indian Railways, Custom Department, Reserve Bank of India, Forest
Departments, Handloom and Handicrafts Boards and Corporations and Individual level
agents , hotel and tour operators are engaged in the promotion of tourism in India.
3.5 Growth of Tourism in India
The growth of tourism in India can be discussed on the following grounds:
3.5.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals: The large number of tourists is visiting India from various
countries as are shown with help of following table 3.1. It is clear from the table that since
1991 the number of foreign tourist arrivals in India is constantly on a rise. Though there was
a little drop in the year 2009 as foreign tourist arrivals were 5.11 million as against 5.28
million in 2008 but again in the year 2010 the number of foreign tourist arrivals picked
momentum and were noted as 5.78 million and 6.29 in the year 2011.

Arrivals of Foreign Tourists Arrivals in India
Year Arrivals (in millions)
1991 1.68
1992 1.87
1993 1.76
1994 1.89
1995 2.12
1996 2.29
1997 2.37
1998 2.36
1999 2.47
2000 2.62

2001 2.54
2002 2.38
2003 2.41
2004 3.36
2005 3.92
2006 4.45
2007 5.08
2008 5.28
2009 5.11
2010 5.78
2011 6.29
Sources:
1.) Department of Tourism Annual Report and Tourism Highlights
UNWTO.
2.) Bureau of Immigration, Govt. of India for 1997-2008
3.) Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India for 2009 and 2011
3.5.2 Foreign Exchange Earnings: Tourism in India has emerged as the largest net foreign
exchange earner. Table 3.2 indicates the data regarding foreign earnings of India during last
15 years. The table indicates that in India the contribution of foreign exchange earnings from
tourism have increased manifold since 1997 and have reached 14.27 US billion dollars in
2011.

Foreign Exchange Earnings in India From Tourism
Year Earning of Foreign Exchange
(US Billion Dollar)
1997 2.89
1998 2.95
1999 3.01
2000 3.46
2001 3.19
2002 3.10
2003 4.46
2004 6.17
2005 7.49
2006 8.63
2007 10.72
2008 11.83
2009 11.52
2010 13.54
2011 14.27
Source:1) Department of tourism annual report and tourism highlights
UNWTO.
2.) Bureau of Immigration, Govt. of India for 1997-2008
3.) Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India for 2009 and 2010.

Peak Seasons for Tourists Arrival in India:
The table 3.3 below shows the peak season of foreign tourist arrivals in India. It
clearly indicates that India‟s fairs and festivals attract tourists from various corners of the
world and the period from October to March is the peak season of foreign tourists‟ arrivals
in India.
Peak Seasons for Tourists Arrival in India
Months Reasons
October-November Maximum festivals Dusshera, Durga
Pooja, Diwali, Pushkar fair (in Rajasthan)
December Christmas
January Republic Day, Lohri
March Holi
3.5.4 Tourism Attractions in India:
India is a country popularly known for extending its lavish hospitality to all visitors,
no matter where they come from. Due to its belief in the philosophy of „Vasudeva
Kutumbkam‟ its visitor friendly traditions, varied life styles, vast cultural heritage and
colorful fairs and festivals, it holds multiple attractions for the tourist. The other attractions
include beautiful sun drenched bathing beaches, forests and wild life, majestic rivers,
glorious architecture, fascinating fauna and flora and beautiful landscapes for ecotourism,
snowclad mountain peaks etc for adventure tourism, technological parks and science

museum for science tourism, centers of pilgrimage for spiritual tourism, heritage trains and
hotels for heritage tourism, yoga, ayurveda and natural health resorts and hill stations also
attract tourists. Indian handicrafts particularly jewellery, carpets, leather goods, ivory and
brass work are the main shopping items of foreign tourists. Despite the economic slow down,
medical tourism in India is the fastest growing segment of tourism industry. Factors such as
low cost scale and range of treatments provided in the country add to its attractiveness as a
medical tourism destination. The major tourist attractions in India can be explained by
dividing India into four zones. The major tourist attractions for foreign tourists in North
India are New Delhi, Agra, Shimla and Dehradun. New Delhi is the capital city of

India and has a rich cultural past. Red Fort, India Gate, Qutub Minar, Jama Masjid are the
important places for tourism in Delhi. Agra is the city of Taj Mahal and one of the greatest
spot for tourist attractions in India. Shimla is a splendid hill station in the Himalayas.
Dehradun, the capital of Uttranachal is famous for its fantastic scenery. In East India the
major tourist attractions are Kolkata, Guwahati, Shillong, Patna, Jamshedpur, Allahabad,
Varanasi, Bhopal. Kolkata –a heritage city and the cultural capital of India. Many places to
visit in Kolkata are Victoria memorial, Fort William, Nanda theatre, Race Course, National
Library, Eden gardens, Botanical gardens, Allipur Zoo. Guwahati is an important base for
tourism in the region. Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya and famous for its breath taking
lush green landscapes. Patna is one of the oldest cities in India and famous for its historical
relics. Jamshedpur is an important industrial township, home of Tata industries. Allahabad is
the city of Prayag and the world famous fair-Kumbhmela. Varanasi is the most auspicious
city of the Hindus, famous for its temples and ghats. Bhopal is the capital of Madhya
Pradesh and an important center of Tourism. In West India the major tourist attractions are
Mumbai, Panjim and Udaipur. Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and the city that
never sleeps. Panjim the capital city of Goa is famous for its Golden beaches and pristine
waters. Udaipur is famous for its floating palaces in the middle of Lake Pichola. In South
India the most important tourist sites are Kerala, Chennai, Bengaluru, Cochin, Trivandpuram
and Ooty. Kerala, known as „God‟s own country‟ is very famous among tourists for its lush
greenery, coconut canopies and exotic beaches. Chennai is the automobile capital of India.
Bangalore the silicon valley of India is famous for its software companies and has a pleasing
weather round the year. Trivandpurum is the city of the famous Kovalam beach. Cochin is a
coastal city famous for its historical relevance. Ooty is a fabulous hill station in the Nilgiris
famous for its verdure valleys.

3.6 Service Providers of Tourism Industry in India
In India, Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO) (established in 1982) is the
apex body of the tourism industryhaving1100 members covering all segments of tourism
industry. IATO has international acceptance, and linkages. It has close connections and
constant interaction with other tourism associations in US, Nepal and Indonesia, where
USTOA (United States Tour Operator Association), NATO (Nepal Association of Tour
Operators) and ASITA (Association of Indonesia Tour and Travel Agencies) are its member

bodies and is increasing its international networking with professional bodies for better
facilitation to the international traveler visiting not only India but the entire region.
IATO interacts closely with all Government Ministries/Departments, Chambers of
Commerce and Industry, Diplomatic Missions etc. on all critical issues affecting the tourism
industry in India with the highest priority to tourism facilitation.
IATO has five categories of membership: Active, Allied, Associate, International and
Honorary. All its active members are recognized and approved by the Indian government's
Department of Tourism and should have at least three years‟ experience of handling
international tourists to India, before being admitted to the IATO fraternity. All IATO
members observe the highest standards of professional ethics and offer personalized service
to their clients.
IATO's affairs are managed by an Executive Committee, elected by the active
members every two years. The Executive Committee is headed by the President with a team
of six office bearers and 9 executive members. The Executive Committee meets every month
to discuss current tourism industry and membership issues. IATO networks through its State
Level Chapters at the local level where all local issues are handled at the appropriate level.
IATO has 13 Action Committees; each focused on a specialized area headed by a
Convener who is assisted by his committee members. They are:
* Adventure Tourism Development Committee
* Civil Aviation, Press & PR Committee
* Domestic Tourism Development Committee
* Grievances Committee
* Guides Coordination Committee
* Host Committee
* Hotel Relations Development Committee

* IATO News Committee
* Legal Affairs, Insurance & Consumer Committee
* Privilege Card Development Committee
* Railways Co-ordination & Development Committee
* Surface Transportation Development Committee
* Website Development Committee

