IoT Unit 1 pptx ( introduction to Iot )

Department of CSE – Data Science, School of Engineering
Introduction to Internet of Things
UNIT-1

• Contents:
• Introduction
• Application areas of
IoT
• Characteristics
• Things in IoT
• IoT stack
• Enabling Technologies
• IoT Challenges
• IoT Levels

Introduction to IoT
• IoT refers to the
“interconnection” via the
Internet of computing devices
embedded in everyday
objects, enabling them to
send and receive data.

• The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices,
vehicles (also referred to as “connected devices” and “smart devices”),
buildings, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect
and exchange data.
• “Internet of Things” is a technology, which is used to communicate
between human and machine or a machine to machine with the help
of “internet”.

• IoT can be defined as the
analysis of data to generate a
meaningful action, triggered
subsequently after the
interchange of data.
• Data is everything, everywhere.
• Scope is beyond, exchange of
meaningful information from 1
device to other to acquire
purposeful result.

• IoT is not owned by any one engineering branch.
• IoT is reality, when multiple domains come together
• IoT is not a single technology.

• Growth of internet from “No where” to “Now Here”
• IoT enables the objects to be sensed when controlling them remotely, which
facilitates better interaction with physical world and computers.
• This improves efficiency and accuracy with minimal human intervention.
• Soon one’s life would be governed entirely by IoT in near future.

• These design goals have to be fulfilled while building an Application.
Design Goals

IoT Unit 1 pptx ( introduction to Iot )

Application areas of IoT
• Smart Home:
– The cost of owning a
house is the biggest
expense in a homeowner’s
life.
– Smart homes are promised
to save the time, money
and energy.

• Smart cities:
– It includes smart
surveillance,
environment
monitoring,
automated
transformation,
urban security,
smart traffic
management,
water distribution,
smart healthcare
etc.

• Wearables:
– Wearable's are devices
that have sensors and
software installed which
can collect data about the
user which can be later
used to get the insights
about the user.
– They must be energy
efficient and small sized.

• Connected
cars:
– A connected
car is able to
optimize its
own
operation,
maintenance
as well as
passenger’s
comfort using
sensors and
internet
connectivity.

Smart retail:
• Retailers can enhance the
in-store experience of the
customers using IoT.
• The shopkeeper can also
know which items are
frequently bought
together using IoT
devices.

Smart healthcare:
• People can wear the IoT
devices which will collect
data about user's health.
• This will help users to
analyze themselves and
follow tailor-made
techniques to combat
illness.
• The doctor also doesn't have
to visit the patients in order
to treat them.

Characteristics of IoT
• Connectivity:
– Things in I.O.T. should be connected to the infrastructure.
– Anyone,Anywhere,Anytime connectivity should be guaranteed.
– Without connection nothing makes sense.
• Intelligence:
– Extraction of knowledge from the generated data is important.
– Like, sensor generate data, and this data should be interpreted
properly.

• Scalability:
– The no. of things getting connected to the I.O.T. infrastructure is
increased day by day.
– Hence, an IOT setup shall be able to handle the massive expansion.
– The data generated is also enormous,and to be hanled.
• Unique Identity:
– Each IOT device has an I.P. address.
– This identity is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times to query
its status.

• Dynamic and Self-Adapting:
– The IOT device must dynamically adopt itself to the changing context.
– Assume a camera meant for surveillance, it may have to work in
different conditions and at different light situations.
• Architecture (Heterogeneity):
– IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature.
– The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different
hardware platforms and networks.
– They can interact with other devices different networks.

• Safety:
– Having got all the things connected with the Internet possess a major
threat, as our personal data.
– Data security
– It can be tampered with, if proper safety measures are not taken.
– Equipment safety

Things in IoT

Things in IoT
• Things refer to a variety of devices.
• To qualify as a thing::it requires identity of its existence.
• The thing in a network can monitor/measure.
• Things are capable of exchanging data with other connected
devices in the system.
• The data could be stored in a centralized server (or
cloud),processed there and a control action could be initiated.
• The devices involved in getting this accomplished are known as
things.

• ‘Things’ refers to these machines or physical objects so it
becomes important to understand what kind of objects can be
connected via Internet.
• Objects with intelligence or Smart Objects.
• Objects without intelligence or Non-Smart
Objects

• Smart Objects:
• Smart objects are those physical and digital objects which can be
identified, have sensing/actuating capabilities, processing and calculating
powers, also storing, and networking capabilities.
• smartphones ,smart fridge, Smart TV, Alexa
voice assistant, micro-controllers like
Arduino can be easily seen.

• Non-Smart Objects:
• Non-smart objects are generally those objects which do not have
intelligence and processing capabilities.
• Sensors and actuators are non-smart devices.

