Internet of Things.

Editor's Notes

• #3: WSIS: World Summit on the Information Society, it’s a pair of conference about information society. The semantic origin of the expression is composed by two words and concepts: “Internet” and “Thing”, where “Internet” can be defined as “The world-wide network of interconnected computer networks, based on a standard communication protocol, the Internet suite (TCP/IP)”, while “Thing” is “an object not precisely identifiable” Therefore, semantically, “Internet of Things” means “a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard.
• #4: Auto-ID Center focus on EPC-IOT, EPC is Electric Product Code, It’s a family of coding schemes created as a low-cost method of tracking goods using RFID Technology, it generated Auto-ID Lab and EPC Global, former one is to do R&D and second one is to set standard and run marketing. Four important technologies are nano technology , wireless sensor, RFID and smart technology.
• #5: Characteristics of IoT Ambient Intelligence the autonomous and intelligent entities will act in full interoperability & will be able to auto-organize themselves depending on the context, circumstances or environment. Event Driven is to design the scheme depending on the need. Flexible Structure means that hundreds and thousands of nodes will be disable and will be set to run. Complex Access Technologies means that there’s several kinds of media such as vehicle stone that they need different access technologies. Semantic Sharing is the machine can rend and send by themselves. No need to tell human beings.
• #6: The three C’s of IoT Communication: IoT communicates information to people and systems, such as state and health of equipment (e.g.it’s on or off, charged, full or empty) and data from sensors that can monitor a person’s vital signs. In most cases, we didn’t have access to this information before or it was collected manually and infrequently. For example, an IOT-enabled HVAC system can report if its air filter is clean and functioning properly. Almost every company has a class of assets it could track. GPS-enabled assets can communicate their current location and movement. Location is important for items that move, such as trucks, but it’s also applicable for locating items and people within an organization. In the healthcare industry, IoT can help a hospital track the location of everything from wheelchairs to cardiac defibrillators to surgeons. In the transportation industry, a business can deliver real-time tracking and condition of parcels and pallets. For example, Maersk can use sensors to track the location of a refrigerated shipping container and its current temperature. Control and Automation: In a connected world, a business will have visibility into a device’s condition. In many cases, a business or consumer will also be able to remotely control a device. For example, a business can remotely turn on or shut down a specific piece of equipment or adjust the temperature in a climate-controlled environment. Meanwhile, a consumer can use IoT to unlock their car or start the washing machine. Once a performance baseline has been established, a process can send alerts for anomalies and possibly deliver an automated response. For example, if the brake pads on a truck are about to fail, it can prompt the company to take the vehicle out of service and automatically schedule maintenance. Cost Savings: Many companies will adopt IoT to save money. Measurement provides actual performance data and equipment health, instead of just estimates. Businesses, particularly industrial companies, lose money when equipment fails. With new sensor information, IoT can help a company save money by minimizing equipment failure and allowing the business to perform planned maintenance. Sensors can also measuring items, such as driving behavior and speed, to reduce fuel expense and wear and tear on consumables. New smart meters in homes and businesses can also provide data that helps people understand energy consumption and opportunities for cost savings. Applications description A) When entering the doors, scanners will identify the tags on her clothing. B) When shopping in the market, the goods will introduce themselves. C) When moving the goods, the reader will tell the staff to put a new one. D) When paying for the goods, the microchip of the credit card will communicate with checkout reader. 2. Europe is traditionally spoiled with excellent food and wine where the quest for the perfect taste has been ongoing for centuries. French law pioneered the idea of protecting produce of a limited geographical origin, and similar laws have since been established in many European countries. Traceable identities will help the consumers to verify the origins of the products and help Europe to preserve agricultural diversity and rural lifestyles. traceability may provide market feedback to the producers in a sector where the production is often planned well in advance according to wholesale dealers’ prediction of the market for certain produce and the producers’ flexibility is limited by long term contracts and politically decided production subsidies. The recent global food crisis highlighted that the feedback mechanisms in food market do not work as well as in other commodity markets making the food availability oscillate between periods of overproduction and shortage. All the major food producers in the world could have augmented their production had they only seen the increase demand earlier. 3. New efficient diagnostics combined with nanotechnology enabled lab-on-a-chip technologies open a complete range of novel opportunities for new treatments and prevention of serious diseases. In-vivo equipment will assist in drug dosage closer to the affected organs thus reducing the amount of reagents needed and diminish the risk of adverse effects. It is an established fact that several serious common illnesses like breast cancer, cardio-vascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease have genetic components. It is also known that successful treatment depends on early detection. Biodegradable materials will offer the possibility to place temporary sensors and lab-on-a-chip equipment on the patient, or in the patient. Temperature and humidity can be measured inside a cast to prevent skin problems. Antigens may be detected on transplanted organs to help prevent rejection. Intelligent micro-robots may be guided to bring drugs to the infected areas by ex-vivo remote guidance, and assist in the diagnosis providing located measurements of vital parameters. Furthermore, this new sort of personal medical equipment will enable the patient to stay longer and safer at home since the equipment itself can alarm the hospital in case of critical situations, or the patient can be relieved from the hassle of routine checks when there is nothing wrong. Medical research will advance on data from patients living normal lives and not like guinea pigs in hospitals. Telemedicine may replace costly travel and reduce patient stress. 