3.7 Competitiveness of India as an International Tourist Destination
The following discussion illustrates the state of competitiveness of Indian tourism
industry:
1. Security & Safety- India is highly lacking on this attribute of competitiveness. The
major reasons being the internal community riots and also the terrorist attacks faced
from time to time. The country is highly unsafe for females and there is poor discipline
as well as political instability in the country. In the TTCI index of 2011 India was
ranked 78th out of 139 economies showing poor security environment of the country.
2. Maintenance and Cleanliness- The general cleanliness and sanitation level of the
country is also very poor. Out of the top 10 polluted cities of the world two cities of
India –Ludhiana is on the 5th position and Kanpur is on the 10th position.
3. Information & Communication- Though the official languages of the republic of India
are Standard Hindi and English yet the government of India has given 22 languages of
the 8th schedule the status of official languages. Because of such diversity in the
regional languages the foreign tourist has to face the problem of communication with
the locals. Also the official website of Incredible India campaign of Ministry of
tourism, Government of India is less informative which could have otherwise solved
this language and communication problem. There is improvement in the mobile phone
networking of India and currently India has a total of 15 mobile network operators
with Idea, Vodafone and Reliance Communications bagging the top three positions.
4. Infrastructure- As per the TTCI rankings of 2011 India‟s Air transport infrastructure
and the ground transport infrastructure bag 39th and 43rd position respectively out of
139 countries, which is pretty well. Efforts made by the government of India are also
commendable which are visible in the form of opening of Terminal 3 at the IGI
airport, Delhi which can alone handle 34 million passengers providing ultra-modern
facilities.
This airport was ranked 6th in the world in the year 2011 whereas it was not even
among the top 100 in the year 2007. This showcased the seriousness and dedication of
the Indian government for developing its infrastructure. The mobile teledensity of
India is 74.15% and that of the world is 86%. Various schemes are being implemented

with financial support from Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) for providing
access to telecom services to people in the rural and remote areas as an effort of the

NATURAL RESOURCES
India is fairly rich in minerals and has large reserves of iron ore, coal, manganese, copper and
mica. The valleys of the river Domodar in West Bangal and Jharkhand, the Mahanadi in
Chhattisnager, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa and the Godavori in Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh,
contain practically the entire mineral wealth of the country. The significant mineral deposits
outside this area are petroleum, copper and gold. Gold silver and diamonds make up a small part
of other natural resources available in India. Major portion of the energy in India is generated
from coal. Huge reserves of petroleum have been found off the coast of Maharastra and Gujrat.
Electrical energy is generated by hydroelectric power, coal and nuclear energy. In villages around
India, people use wood or dired cow-dung cakes as fuel for cooking and heating water. The
demand for firewood and the increasing population is affecting the existing forests.
Another natural resource is forest resource. Forestry is a primary activity and depends for the
development to a great extent on the physical environmental conditions. Timber and firewood are
called major forest products while the rest are minor forest products. Timber producing forests
grow mainly in areas of ample precipitation and the major species of such trees in India are teak,
sal, shisham, deodar and pine. The sandal wood tree, a valuable species, grows in Karnataka.
Bamboo, gum and the leaves of some trees are important forest products. Which are used in many
purposes. Kattha and Lac (sealing wax) are also obtained from the forests of Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Natural resources hold a lot of significance for tourism development.
For example, ecotourism is nature based and emphasizes on conservation of resource. The north
east India is recognized as a region uniquely rich in biodiversity. This region has environmental
diversities for its tropical locations, varied physical features and climatic types. These include
sanctuaries, lakes and rivers, adventure spots etc and these offer enormous opportunities for
development of eco tourism.
ADVENTURE
For many years, India was basicaly focused on cultural tourist destination. But of late, India is
fast making its steps in adventure travel and tourism because of its huge variety of adventure
options in India. India offers many options for adventure lovers, there are many adventure
destinations and places in India which fascinates the adventure lovers. Diverse landscape has
blessed India with numerous adventure destinations. Adventure destinations of India can broadly
be categorized into the following regions:
a. Land Adventure
b. Aero sports adventure
c. Snow Adventure
d. Water Adventure

Adventure on Land
There are many land adventures in India. In this unit we are going to discuss on
a) Safari b) Trekking and c) Climbing
a. Safari: Safari, in an excellent way to explore a remote destination. The Camel Safari’s in India
are organized the vast There Desert of Rajasthan. Camel Safari’s as also known as the ship of
desist. For, those who like the galloping thrills, then there are horse riding. Another very
delightful and exciting safari is the Elephant Safari, which usually consists of a exciting tour of
the various wildlife sanctuaries and parks such as Kaziranga in Assam. The Jeep Safari and
Motorbike Safari are for those who all fond of explore the land on their own.
b. Trekking: In almost every part of India, there is a variety of trekking adventure options
available to the trekker. Among the high altitude regions of Indian imalayas, the trekker explores
the scenic beauty .Trekking in India not only experience the unexplored trails made by nature, but
it brings the visitor directly in touch with the place.
Following are the different destinations of trekking in India:
a. Darjeeling Trekking
b. Sikkim Trekking
c. Trekking in Himalaya and in the passes
c. Climbing: Climbing in India is one of the most thrilling experiences of conquering the
unexplored mountains. The trained guides organize trips to the mountain peaks, as high as 3000
m to have
a vision of mountain wildlife or to enjoy in the lush green mountain valleys. Climbing is a sport
of self-discipline and stamina that can provide a great deal of personal satisfaction.
There are different types of climbing: ice climbing, rock climbing, mountaineering and mountain
climbing. Some of the most breathtaking regions with great climbs besides Himalayan Mountains
are at Mt. Abu (Rajasthan), Pachmarhi in Central India.
Aero sports Adventure
Just like land, there are various adventure sports in the air also. In India some of the major
aerosports are: Ballooning, Para Gliding and Hang Gliding. There are many government sports
institutes and sports clubs in India that organizes training course for Para gliding, hangliding. In
various states of India the tourism generations also organize
sports events and competitions to promote these air sports.

The different types of Aerosports are as follows:
a. Ballooning Gliding
b. Hang Gliding
c. Hand Gliding
d. Para Gliding
Adventure on Snow
There are many adventure sports on snow. The places where this sport will are available are the
northern part of India. Many tourists go to Manali in Himachal, Garhwal region in Uttar Pradesh
and
Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir
Ice Skating is just like skiing except that instead of swooshing down from snow covered slopes
the riders just glide along a wide skating arena wearing ice-skates.
Adventure in Water
India has many options as far as water sports are concerned. There are real exciting watery
packages, which include White Water Rafting, Water Skiing, Canoeing and Kayaking, Scuba
Diving,
Snorkeling, Angling and Fishing.
The best destination to enjoy the water sports in India is be the island of Andaman & Nicobar in
the Bay of Bengal and Lakshwadeep in the Arabian Sea. Then the best mainland choice for water
Adventures is Goa, where amateurs can also get professional help to get the watery taste. The
thrilling experience one seekers can try out the Ganges and its tributaries in the north for river
Rafting.
The rivers in the upper Himalayas are among the best in the world for river sports, with many
staircase rapids that challenge the body and spirit of the river runner.
Ganga near Rishikesh in Uttaranchal is a popular spot for white water rafting. The Whitewater
River rafting stretch of the Ganges is from Kaudiyala to Rishikesh. In Assam, rafting facilities are
available for tourists in Jia Bhoroli river.

Following are the water sports in India:
a. Beach Holidays
b. Boat Sailing
c. Fishing & Angling
d. Ganges Rafting
e. Goa Water Spotrs
f. Houseboats
g. Para Sailing
h. River Rafting
i. Rishikesh Rafting
j. Scuba Diving
k. Surfing & Yatching
l. Water Skiing
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q1. State True or False:
a) The sandal wood tree grows in Karnataka. (T/F)
b) The major Aerosports are Ballooning, Climbing and Para Trecking (T/F)
c) Manali in Himachal, Gharwal in Uttar Pradesh and Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir are some of
the tourist destinations for snow adventures. (T/F)
d) Ganga near Rishikesh is a popular spot for white water rafting. (T/F)
WILDLIFE
Indian heritage is enriched with a magnificent range of wildlife. Jim Corbett, Manas, the Great
Himalayan National Park and Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary are some other wildlife sanctuaries.
Animal Safari: Taking up a wildlife tour in India through animal safari is a charismatic
experience. Animal safari is one of the perfect means to explore the great Indian wildlife
treasures. Expert guides accompany these wildlife safaris to make things simpler for the tourists.

