Introduction to environment ecology &ecosystem
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1) Environment refers to all the biological and nonbiological factors surrounding and affecting an organism. It includes biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact in a dynamic system. 2) Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It has two main divisions - autecology which studies individual species, and synecology which examines the interactions within and between communities. 3) An ecosystem is the functional unit of ecology comprising biotic and abiotic components that interact through food chains, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles. Energy and matter are transferred between ecosystem components in both directions.
Introduction to environment ecology &ecosystem
- 1. Introduction to Environment Ecology &Ecosystem Apurva Sanghani Kishan kanani
- 2. Environment • The word Environment is derived from the French word “Environner” that means to encircle or surround. • All the biological and nonbiological things surrounding an orga nism are thus included in environment. • Environment can be defined as: “External surroundings and c onditions which directly or indirectly affects the living organisms.” • “Environment is sum total of water, air and land, interrelationshp amongthemselvesand also with human beings , other living organisms and property.”
- 3. • Environment is usually divided in to two parts: • 1. Biotic Biotic environment is made up of all living organisms(Plants, anials µorganisms) including their reactions, interactions and interrelated actions. • These biotic and biotic components are in a dynamic state i.e. th ey constantly affecteach other and cannot be isolated from each other
- 4. • 2. Abiotic • Abiotic and environment or physical environment. It is composed of ext ernal • physical factors like temperature, humidity, water, soil, minerals, gases etc.It provides both habitation and raw materials for the synthesis of or ganic food. • Any constituents of the environments of the environment which directy orindirectlyaffects are growth and development of an organism is called environmental or ecological factor. • Examples of environmental factors are climatic factor, topographic fact or, bioticfactors, and fire.
- 5. Ecology • The word ecology is derived from two Greek word “oikos” m eaning house,habitation or place of living and “logos” meanin g study. • Ecology is the study of the interrelationship between living or ganisms and their physical and biological environment. • Division of ecology : • There are two important division of Ecology namely.
- 6. • Autecology : • Autecology or spices Ecology is the study of individuals spices, th eir behaviorand adaption (adjustto be suitable for anew use or c ondition) to the environmental conditions. • Synecology : • Synecology or community Ecology refers to the study of differen t communities(group of organisms that are associated to gather as a unit) their composition, theirbehavior and relation to the e nvironment. E.g. study of a tree in forests.
- 7. Ecosystem • Ecosystem is made up two words “eco” and “system” eco m eans environment andsystem means an interacting and inter dependent complex. • The organisms of any community besides interacting among themselves, alwayshave functional relationship with the envir onment. This structural and functional • system of communities and environment is called ecological s ystem or ecosystem. • It is a community of interdependent organisms together wit h the environment.
- 8. • Ecosystems have no particular size ; • Ecosystem can change with time. • It is a system where matter and energy flows. • It is a system where biotic and abiotic factors work together. • Ecosystems can be natural and artificial. • All ecosystem in nature work the same way. • The foundation on which ecosystems rests is the production of the o rganic matter byphotosynthesis. • All ecosystems are open systems in the sense that energy and matte r are transferred in and out.
- 9. • The components of the ecosystems: • An ecosystems comprises of two basic components namely • I The structural components: • The biotic and abiotic parts, of an ecosystem are known as struc tural components ofecosystems. The examples of each are given at table ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS Sunlight, Temperature, Precipitation, wat eror moisture, soil or water chemistry. E.g. P,NH₄etc. Primary producers, Herbivores, Carnivore s,Omnivores, Detritivores (Decom posers) etc.
- 10. • The functional component of ecosystems • The functional component of ecosystem comprise of: • I. Food chain • II. Food web • III. Biogeochemical cycle Food chain: • The sequence of food utilization starting with biomass produce by photosynthetic producers is called the food chain. In a food chain each o rganisms eatssmaller organism and is eaten by the larger one. • At the base of the chain there are always green plants or other autotr ophic (the producersor first tropic level
- 11. • Food web: An ecosystem consists of many food chains which are interco nnected. The foodweb is complex network of interconnected food chain s (each starting from the same point)as shown in. • The detritus food chain: The detritus means dead organic matter. • The detritus food chain starts from dead organic matter which is eaten by other organismsfeeding on them detritivores. • In fact, such food chains are less dependent upon the direct solar energ y and mainly depend on the supply of organic matter produced in the ecosystems. • For examples woodlouse is depended on the dead leaves and woodlouse is eaten by ablackbird.
- 12. • Biogeochemical cycle: • All organisms are made up of basic elements such as carbon, nitrogen ,phosphorus,sulfur,oxygen and hydrogen. These elements are continuou sly cycled between air, water, soil,rockand living organisms. I.e. the fo ur spheres (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere,andlithosphere) biogeo chemical cyclesare the pathways describingthe movement of these basic elements through the four spheres of the environment.