4. Maintaining a comfort temperature and heating of water are the most energy consuming tasks of the house with huge potentials for energy conservation, and as a consequence a significant positive impact on the environment. This is further discussed under environmental aspects and resource efficiency below There will be robots taking care of the house, performing routine works such as cleaning or maintenance. These will collaborate autonomously with the house sensors, and the house control. The intelligent appliances will collaborate to conserve energy, and to signal need for new supplies of food, detergents, maintenance, etc. Some of which may be satisfied automatically by the maintenance robot. This will take away some of today’s tedious housekeeping activities. 5. When there is a queue, the first cars may tell the cars behind if there is an accident or just too much traffic, and this will eventually make intelligent navigation systems re-plan the route of cars programmed to go down already saturated roads. The cars may help the driver to keep safe distance to the car in front, and may refuse dangerous actions like speeding if the weather conditions are unsafe or overtaking if the oncoming car goes too fast. The cars can go by autopilot on highways reducing the risk of fatigue related accidents. Cars will also be able to maintain themselves, calling for the appropriate service based on the self diagnosis of the problem and ensuring that the right replacement parts are in stock. The car will plan the time of service according to the diaries and preferences of the usual driver to minimize the petulance of their lives, and make sure that there is a substitute car available if there would be a need for it.
• #7: Absence of governance is the first main challenge One major barrier for the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things technology is the absence of governance. Without an impartial governing authority it will be impossible to have a truly global “Internet of Things”, accepted by states, companies, trade organizations and the common people. Today there is not a unique universal numbering scheme as just described: PC global and the Ubiquitous Networking Lab propose two different, non-compatible ways of identifying objects, and there is the risk to have them competing in the coming future over the global market. There is also the need of keeping governance as generic as possible, as having one authority per application field will certainly lead to overlap, confusion and competition between standards. Objects can have different identities in different contexts so having multiple authorities would create a kind of multi-homing, which can lead to disastrous results. Privacy and security In order to have a widespread adoption of any object identification system, there is a need to have a technically sound solution to guarantee privacy and the security of the customers. While in many cases the security has been done as an add-on feature, it is the feeling that the public acceptance for the IoT will happen only when the strong security and privacy solution are in place. This could be hybrid security mechanisms that for example combine hardware security with key diversification to deliver superior security that makes attacks significantly more difficult or even impossible. The selection of security features and mechanisms will continue to be determined by the impact on business processes; and trade-offs will be made between chip size, cost, functionality, interoperability, security, and privacy. The security and privacy issues should be addressed by the forthcoming standards which must define different security features to provide confidentiality, integrity, or availability services. There are also a range of issues related to the identity of people. These must be dealt with in politics and legislation, and they are of crucial importance for the efficient public administrations of the future. Although many of the proposed technologies are based on RFID or smart systems, they will not be discussed in this report whose focus is on objects and things and the related technological and application challenges. Solution of the main challenge: Education and Information Education and Information are central aspects for the success of the upcoming IoT. As discussed in previous sections, privacy concerns about the misuse of information are high, and final users do not clearly see the advantages of the widespread adoption of this technology. Therefore, education about the potential use and clear benefits of the IoT must be carried out, together with significant advances in privacy enhancement technologies. As well, information to the users about the presence of RFID tags, the reading range, the kind of data contained in the devices and in the back system, and the use of those, must be clear and easily available. Second solution to challenge: Legislation When moving towards the Internet of Things it is mandatory that policy keeps up with technology so that citizens gain confidence in the new technology and will accept to live in the “Internet of Things”. When bar codes were introduced they received public uprising and rejection. Attempts to introduce electronic health cards have been unsuccessful based on public fear for information misuse. RFID tags have seen a similar resistance leading to tags that can be erased when clients leave the supermarket, or temporarily disabled, or just be read by trusted readers. In addition to research of current concerns, it is important to engage the wider public in a political debate and dialogue about the Internet of Things. People’s momentarily context and roles can determine their attitudes towards new technology: as an example, an employee will resist his boss' access to his or her mailbox while the same person may demand the same insight into the mailboxes of subordinates. Limitation of IoT Use RFID tags to detect is a lower level of IoT, IoT still cannot reach a status that tracking things by detecting its original attributions like microwave it generates, and also the limitation of the range should not be neglected. The application of IoT in extreme situations are still not tested, for example in the outer space and very hot or very cold area.