With the Camel Safari’s in India tourist can luxuriate in the remotest regions of the golden ‘Thar
Desert of Rajasthan’.
The animal safaris in India can be :
a. Camel safari at Thar Desert of Rajasthan
b. Elephant safari at Kaziranga
c. Horse safari
Bird Watching: Wildlife is not just about animals, but birds too. Usually when people visit the
wildlife sanctuaries, they miss out the avifauna because the major scene stealers of any wildlife
are predators like Tigers and Leopards. Bird Watching connects to nature. Bird watching is a
family sport, which tourist can enjoy with whole family.
Following are the famous bird watching places :
Bharatpur National Park, Rajasthan
Gir National Park, Gujarat
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Kerela
Nandankanan, Orissa
Jim Corbett National Park, Uttaranchal
Rajaji National Park, Uttaranchal
Sultanpur National Park
Jungle Safari: Safari is an adventure that takes any adventurer who likes to explore the
unexplored trails and unspool natural horizons of desert forests. It can also be defined as a forest
trail. Jungle safari not just involves exploring the jungles of a particular region. The options can
involve national parks and wildlife sanctuaries as well as protective reserves. Staying in the
jungle lodges provided by the various
forests departments within the sanctuary areas is also the part of this safari deal and the best way
we can enjoy our holiday in the Jungle area and relax.
PILGRIMAGE DESTINATIONS
India is a country of mahatma, guru, saints. The people of India are of different religions. Some
important pilgrimage destinations are given below.
a. Mata Vaishno Devi Temple : It is located in Jammu and Kashmir and a famous holy place of
the Hindus. The journey to the Holy shrine of Mata Vaishno Devi is an enchanting journey of the
places where Mata Vaishnavi had spent some time while observing various spiritual disciplines

and penances. The journey is at the Holy cave where she merged her human form with the astral
form of her creators.
b. Satya Sai Baba Temple: Puttaparthi, once a sparsely populated village located near Pune,
Maharastra has shot into national and international fame as the abode of Bhagwan Sri Satya Sai
Baba. The original name of Sai Baba is “Satyanarayana Raju”. He was born on Nov. 23,1926 in
Puttaparthi.
c. Golden Temple: The Golden Temple of Amritsar is the holiest place of the Sikhs and is built on
gold.
d. Jagannath Temple: Jagannath Temple is the birthplace of Bhagwan Jagannath, Balabhadra and
Subhadra, located at Puri, Orissa is the venue for all celebrations, specially Rath Yatra in the
month of June-July. Several lakhs of people converge at Puri for this festival.
e. A Dip in the river Ganges: Haridwar is a town of great pilgrimage importance, a fascinating
collection of temples, bathing ghats, Ashrams, Sadhus, Gurus and wandering cows. The most
sacred place in Haridwar remains the Har-Ki-pouri where people take a dip in the holy river
ganges to cleanse them of their sins.
f. Amarnath Temple: Amaranth Temple is located in Jammu and Kashmir. Yatra to Baba
Amarnath holy cave for which one has to trek a height of about 14,500ft is full of thrill and joy.
One attends the cave and performs the prayer before the Shivlinga.
g. Kamakhya Temple: Situated atop the Nilachal hills, the foremost shrine of Assam, Kamakhya
is an ancient seat of tantric and Shakti cults of Hinduism. The reigning deity here is goddess
Parvati (Sati). Legend has it that the body of Sati was dismembered and it is believed that of the
pieces of her body which were scattered across the land, her yoni fell on Nilachal Hill. The
temple is also called Yoni Pith and during Ambubachi Puja and Mela, lakhs of devotees visit
Kamakhya Temple.
h. Ajmer Sharif: It is situated at Ajmer, Rajasthan and a famous holy place of the Muslims.
i. Haji Ali: A famous Muslim saint Haji Ali established this in the middle of the sea in Mumbai, is
also holy place of the Muslims.
The Responsibilities of Ecotourists & of the Host
Community
If a community wants to host ecotourism, it has a central role to play. The host community’s
success in bringing ecotourism to it and ensuing that the level and type of tourism is compatible
with the community’s aspirations are matters the community can control.
• Help conserve habitats of flora and fauna as well as any site, natural feature or culture, which
may be affected by tourism.

• Make no open fires and discourage others from doing so. If water has to be heated with scarce
firewood, use as little as possible. Where feasible, use kerosene or fuel-efficient wood stoves.
Remove litter, burn or bury paper and carry back all non-degradable litter.
• Keep local water clean and avoid using pollutants such as detergents in streams or springs. If no
toilet facilities are available, relieve yourself at least 30 metres away from water sources and bury
or cover the waste.
• Leave plants to flourish in their natural environment and avoid taking away cuttings, seeds and
roots.
• Leave campsites clean after use.
• Help guides and porters to follow conservation measures.
• Do not allow cooks/porters to throw garbage in streams or rivers.
• Respect the natural and cultural heritage of the area and follow local customs.
• Respect local etiquette and do not wear tightfitting clothes. Remember that kissing in public is
disapproved of in India.
• Respect privacy of individuals and ask permission to take photographs of local inhabitants.
• Respect holy places; do not touch or remove religious objects.
• Strictly follow the guidelines for personal safety and security and always take your own
precautions and safety measures.
• Realize and respect the value of the environment, the flora and fauna, the monuments and your
cultural heritage.
• Practice conservation of nature and culture as a way of life. resources and foster tourism
management.
• React to the potential threat of investors who see opportunities in development but lack
sensitivity to local values.
• Become effective nature guides and conservationists of natural areas by utilizing
practical and ancestral knowledge of the natural features of the area.
• Be friendly to the visitors and help them to practice ecotourism principles’
FOREST LANDS, AREAS, LOCATIONS & ECOTOURISM
For promotion and development of eco-tourism in forest areas, it is not required that entire forest
area would be used in any location. Only a small degraded
or barren land may be put to the use along with the landscaping, plantation, regeneration and
protection components which would be jointly managed by the
For specific project only diversion may be considered. The areas which are reserved for any
specific conservation programmed would not be proposed. There would be no major construction
programmed other than which is minimum required for Tourism and Forest management as well
may only be taken
up. Reserve Forests, Khasmal Forests, Goucharan Forests, National parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere
reserve, Lakes/water bodies and other forest lands may be
involved only in limited under the joint management concept. There would be no felling of any
trees while the and plantation would be an integrated part of the
programme. For each location and area the impact assessment shall be done on annual basis and
necessary corrective and improvement programme shall be taken
up immediately.
Key Sectors:
Allocated budget for the industry and minerals sector in Sikkim is estimated to be US$ 9.46
million during 2016-17. Out of this total allocation, villages and small industries would be

allocated US$ 5.97 million and large industries would be allocated US$ 2.75 million. The
remaining US$ 0.73 million would be allocated to the non-ferrous mining and metallurgical
industries of the state. Sikkim's geographical and environmental conditions are quite conducive
for development of floriculture at a higher altitude. The state is also considered to be the
Kingdom of flowers and is an innovator in cultivating Gladiolus. The state government is also
laying emphasis on improving organic farming in the state. During 2015- 16, the state
government recognised the existing MPCS in the state to promote and enhance organic farming
in the state. As a result of these initiatives, the state was certified as the first fully organic state in
India, by the Central Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare as well as other recognized
agencies of the country. It is estimated that Sikkim has a peak potential capacity of 8,000 MW
and a steady 3,000 MW of hydroelectric power. About 28 hydropower projects are being set up in
the state under the public-private partnership (PPP) mode.
Tourism in Sikkim has emerged as the new profession of the Sikkimese people with its vast
natural potential. Promotion of village tourism, homestay, cultural tourism, trekking tourism,
ecotourism, wellness tourism, flori–tourism and adventure tourism has given fillip to the tourism
trade in the state where a large of number of people are engaged under different employment
opportunities.im
Ecotourism
Policy
Sikkim Policy 2011
4. Key Principles of
Sikkim Ecotourism
Definitions of the key terms related to ecotourism are as follows
1. Ecotourism: A form of tourism that involves travelling to natural areas with the
specific objectives of learning, admiring and enjoying nature and its wild plants and animals as
well as local people’s cultural aspects including religious monuments, while conserving the
natural and social environment, and improving the welfare of the local people.
2. Ecotourism Activities: Activities coordinated by a qualified nature and cultural
Examples of above mentioned activities are;-
a. activities in mountains such as trekking, bird and wildlife watching, hiking,
Photography, mountaineering etc;
b. activities in rivers and lakes such as angling, rafting, kayaking, photography etc;
c. participating in cultural and traditional events such as agro-tourism, handicraft
3. Sustainable Ecotourism Development:
Development of ecotourism in the State of Sikkim, which meets the needs and
aspirations of the current generation without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future
generations.
4. Ecotourism Assets: Natural and cultural features that attract visitors, such as landscapes,
endemic or rare flora and fauna, local agricultural products, local culture including festivals, local
folktales, history, historical
monuments and heritage sites.
5. Ector Operators: Tour operators specializing to cater ecotourism collaborating
With local people focused on local nature and culture based tourism.