Things in IoT
“Things”= Hardware + Software + Service

Example of IoT-based home automation

Home automation components
The major components can be broken into:
• IoT Sensors
• IoT Gateways
• IoT Protocols
• IoT Firmware
• IoT Cloud and Databases
• IoT Middleware (if required)

• An IoT gateway is a centralized hub that connects IoT devices
and sensors to cloud-based computing and data processing.
• Modern IoT gateways often allow bidirectional data flow
between the cloud and IoT devices.
• IoT devices communicate with each other over the network, so
certain standards and rules need to be set to determine how
data is exchanged.
• These rules are called IoT Network Protocols.

• Short Range Communication, Low Data Rate, Low Power
– Bluetooth
– Zigbee
– 6LoWPAN
– PAN stands for Personal Area Network, and 6LoWPAN refers to IPV6 Low
Power PAN
• Short Range Communication, High Data Rate
– WirelessLAN - Wi-Fi
• Long Range Communication, High Data Rate, Low power
– LoRaWAN
– LTE-M stands for Long Term Evolution for Machines.
• Long Range, Low Data Rate, Low Power Consumption
– Sigfox is used when wide area coverage is required with minimum power
consumption. It aims at connecting billions of IoT devices.
Long Range, Low Data Rate, High Power Consumption
– Cellular,This is also known as a mobile network.

• Firmware is a microcode or program that is embedded into the
memory of hardware devices to help them operate.
• It enables hardware like cameras, mobile phones, network
cards, optical drives, printers, routers, scanners, and television
remotes to function smoothly.
• Middleware is software that different applications use to
communicate with each other.
• It provides functionality to connect applications intelligently
and efficiently so that you can innovate faster.

Major IoT platform as a service provider:
• AWS IoT
• Azure IoT
• Thingworx
• Ubidots
• Thingspeak
• Carriots
• Konekt
• TempoIQ
• Xively
• IBM Bluemix

Home Automation Sensors
We will break down IoT sensors for home automation by their sensing capabilities:
• Temperature sensors
• Lux sensors
• Water level sensors
• Air composition sensors
• Video cameras for surveillance
• Voice/Sound sensors
• Pressure sensors
• Humidity sensors
• Accelerometers
• Infrared sensors
• Vibrations sensors
• Ultrasonic sensors

Home Assistant for smart home development
Supports RaspberryPi, uses Python with OS as Hassbian.

IoT Stack
• This digital technology also has
defined layers like OSI model with 7
layers.
• Each layer has the protocols defined
clearly with appropriate
hardware/software working for it.

• Layer 1(physical/Sensor Layer):
– This layer is concerned about the physical components.
– Sensors are the core components.
– Actuators in industrial automation.
– This layer is responsible for data collection(i.e., sensing).
– Choose appropriate sensor(temperature sensors,Humidity
sensors,Pressure sensors etc)

• Layer 2(Processing and control action Layer):
– This layer has core components for IoT.
– Microcontrollers or processors are found this layer.
– To determine if data is meaningful, a microcontroller is required.
– Data from sensors are received by microcontrollers development kits like:
• Aurdino
• NodeMCU
• PIC(Peripheral Interface Controller)
• ARM(Advanced RISC Machines)
– Operating Systems play major role:
• Android,IOS,Linux

• A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern
a specific operation in an embedded system.
• A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O)
peripherals on a single chip.

Different types of microcontrollers and development platforms.
• Arduino:
– Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
– It consists of microcontroller boards with various capabilities and a user-friendly development environment.
– Arduino boards are designed for beginners and hobbyists to create projects and prototypes.
– Arduino boards typically use Atmel AVR microcontrollers, and they come with various digital and analog I/O pins
for connecting sensors, actuators, and other devices.
– The Arduino IDE provides a simple programming environment for writing and uploading code to the boards.
• NodeMCU:
– NodeMCU is an open-source IoT (Internet of Things) platform based on the ESP8266 WiFi module.
– It provides a firmware and development environment that allows developers to build WiFi-enabled projects and
applications.
– NodeMCU is based on the Lua scripting language and provides built-in WiFi connectivity, making it suitable for
creating IoT projects that require wireless communication.
– It's often used for home automation, sensor networks, and other connected applications.
• PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller):
– PIC is a family of microcontrollers developed by Microchip Technology (formerly Microchip Technology Inc.).
– PIC microcontrollers are widely used in various applications due to their low power consumption and versatility.
– PIC microcontrollers come in a range of models with different features and capabilities.
– They are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, industrial, consumer electronics, and more.
Development tools and software libraries are available to facilitate programming and development for PIC
microcontrollers.

ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) is a family of microprocessor architectures that
are widely used in various embedded systems, mobile devices, and more. ARM
processors are known for their energy efficiency and performance.
Features:
• ARM-based microcontrollers and microprocessors are used in a wide range of
applications, from small embedded systems to high-performance computing.
• ARM-based development boards and platforms are available for various use
cases, and they can be programmed using different programming languages and
development environments.
• Each of these platforms has its own strengths and use cases.
• The choice between them depends on factors such as project requirements,
familiarity with the platform, available resources (libraries, tools,
documentation), and the level of complexity desired for your projects.

