INTRODUCTION-TO-RESEARCH-METHODOLOGY-2020 (1).ppt
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Dr. Thomas Varghese Dept. of Physics Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha tv@nirmalacollege.ac.in 22 September 2023 1
- 2. Research? A careful investigation for new facts in any branch of knowledge Redman and Mory: Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge 22 September 2023 2
- 3. Research? Clifford Woody: Research- defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis/objectives; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis/objectives 22 September 2023 3
- 4. Why do research? Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Desire to be of service to society Desire to get respectability Directives of government, employment conditions etc. 22 September 2023 4
- 5. Why do research?... Validate intuition Improve methods Demands of the Job For publication/patent 22 September 2023 5
- 6. Choose a subject Based on an idea Based on your experience Based on your reading Originality 22 September 2023 6
- 7. 7/42 The important features of a research design A plan Specify the sources & types of information relevant to the research problem A strategy Which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data The time and budgets Most studies are done under these two constraints
- 8. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Systematic- All steps must be inter related- one to another Logical- Agreeing with the principles of logic Empirical-Conclusions should be based on evidences/observations
- 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH… Objectivity- It must answer the research questions Replicable- reproducible Transmittable Quality control- Accurate measurements All well designed and conducted research has potential application 22 September 2023 9
- 10. Define Your objectives Try to keep these simple The more variables the more difficult Use the opportunity Get help at this stage Senior colleagues Experienced researchers 22 September 2023 10
- 11. Literature search Check to see if your idea is original Get articles Read articles and their references Most of these will be vital when writing up reports Find gap areas Find obsolete measurements and results Define objectives of the study 22 September 2023 11
- 12. Steps involved in a research Choose a subject Literature survey Defining and formulation of specific objectives Prepare Synopsis Procuring of suitable apparatus/materials Design of experimental set up Preliminary experiments Execution of the project Accurate measurements/data collection 22 September 2023 12
- 13. Steps involved in a research… Data analysis and error compounding Hypothesis testing and verification Results and discussion Generalization, interpretation and drawing conclusions Preparation of the project report or writing thesis 22 September 2023 13
- 14. 14 1 2 3 4 5 The Process of Research
- 15. Research article writing Find suitable/specified journals Get copy of Instructions to authors Prepare article as per instructions Select suitable titles Authors and affiliations Abstract Highlights Novelty statements Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References 22 September 2023 15
- 16. Authorship/ethics All authors should directly involved in entire study Article is free from plagiarism Should follow ethics 22 September 2023 16
- 17. A Research Report A Research Report generally include: Introduction and Statement of problem Review of relevant literature Statement of hypothesis or research objectives Theoretical resume Description of research design Description Experimental design Description of measurement and data analysis Error compounding Presentation of Results Discussion Conclusion, limitations, and implications Suggestions for future work Acknowledgements References cited Appendices
- 18. Types of research 1. Application- Pure and Applied Research Applied- Finding solutions for immediate problems facing a society/industry Pure- Concerned with generalization and formulation of a theory 2. Inquiry Mode- Quantitative and qualitative Quantitatative- Measurements of quantity or amount Qualitative- Concerned with qualitative phenomena (reasons for human behavior) 22 September 2023 18
- 19. Research Studies Based on research objectives: Exploratory or formulative research- To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it descriptive research- To study accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group-includes survey 22 September 2023 19
- 20. Research Studies Diagnostic research- To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else hypothesis-testing research- To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables 22 September 2023 20
- 21. 22 September 2023 21 Thank you “Science is not belief, but the will to find out.”