6. Ecotourism Products: A combination of activities and services which are sold and managed
through qualified contour operators including local communities or individuals.
7. Ecotourism Services: Services including transportation, local cuisine, camping, home stay,
guiding and interpretation. These services should cause minimum damage to the natural and
cultural environment and promote a better understanding of the natural and cultural aspects of an
area.
8. Interpretation: Communication that helps visitors to understand and appreciate
The community resources. Interpretation includes facts, but also reveals the reason of the
importance of those facts so that visitors are able to understand why the resources should matter
to the individual visitors. Interpreter is a person who provides interpretation in natural.

Tourism in India is economically important and is growing rapidly. The World Travel &
Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated₹15.24 lakh crore (US$230 billion) or 9.4% of
the nation's GDP in 2017 and supported 41.622 million jobs, 8% of its total employment. The
sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9% to ₹32.05 lakh crore (US$490 billion) by
2028 (9.9% of GDP).[1] In October 2015,India's medical tourism sector was estimated to be
worth US$3 billion. It is projected to grow to $7–8 billion by 2020.[2] In 2014, 184,298 foreign
patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment.
Over 10 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2017 compared to 8.89 million in 2016,
recording a growth of 15.6%. Domestic tourist visits to all states and Union Territories numbered
1,036.35 million in 2012, an increase of 16.5% from 2011. In 2014, Tamil
Nadu,Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were the most popular states for
tourists. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Agra and Jaipur have been the five most visited cities of India
by foreign tourists during the year 2015. Worldwide, Delhi is ranked at 28 by the number of
foreign tourist arrivals, while Mumbai is ranked at 30, Chennai at 43, Agra at 45, Jaipur at 52
and Kolkata at 90.
The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report for the year 2017, ranked India 40th out of 136
countries overall. The report ranks the price competitiveness of India's tourism sector 10th out of
136 countries. It mentions that India has quite good air transport (ranked 32nd), particularly
given the country’s stage of development, and reasonable ground transport infrastructure (ranked
29th). The country also scores high on natural and cultural resources (ranked 9th). Some other
aspects of its tourism infrastructure remain somewhat underdeveloped however. The nation has
very few hotel rooms per capita by international comparison and low ATM penetration. The
World Tourism Organization reported that India's receipts from tourism during 2012 ranked 16th
in the world, and 7th among Asian and Pacific countries.
The Ministry of Tourism designs national policies for the development and promotion of
tourism. In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the
sector including various Central Ministries/agencies, state governments, Union Territories and
the representatives of the private sector. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms
of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry also maintains
the Incredible India campaign focused on promoting tourism.
India is the country which is surrounded by the Himalayas, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and the
Indian Ocean, as we all know that it is rich in its culture, heritage, unique style temples, wildlife,
sanctuaries etc. which will attract the tourists large in number.India is not only limited to above
areas but also it has many tributaries like Sharavathi, Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus and
many more. Many amazing waterfalls places can also be found in almost all parts of India.

Visiting India is a dream of every foreigner because India has lot to travel and explore many
adventures things. India is where the people live with much diversity. India is considered as
Multi-lingual country where you can find many people who speaks different languages.
You can visit the Sunderbans located in the Tharp Desert, most fascinating cities like Bombay,
Delhi, Mumbai and many more, water world like Andaman's, Sea, and Ocean etc. The famous
carvings places like Badami, Ajanta, Ellora, and Hampi etc.
Gajnur dam, Agumbe, Jogfalls and Tungabhadra are the favorite places that we find in Shimoga
and in recent times it has become one of the famous tourist spot. India is also famous for temples
like Madurai temple in Tamilnadu, Tirupati temple in Andhra Pradesh and many more.
India has many entertainment and recreational centers like PVR Cinemas in Delhi, Malls and
Waterparks in Bangalore. You can also visit many eco-parks like coorg and munnar in India.
Besides this we also have peak hills, bushy forests, adventures sport like Rock Climbing,
Rafting, Snow Skiing, Biking etc.
Now-a-days many improvements are made to many of the destination places to catch the
attention of the tourists and to visit more in number. India is also known for the ancient
monuments it has.
As we all know Chennai is the city of temples where we can find many temples built according
to their tradition and native style. India is famous for Wildlife Park, bird sanctuaries and many
adventures places who love to explore the environment.
India’s glorious traditions and rich cultural heritage are closely related with the development of
tourism. Its magnificent monuments attract a large number of tourists from all over the world.
The natural surroundings, the architectural masterpieces, the music, dance, paintings, customs
and languages all these go to make India as tourist paradise. In ancient India, there were no travel
formalities for travelling in the period of Chandragupta - II, and that time the famous Chinese
pilgrim Fa Hien travelled between A.D. 401 and 410 without a passport. But in the 3rd century
B.C. a passport or mudra was essential, according to 27 Kautilya‟s Arthashastra, for all travelers.
During the Vedic period, the tourists were accommodated at „dhams‟ or holy place of the
country.
There was a remarkable increase in the traveler coming to India, as a result of the discovery of
the new sea route by Vasco - de - Gama. When Alexander the Great reached in India, he found
well maintained roads lined with trees and wells, and rest houses. Along with the royal highway
which is 1920 km long and 19 meters wide, men travelled in Chariots, palanquins, bullock- carts,

on donkeys, horses, camels and elephants. During the British period, tourism in India becomes
more organized. They built Dak Bungalows on the road side for the convenience of dak traveler.
The finest of India‟s cuisines is as rich and diverse as its civilization. In Sanskrit literature the
three famous words “Aththi Devo Bhava” means „the guest is truly god‟ are a dictum of
hospitality in India. India is a storehouse of art, paintings; crafts appeared on pots found in the
Indus valley civilization as early as the 3rd century B.C. The cave paintings of Ajanta and Ellora
date back to the 1st to 5th century A.D.
The main elements of culture which attract tourist to a particular destination fall under following
categories:
1) Pleasure climate
2) Scenic attraction
3) Historical & cultural attraction
4) Accessibility
5) Shopping
6) Adventure
7) Variety of cuisines
8) Accommodation
9) Relaxation & 30 recreation
10) Health - care projects. Therefore, it has been rightly said that the core concept of tourism
revolves around for 4 A‟s
(a) Attraction (b) Accessibility (c) Amenities (d) Ancillary services
1.IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS OF INDIAN TOURISM
1) The number of Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 2010 increased to 5.78 million
as compared to 5.17 million in 2009. The growth rate in FTAs during 2010 over 2009 was 11.8
per cent as compared to (-) 2.2 per cent during 2009 over 2008. The growth rate of 11.8 per cent
in 2010 for India was better than UNWTO‟s projected growth rate of 5 per cent to 6 per cent for
the world in 2010.
2) The share of India in international tourist arrivals in 2010 was 0.61per cent, which is 0.02 per
cent improvement over 2009. However, India‟s rank improved to 40th in 2010, from 41st in
2009. India accounted for 2.83 per cent of tourist arrivals in Asia Pacific Region in 2010, with
the rank of 11.

3) Tourism continues to play an important role as a foreign exchange earner for the country. In
2010, foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from tourism were ` 64889 core as compared to ` 54960
in 2009, registering a growth of 18.1 per cent.
4) Number of domestic tourist visits in India during 2010 was 740.21 million as compared to
668.80 million in 2009, with a growth rate of 18.8 per cent.
FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVALS IN INDIA (FTAS) Tourism is an important sector of the
economy and contributes significantly in the country‟s GDP as well as Foreign Exchange
Earnings (FEE). With its backward and forward linkages with other sectors of the economy like
transport, constriction, handicrafts, manufacturing, 31 horticulture, agriculture etc, tourism has
the potential to not only be the economy driver, but also become an effective tool for poverty
alleviation and ensuring growth with equity. The following table shows the number of foreign
tourists‟ arrivals in India during 2000 – 2011
Tourism Policy Of India-. Tourism emerged as the largest global industry of the 20th century and
is projected to grow even faster in the 21st century. India has immense possibilities of growth in
the tourism sector with vast cultural and religious heritage, varied natural attractions, but
comparatively small role in the world tourism scenario. The government of India announced the
first tourism policy in November 1982, but new initiatives towards making tourism as the
catalysts in employment generation, environmental re-generation. It would lead to larger foreign
investment. After ten years government has feels the need to improve first policy, then newly
introduced by the name the National Action Plan for Tourism in 1992. The report of the National
Committee on Tourism was submitted in 1988, in this report two five-year plans provided basic
perspective framework for operational initiatives.
The tourism policy, 1982 was more aggressive statement in marketing than a perspective plan for
development. Following measures were suggested by the policy-
1) To take full advantage of the national heritage for attracting tourists.
2) To increase tourist resorts.
3) The status of an export industry to tourism
4) To adopt the approach to develop few tourist circuits.
5) To invite private sector.
In the National Action Plan for Tourism, seven objectives are given they are as follows-
1) Socio - economic development of region.

2) Increasing employment opportunities.
3) Development of domestic tourism.
4) Preserving national heritage and environment.
5) Development of international tourism.
6) Diversification of the tourism products.
7) Increase in India’s share in world tourism. As per the action plan, foreign exchange earnings
were estimated to increase from Rs. 10,000 crore in 1992 to Rs. 24,000 crore by 2000 and as per
the plan aims, increasing employment in tourism to 28 million from the present 14 million, hotel
accommodation also increased from 44,400 rooms to 1,20,000 by 3 years. Our mission is to
promote sustainable tourism as a means of economic growth and social integration and to
promote the image of India abroad as a country with glorious past, a vibrant present and a bright
future. The new tourism policy is announced in 2002, which incorporates the 7-S mantra of
Swaagat (welcome), Soochanaa (information), Suvidhaa ( facilitation), Surakshaa ( security),
Sahayog (cooperation), Saurachna ( infrastructure) and Safaai ( cleanliness).
The key elements of the National Tourism Policy, 2002 are-
1) To consider tourism as a major engine of economic growth.
2) Multiplier effects of tourism for employment generation, economic development and rural
tourism.
3) Focus on international and domestic tourism.
4) Advantage of the burgeoning global travel and trade and the vast untapped potential of India
as a destination.
5) Critical role of the private sector.
6) To create and develop integrated tourism circuits based on unique heritage.
7) Tourist coming to India should get physically invigorated, mentally rejuvenated, culturally
enriched and spiritually elevated.

TOURISM RESOURCES
I. Tourism Resources in India
A. Introduction
India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the
seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion
people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on
the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares
land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar
(Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and
the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and
Indonesia.
B. Natural Tourism Resources of India
 Lakes-ex: Dal Lake
 Rivers:.

 ex: The Ganges or Ganga river flows through the nations of India and empties into the Bay
of Bengal. River Ganga is the most sacred river to Hindus and worshipped as the goddess,
The Ganges is the longest river of India and Ganges Delta is the world’s largest delta
 Canyons
ex;Gandikota
-
 Gandikota is a village and famous for the hidden grand canyon of India in Kadapa district
Andhra Pradesh. The picturesque Gandikota canyon lies on the banks of the Penna river near
the ruin Gandikota fort.

 Forests- ex:Sundarbans, West Bengal
 Located in the eastern state of West Bengal. the Sundarbans are known to be home to
the white tiger (a variant of the Royal Bengal tiger). The vast Sundarbans National park
is part of the Sundarbans delta which cover close to 10,000 square kilometres and are
the largest deltas in the world. The lush green mangrove forest is a tiger reserve and a
biosphere reserve. A large number of Sundari trees spread across the forest which also
houses fishing cats, leopard cats, macaques, wild boar, Indian grey mongoose, fox,
jungle cat, flying fox, pangolin, and chita.
 Climate- Nainital is a popular hill station in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and
headquarters of Nainital district in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas. Situated at
an altitude of 2,084 metres (6,837 ft) above sea level, Nainital is set in a valley containing a
pear-shaped lake. Lot of tourists visit this place because of good climate.
 Hill stations: ex: munnar in kerela

 Water Falls- Jog Falls, Shimoga, Karnataka
The Jog Falls is the second-highest plunge waterfall in India, making it one of the most
spectacular waterfalls. As water falls down the cliff from a height of 253 meters, you
can almost feel the force of it against the rocks. When in full flow during the monsoons,
3.4 million tonnes of water fall down the cliff every second.
 Mountains- ex: KANGCHENJUNGA
The Kangchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in India and ranked 3rd highest summit in
the world with an elevation of 8,586 m (28,169 ft). The highest mountain Kangchenjunga is
located at the border of India and Nepal in the great Himalayas range,Sikkim.
Kangchenjunga section contains five peaks and the region has twelve more peaks over 7,000
m (23,000 ft)
Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks-

 kaziranga national park
Kaziranga National Park is a protected area in the northeast Indian state of Assam.
Spread across the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River, its forests, wetlands and
grasslands are home to tigers, elephants and the world’s largest population of Indian one-
horned rhinoceroses. Ganges River dolphins swim in the park’s waters. It’s visited by
many rare migratory birds, and grey pelicans roost near Kaziranga village.
 National Parks- ex: Jim Corbett National Park
Jim Corbett National Park is a forested wildlife sanctuary in northern India’s Uttarakhand
State. Rich in flora and fauna, it’s known for its Bengal tigers. Animals, including tigers,
leopards and wild elephants, roam the Dhikala zone. On the banks of the Ramganga
Reservoir, the Sonanadi zone is home to elephants and leopards, along with hundreds of
species of birds.
B.Manmade Tourism Resources in India
a. Buildings- The Imperial, Twin Towers.Its Height is 254 mts (833 ft)It is a twin-tower
residential skyscraper complex in Mumbai.
-Located in Tardeo, South Mumbai.They have 61 floors and construction was completed in
2010.-A private observation deck is present at the top of each building by the cone spires.It is not
open to the general public.
Designed by Mumbai architect Hafeez Contractor as his most recognizable project to date, were
designed as Mumbai's tallest towers.

b. Theme parks- ADLABS IMAGICA
India's big-budget, hi-tech Adlabs Imagica opened in 2013. Modeled on Universal Studios, it
has more than 25 themed rides (including the country's largest roller coaster and 4D
stimulation rides) and five themed restaurants. The idea behind it is to enable escapism through
fantasy and the bringing alive of stories. As part of the second and third phases of
development, Aqua Magica Water Park opened in September 2014, followed by the opening of
the five-star Novotel Imagica Khopolihotel in September 2015. A Snow Park was launched in
April 2016.
Transportation: Luxurycruise - Sunderbans Luxury Cruise
i.socio-cultural tourism resources in india
 Religious Places- Meenakshi Amman Temple, Madurai
One of the most popular South Indian temples the Meenakshi Amman Temple is the heart of
the city of Madurai which is also an architectural wonder & situated on the banks of the River
Vaigai. Dedicated to an avatar of Goddess Parvati, and her companion Lord Shiva, the temple is
one of the biggest temples of India. Daily 15,000 people visit this holy temple every day.
Above and beyond being a significant religious centre and an architectural wonder in the middle
of all South Indian temples, the Meenakshi Amman Temple is also historically noteworthy.

o Dances : ex: Bharatanatyam- Bharatanatyam is a dance of Tamil Nadu in southern
India. It traces its origins back to the Natyashastra, an ancient treatise on theatre written
by the mythic priest Bharata. Originally a temple dance for women, bharatanatyam often
is used to express Hindu religious stories and devotions. It was not commonly seen on the
public stage until the 20th century. The dance movements are characterized by bent legs,
while feet keep rhythm. Hands may be used in a series of mudras, or symbolic hand
gestures, to tell a story.
 Music- ex: Hindustani music
Hindustani classical music is the traditional music of northern areas of the Indian subcontinent,
including the modern states of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It may also be called
North Indian classical music or Shāstriya Sangīt.
 Bhimsen Joshi
Bharat Ratna Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi was an Indian vocalist from Karnataka in the
Hindustani classical tradition. He is known for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his
popular renditions of devotional music.
 Education: shimla Indian institute of advanced studies
The Indian Institute of Advanced Study is a research institute based in Shimla, India. It was set
up by the Ministry of Education, Government of India in 1964 and it started functioning from 20
October 1965.

 Food- EX: Karnataka Cuisine
The state of Karnataka offers a wide range of appetizing platters and boasts of some lip-
smacking dishes such as Masala Dosa, Idli and Vada that originated in the temple streets of
the city of Udupi. The dishes of the region are less spicy as compared to other South Indian
states and contains liberal amount of palm sugar and jaggery with the exception of Northern
Karnataka cuisine which is real hot.
The cuisines of the state vary according to different regions. Roti made of pearl millet and
sorghum and rice are staple of North Karnataka cuisine which is usually taken with spiced
and stewed lentils, spiced vegetable salads and eggplant dishes. Spicy condiments like pickles
and chutneys are the common accompaniments of this cuisine which is famed for its spicy
and hot nature. Seafood, coconut and coconut oil forms an integral part of coastal Karnataka
cuisine. The gassi or gravy items prepared with chicken, meats and fish are taken with rice,
the staple grain of the region. Preparations like Saaru, a dish like Rasam and Huli, a dish of
vegetables and lentils made with different spices and coconut and then tempered with
asafoetida, curry leaves and mustard are taken with rice. Side dishes like playa,
accompaniments like gojju, tambli and happala forms part of the meal. Pork, meats and
chicken are used to prepare a variety of Coorg cuisine that witnesses an extensive use of
Kokum while rice remains the staple. Steamed rice and the nutritious Ragi Muddle made of
ragi (finger millet) flour and water are the staples of old Mysore cuisine, also referred as
South Karnataka cuisine. The usual South Karnataka dishes include saaru, uppinakai, huli,
and gojju among others.

 Fairs:-ex: Kumbh Mela
Largest peaceful gathering in the world. Mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather
to bathe in a sacred river. Kumbha means a pitcher and Mela means fair in Sanskrit.
On important bathing dates, millions of pilgrims take bath on the banks of the holy Sangam.
It is held every third year at one of the four places by rotation. The site of the observance
rotating between four pilgrimage places on four sacred rivers: at Haridwar on the Ganges River,
at Ujjain on the Shipra, at Nasik on the Godavari, and at Prayag (Allahabad) at the confluence of
the Ganges, Jamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati.
Approximately 80 million people had attended on 14 Feb'13.
 Festivals- Diwali

Diwali, one of the most prominent Hindu festivals of India, is celebrated with a lot of pomp and
show. During this festival of lights, houses are decorated with clay lamps, candles, and Ashok
leaves. People wear new clothes, participate in family puja, burst crackers, and share sweets with
friends, families, and neighbors.
Significance: The festival marks the return of Lord Rama, along with his wife Sita and brother
Lakshmana, after a long exile of 14 years.
Key attractions: Homes decorated with fancy lights, candles and clay lamps, bustling shops and
markets, and fireworks and crackers
When: The darkest new moon night of Kartik month of the Hindu lunisolar calendar, which
corresponds to mid-October – mid-November as per the Gregorian Calendar
Where: All over the country
Diwali 2017: 19th October
 Tribes- Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia
 Bhotiya or Bhot (Nepali: भोटिया, Bhotiyā) are groups of ethno-linguistically related Tibetan
people living in the Transhimalayanregion of the SAARC countries. The word Bhotiya comes
from the classical Tibetan name for Tibet, Bod. The Bhotiya speak numerous languages
including Ladakhi. The Indian recognition of such language is Bhoti / Bhotia having Tibetan
scripts and it lies in the Parliament of India to become one of the official languages through
Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution

ii.Heritage Tourism Resources In India
Excavations- Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site
The discovery of two more mounds in January at the Harappan site of Rakhigarhi in Hisar
district, Haryana, has led to archaeologists establishing it as the biggest Harappan civilisation
site. Until now, specialists in the Harappan civilisation had argued that Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan
was the largest among the 2,000 Harappan sites known to exist in India, Pakistan and
Afghanistan. The archaeological remains at Mohenjo-daro extend around 300 hectares.
Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Ganweriwala (all in Pakistan) and Rakhigarhi and Dholavira (both
in India) are ranked as the first to the fifth biggest Harappan sites.
Forts:
Red Fort: Delhi
Lal Quila or The Red Fort is the most important historical buildings in India,located at Delhi.
The most famous monuments in Delhi built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Due to the thick
red sandstone walls this largest monuments called as red fort. Important buildings and other
structures inside the forts are A mosque known as Moti Masjid,Diwan-i-Aam etc. The fort lies
along the “holy river of India” Yamuna River. There is an archaeological museum and an Indian
war memorial museum within the fort. It is most powerful symbol of India’s sovereignty,The
Prime Minister of India addresses the nation and raises the flag of India on Independence and
Republic Day of India.
Introduction
India, officially the republic of india is a country in south asia. It is the seventh-largest country
by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous
democracy in the world. It is bounded by the indian ocean on the south, the arabian sea on the
southwest, and the bay of bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with pakistan to the

west; china, nepal, and bhutan to the northeast; and myanmar (burma) and bangladesh to the east.
In the indian ocean, india is in the vicinity of sri lanka and the maldives. India's andaman and
nicobar islands share a maritime border with thailand and indonesia.
B) Natural Tourism Resources in India:
 Beaches: ex:- calangute beach is one of the major beach in goa were the more numbers
of foreign tourists visit.
 Mountains: ex:- kodachadri mountain ghat is the one of the famous ghat in karanataka.
 Waterfalls: ex:- doodh sagar, water falls is the second largest water fall in india goa.
 Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks: ex:- bandipur & nagarahole wildlife
sanctuaries are famous in karanataka, and corbet national park is famous for bengal
tigers.
 Climate: ex:- goan climate is an attraction many foreign tourists visit goa for its climate
to take the sun rays as they have less melanin content in their skin.
 Hill station: ex:- kullu – manali, is famous for its cold climate and its beautiful monsoon
season.
C) Manmade Tourism Resources of India:
Buildings: taj mahal hotel in mumbai is the famous building in india.
Theme parks: grs fantasy park in mysore,karanataka is famous for its awesome innovative
theme park were people go and happily spend some time on that place.
Transportation: kalka-shimla is a toy train which is recognised as unesco world heritage site
and attracts many number of tourists.
Spa: kerala state which provides the super quality ayurvedic panchakarma body massage and it
has many spas and ayurvedic centers.

i.Socio- Cultural Resources of India:
 Monuments: the hampi vijaya vittala temle, virupaksha temple, and stone chariote are
one of the major monuments in karanataka.
 Dances and music: ghoomar dance form and rajastaani folk music are famous in india.
 Arts and crafts: channapattana toys and wooden crafts are very famous in india.
 Education: nalanda gurukul university is the ancint university in the world.
 Cuisines: malabari cuisine is famous dish in south india.
 Fairs and festivals: pushkhar fair & festival is famous for camel sales and exhibition.
ii.Heritage Tourism Resources in India:
 Forts: chitraduga and kitturu fort are the famous historical forts in karanataka state.
 Archaeological sites: hampi is the beautiful archeological sites in southern india.
 Excavations: the harappa & mohen-jo-daro ancient period helps to know about our
history.
Indian passport
An Indian passport is a passport issued by order of the President of India to Indian citizens for
the purpose of international travel. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as
proof of Indian citizenship as per the Passports Act (1967).
Visa- is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter,
remain within, or to leave that country.
e-Visa Facility is available for nationals of following countries/territories
Albania, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameron Union Republic, Canada,
Cape Verde, Cayman Island, Chile, China, China- SAR Hongkong, China- SAR Macau,
Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia,
Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Latvia,
Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,
Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,

Montenegro, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Nicaragua, Niger Republic, Niue Island, Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal , Republic of Korea, Republic of
Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
& the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks
& Caicos Island, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda,Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Vatican City-Holy See, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Types of passport
 Ordinary passport (dark blue cover) is issued to ordinary citizens for ordinary travel, such
as for vacation, study and business trips (36 or 60 pages). It is a "Type P" passport,
where P stands for personal.
 Official passport (white cover) is issued to individuals representing the Indian government
on official business. It is a "Type S" passport, S standing for service.
 Diplomatic passport (maroon cover) is issued to Indian diplomats, top ranking government
officials and diplomatic couriers. It is a "Type D" passport with D standing for diplomatic.
List of Countries with Visa Free Access on Indian Passport
S.N Country Visa Requirement Visa Duration
1 Bhutan Visa not Required
2 Bolivia Visa on Arrival 90 days
3 Cape Verde Visa on Arrival 30 days
4 Comoros Visa on Arrival 30 days
5 Dominica Visa not Required 180 days
6 East Timor Visa on Arrival 30 days
7 Ecuador Visa not Required 90 days
8 El Salvador Visa not Required 90 days
9 Fiji Visa not Required 4 months
10 Grenada Visa not Required 3 months

11 Guyana Visa on Arrival 3 months
12 Haiti Visa not Required 3 months
13 Indonesia Visa not Required 30 days
14 Jamaica Visa not Required 6 Months
15 Jordan Visa on Arrival
16 Laos Visa on Arrival 30 days
17 Madagascar Visa on Arrival 30 days
18 Maldives Visa not Required 90 days
19 Marshall Islands Visa on Arrival 90 days
20 Mauritania Visa on Arrival 30 days
21 Mauritius Visa not Required 90 days
22 Micronesia Visa not Required 30 days
23 Mozambique Visa on Arrival 30 days
24 Nepal Visa on Arrival Unlimited
25 Palau Visa on Arrival 30 days
26 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not Required 3 months
27 Saint Lucia Visa on Arrival 6 weeks
28 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not Required 1 month
29 Samoa Visa on Arrival 60 days
30 Senegal Visa not Required 90 days
31 Serbia Visa not Required 30 days
32 Seychelles Visa on Arrival 3 months
33 Somalia Visa on Arrival 30 days

34 Suriname Visa on Arrival 90 days
35 Tanzania Visa on Arrival 30 days
36 Thailand Visa on Arrival 15 days
37 Togo Visa on Arrival 7 days
38 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not Required 90 days
39 Tuvalu Visa on Arrival 30 days
40 Ukraine Visa on Arrival 15 days
41 Vanuatu Visa not Required 30 days
42 Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not Required 3 days
43 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not Required 3 months
44 South Ossetia Visa not Required
45 Svalbard Visa not Required
46 Transnistria Visa not Required
47 Saint Helena Visa on Arrival
48 Réunion Visa not Required 15 days
49 Somaliland Visa on Arrival 30 days
50 Kish Island Visa not Required
51 Macau Visa not Required 30 days
52 Palestine Visa not Required
53 Jeju Island Visa not Required 30 days
54 British Virgin Islands Visa not Required 30 days
55 Montserrat Visa not Required 6 months
56 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not Required

57 Cook Islands Visa not Required 31 days
58 Niue Visa on Arrival 30 days
59 Pitcairn Islands Visa not Required 14 days
Travel agency
Private retailer or public service that provides tourism related services to the public.
Top 5 Travel companies in India
1 | MakeMyTrip
Corporate office – Gurgaon, Haryana | Establishment – 2000 |
Business – Online Travel Company | Website – www.makemytrip.com |
MakeMyTrip.com has revolutionized the travel industry in India. Founded in the year 2000
makemytrip is an online travel company offering domestic and international travel services
which comprises of flight, train and bus tickets, holiday packages, hotel reservations and other
products and services.
2 | Thomas Cook
Corporate office – London, UK | Establishment – 1881|
Business – Tourism | Website – www.thomascook.in |
Thomas Cook (India) Ltd is one of the leading travel companies in India operating in more than
98 cities and the worldwide offices are located in Sri Lanka and Mauritius. Services offered by
Thomas Cook includes MICE, Corporate Travel Management, Foreign Exchange, Insurance,
Leisure Travel and E-Business. Thomas Cook has been awarded the Most Trusted Brand in
travel services by The Brand Trust Report™ and has won many prestigious awards in travel
category.
3 | Cox & Kings
Corporate office – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Establishment – 1758 |
Business – Travel Company | Website – www.coxandkings.com |
Found in year 1758 Cox & Kings is the leader of the travel industry in India. Company’s Indian
headquarter is located in Mumbai. Cox & Kings has 12 offices in India and global offices are
located in UK, Japan, USA, Russia, Dubai and Singapore. The services offered by the company
are Outbound Tourism, Destination Management, Domestic Holidays, Trade Fairs, Business
Travel etc.
4| Yatra
Corporate office – Gurgaon, Haryana | Establishment – 2006 |
Business – Online Travel company | Website – www.yaatra.co.in |

Yatra.com is India’s premium tour operator offering all travel related services and products. It is
one of the best travel companies in India providing all the information, availability, pricing
details and bookings of domestic and international hotels, packages, train, flights and car rentals
across 336 cities.
5 | SOTC
Corporate office – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Establishment – 1949 |
Business – Tourism | Website – www.sotc.in |
India’s leading online travel company SOTC is Kuoni India’s travel brand. SOTC is among the
top 10 travel companies in India having expertise in Escorted Tours, and Domestic Holidays,
Free Individual Travel, Corporate tours, Trade Fair Tours and Customized Holidays.
Classification Of Hotels
A) Classification on the basis of Size.
1) Small hotel : Hotels with 25 rooms or less are classified as small hotels.E.g Hotel Alka,New
Delhi and the oberoi Vanyavilas ,Ranthambore.
2) Medium Hotel: Hotel with twenty six to 100 rooms are calledmedium hotels,E.g Hotel Taj
view ,Agra and chola sheraton Hotel, Chennai.
3) Large Hotels: Hotels with 101-300 guest rooms are regarded as large hotels E.g. the Imperial,
New Delhi, The Park, and Kolkata
4) Very Large Hotels: Hotels more than 300 guest room are known as very large hotels E.g.
Shangri-La Hotel, New Delhi and Leela Kempinski Mumbai.
B) Classification on the basis of Star. The classification is done by Ministry of Tourism under
which a committee forms known as HRACC (Hotels and Restaurants Approval & Classification
committee) headed by Director General of tourism comprising of following members are
 Hotel Industry  Travel Agent Association Of India
 Departments of Tourism

 Principal of Regional Institute of Hotel Management Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition
This is a permanent committee to classify hotels into 1-5 star categories. Generally inspects ones
in three years In case of 4 stars, 5 Star, 5 Star deluxe categories, the procedures is to apply on a
prescribed application form to director general of tourism. In case of 1, 2, 3 star category to
regional director of the concerned govt of India tourist office at Delhi/Mumbai/Kolkata/Chennai.
The basic details need to be given: 1) Name of the hotel.
2) Name of the promoters.
3) Address
4) Details of the site such as area, title, distance of the hotel from railway station, distance from
airport, distance from the main shopping centre.
5) Details of hotel projects such as
 Category applied for
 Number of guest rooms and their area
 There types with or without bathroom
 Details of public area like lounge, lobby, restaurant, bars, shopping barcade, banquet hall,
health clubs, swimming pool and parking etc.
6) Details of air conditioning.
7) Approval from government bodies such as Municipal or Corporation authorities, MRTP act,
DGCA and any other concerned local authorities.
8) Proposed capital structure
9) Want to avail of any or all of the following benefits of income
10) Along with the application fee also sent.
11) Hotel is supposed to fill up a questionnaire containing details of facilities, features,
amenities and services.
12) On a pre-notified date the HRACC team members visit the hotel personally and inspect the
hotel and finally on the basis of the report of the committee and the marks scored by the hotel,
the hotel is either approved or rejected for the applied star category. Eligibility for Star
Classification To be eligible to apply for classification
1. The hotel must have at least 10 lettable bedrooms.

2. Carpet areas in respect of rooms and areas of bathroom should by and large adhere to the
following limits.
Category of hotels Area standard for Bedroom /Bathroom
5Star/5StarDelux Hotels
Single 180Sq ft
Double 200Sq ft
Bathroom 4200Sq ft
C) Classification on the basis of Location/Clientele
1) Downtown Hotel: A downtown hotel is located in the centre of the city or within a short
distance from business centre, shopping areas, theatres, public offices etc. The centre of the city
may not necessarily be the geographical centre, but it refers to an area that is considered to be the
commercial hub of the city. The room rates in these hotels may be higher than similar hotels in
other areas, so as to cover the huge investment made on the land. They are preferred by business
clientele as they find it convenient to stay closer to the place of their business activities. Hotel
Intercontinental, New Delhi and Hotel Le meridian Pune are example of downtown hotel.
2) Sub-urban Hotels: As the land cost in the city centre is higher and the space is limited, some
entrepreneurs build their hotels near the outskirts of the city. Providing similar facilities as the
downtown hotel, these hotels are set in suburban areas and have the advantage of quicker
surroundings. Such hotels are ideal for people who prefer to stay away from the hustle and bustle
of city. The duration of the stay of guest in these hotels may be longer than at a hotel located in
the city. The room rates in such hotels are moderate and may attract the budget travellers. Trident
Hotel, Gurgaon and Up pal’s orchid, New Delhi are example of sub-urban hotels.
3) Resorts Hotel: Hotels that are located at tourist destination such as hill station, sea beaches
and countryside are referred to as resort hotels. These hotels have a very calm and natural
ambience. They are mostly away from cities and are located in pollution – free environs. The
room rates in these hotels may range from moderate to high, depending on the additional service
offered. These hotels combine stay facilities with leisure activities such as golf, summer and
winter sports, etc. The occupancy in resorts is normally higher during vacation time and
weekends when guest want to take a break from their weekly routine. Taj Fort Aguada Beach
Resort, Goa and wildflower hall in the Himalayas, Shimla are example of resort hotels.
4) Airport Hotel: Airport Hotels are situated in the vicinity of airport and other ports of entry.
Offering all the services of a commercial hotel, these hotels are generally. patronized by the

passengers who need a stopover en route their journey. Hotel centaur, Mumbai and Radisson,
New Delhi are example of airport hotels.
5) Motel: The word motel is formed by merging two words ‘motor’ and ‘hotel’. They are located
primarily on highways and provide modest lodging to highway travellers. A motel offers
facilities such as accommodations, food and drinks, garage facilities, a parking lot, and re-
fuelling for vehicles. E.g: Motel Aaram ,Kannur, Kerala
6) Floatels: Floatels are type of lodging properties that float on the surface of water. This
category consists of all lodgings properties that are built on the top of rats or semisubmersible
platforms, and includes cruise liners and houseboats. Some of them provide luxurious
accommodation, along with food and beverage facilities to guests. The house boats of Dal Lake
(Shikara) in Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir are some examples of Floatels in India.
7) Rotels: The hotels which rotate on wheel are called Rotels. It is also called Motel on wheels.
The best example of rotel in India is Palace on Wheels. It is a luxurious train, fully air-
conditioned, and well furnished, with attached restaurant and bar. The fare is inclusive of train
ticket, food, alcoholic beverages and sightseeing. This train starts Delhi and covers the tourist
places of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh including Taj Mahal, Agra, and Mathura.
Tourism Originations
NTO (National Tourist Organisation)
The national tourist organisation is the body highly responsible for the formation and
implementation of national tourist policy. It is the proper residency and instrument for the
execution for the execution of national Govt. responsible for the control, direction and promotion
of the tourism.
Functions of NTO
The important function of NTO is to ensure that the maximum international tourist visit in the
country for its economic and social benefits.
Other functions of NTO are as follows:
1. Research: - A basic function of NTO is the research of tourism potential in the country (natural
and man-made both).
2. Information and promotion within the country: - To provide important and accurate up to
date information to the tourists visiting country or at various place.
3. Regularization and standards of lodging and restaurants: - To ensure the maintenance of
appropriate standards of quality and services of hotels and restaurants.
4. Control of activities of private travel agencies: - To ensure the appropriate standards of quality
and services of the travel agents in terms of efficiency, comfort, economy and protection is
maintained.

5. Publicity over-seas: - It includes advertisements for publicity of all kinds (print media,
electronic media) public relation, distribution of print material.
6. Technical and Judicial: - Technical problems are concerned with the development and
maintenance of various services, infrastructure, adequate facilities/amenities, tourist destinations
etc. Judicial problems may concern with the administration etc.
7. International relations: - To develop international understanding while bringing diverse people
face to face, develop social cultural values/understandings among all the people of the world
making friends to set a good image of the world making friends to set a good image of the
country at international level.
8. Overall tourism policy and promotion: - Beneficial affects of tourism in general, national
development, economical and social both. Reutilization of profits for development and
maintenance.
KSTDC
The Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation Limited (KSTDC) was incorporated on
06.02.1971 as a Company wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka.
The KSTDC is providing accommodation and transport facilities to the domestic and
international tourists. For the purpose of providing accommodation catering and pleasure boating
facilities the Corporation is operating Mayura Chain of 18 Hotels, 5 restaurants and 2 boat club
in important tourist destinations.
The KSTDC is also operating tour packages and safari services with the help of its own fleet
strength of 52 vehicles comprising of Luxury Buses, Mini Buses and Volvo buses. The KSTDC
operates such tours to various tourist destinations from ½ day tour to 30 days package trips. The
KSTDC also provides vehicles on contract basis to the larger groups and student communities.
The KSTDC is also undertaking to provide facilities like accommodation and transportation to
large conferences and events within the state and outside the state.
The Transport tour facilities are being operated from Bengaluru, Mysuru, Hospet and
Mangaluru.

The KSTDC has been operating post paid taxi service at BIAL with 500 AC taxis and 100 non-
ac taxies.
Location of KSTDC hotels
Vision
To showcase rich and diverse Culture, Heritage and Bountiful Nature of Karnataka to the
domestic as well as international tourists, by ensuring safe, comfortable and memorable journey
by promoting sustainable tourism
INDIA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (ITDC)
ITDC came into existence in October 1966 and has been the prime mover in the progressive
development, promotion and expansion of tourism in the country. Presently, ITDC has a network
of eight Ashok Group of Hotels, six Joint Venture Hotels, 2 Restaurants (including one Airport
Restaurant), 12 Transport Units, one Tourist Service Station, 37 Duty Free Shops at International
as well as Domestic Customs Airports, one Tax Free outlet and two Sound & Light Shows.
World Tourism Organization(wto)
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations agency responsible for the
promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It is the leading
international organization in the field of tourism, which promotes tourism as a driver of
economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership
and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide.
UNWTO’s membership includes 156 countries, 6 territories and over 500 affiliate members
representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism
authorities. Its headquarters are located in Madrid.
International Air Transport Association
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a trade association of the world’s
airlines. Consisting of 278 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, the
IATA's member airlines account for carrying approximately 83% of total Available Seat
Miles air traffic.IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and
standards. It is headquartered in Montreal.
Pacific Asia Travel Association
Founded in 1951, the Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) is a not-for profit association that
is internationally acclaimed for acting as a catalyst for the responsible development of travel and

tourism to, from and within the Asia Pacific region. The Association provides aligned advocacy,
insightful research and innovative events to its member organisations, comprising 95
government, state and city tourism bodies, 25 international airlines and airports, 108 hospitality
organisations, 72 educational institutions, and hundreds of travel industry companies in Asia
Pacific and beyond. Thousands of travel professionals belong to the 36 local PATA chapters
worldwide. The chapters organise travel industry training and business development events.
Their grassroots activism underpins PATA’s membership in Uniting Travel, a coalition of the
world’s major Travel & Tourism organisations dedicated to ensuring that the sector speaks with
one voice and acts in unison on the major issues and includes ACI, CLIA, IATA, ICAO, WEF,
UNWTO and the WTTC.
ASTA - American Society of Travel Agents
ASTA (American Society of Travel Agents) is the world's largest association of travel
professionals. Our members include travel agents and the companies whose products they sell
such as tours, cruises, hotels, car rentals, etc. We are the leading advocate for travel agents, the
travel industry and the traveling public.
ASTA offers many benefits to its members and the traveling public. The majority of ASTA's
members are travel agencies. However, travel suppliers, such as airlines, hotels, car rental firms,
cruise lines, and tour operators join ASTA. We also have membership categories for students,
travel schools, retail travel sellers, and others.

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