• Layer 3(Hardware Interface Layer):
– This layer include components or interfaces used for communication
such as RS232, RS485, SPI, I2C, CAN, SCI etc.
– Connection and communication.
– These interfaces are used for serial or parallel communication at
various baud rates in synchronous/asynchronous modes.
– All theses components ensure flawless communication.

• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), CAN (Controller Area
Network), and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit).
• These are all widely used communication protocols for
connecting and communicating between electronic
devices.

• Layer 4(Radio Frequency Layer):
– This radio frequency layer houses RF technologies based on short
range or long range and data rate desired by the application of use.
– The common indoor RF/wireless technologies include Wifi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, Zwave, NFC, RFID etc.
– The common outdoor RF cellular technologies include GSM/GPRS,
CDMA, LTE-M, NB-IoT, 5G etc.
– RF layer does communication of data using radio frequency based EM
waves.
– There is another technology which uses light waves for data
communication.
– This light based data communication is referred as LiFi.

• WiFi: A wireless communication technology that enables devices to connect to the
internet and local networks using radio waves.
• Bluetooth: A short-range wireless technology for connecting devices and transferring
data over short distances.
• Zigbee: A low-power wireless communication protocol designed for connecting and
controlling devices in home automation and industrial applications.
• Z-Wave: A wireless technology used for home automation and smart devices, focused
on creating a mesh network of low-power devices.
• NFC (Near Field Communication): A short-range wireless technology allowing two
devices to exchange data when brought close together.
• RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification): A technology using radio waves to identify
and track objects or people by attaching small tags to them.
– Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity.
– Bluetooth: Named after the 10th century Danish king Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson.
– Zigbee: Derived from the waggle dance of honeybees.
– Z-Wave: Developed by Zensys, representing a "wave" of RF communication.
– NFC: Near Field Communication.
– RFID: Radio Frequency Identification.

• Layer 5(Session/Message Layer):
– This layer deals with various messaging protocols such as
MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, FTP (or Secured FTP), SSH etc.
– It defines how messages are broadcasted to the cloud.

• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
– MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol often used for efficient communication between
devices in IoT applications, allowing devices to publish data and subscribe to topics of interest.
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):
– CoAP is a specialized protocol designed for resource-constrained devices in IoT environments, offering
lightweight communication for querying and controlling resources.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files -- such as text, images,
sound, video and other multimedia files -- over the web.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) / SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol):
– FTP is the traditional file transfer protocol. It's a basic way of using the Internet to share files.
– SFTP (or Secure File Transfer Protocol) is an alternative to FTP that also allows you to transfer files,
but adds a layer of security to the process.
• SSH
– is a network protocol used for secure remote access and control of devices over an unsecured network,
providing encrypted communication and authentication.
– Each of these protocols serves specific purposes and is suitable for different types of applications and
scenarios, ranging from IoT communication and resource-constrained devices (MQTT, CoAP) to web
communication (HTTP), secure file transfer (FTP/SFTP), and secure remote access (SSH).

• Layer 6(User Experience Layer):
– This layer deals with providing best experience to the end users
of IoT products.
– To fulfill this, this layer takes care of rich UI designs with lots of
features.
– Various languages and tools are developed for the design of GUI
interface softwares.
– These include objected oriented and procedure oriented
technologies as well database languages (DBMS, SQL) in
addition to analytics tools.

• Layer 7(Application Layer):
– This layer utilizes rest of the six layers in order to develop
desired application.
– The typical case studies or applications of IoT are as follows.

1. GSM/GPRS (Global System for Mobile Communications / General Packet Radio Service):
1. GSM is a widely used standard for cellular networks, providing voice and basic data services.
2. GPRS is an extension of GSM that enables packet-switched data transmission for activities like
internet browsing and email.
2. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access):
1. CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques for communication.
2. It allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning unique codes to each user.
3. LTE-M (Long-Term Evolution for Machines):
1. LTE-M is a low-power, wide-area network technology designed for the Internet of Things (IoT).
2. It provides a balance between coverage, data rate, and power consumption, making it suitable for IoT
devices.
4. NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things):
1. NB-IoT is another low-power, wide-area network technology optimized for IoT.
2. It operates in narrow frequency bands and offers extended coverage and improved power efficiency
for IoT devices.
5. 5G (Fifth Generation):
1. 5G is the latest generation of cellular network technology, promising faster data speeds, lower latency,
and support for a massive number of connected devices.
2. It aims to enable new applications like remote surgery, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities.

Smart vegetable quality tracking system using IoT
• It starts with sensor layer, where temperature, humidity are
measured.
• Then data goes to the microcontroller; from there to cloud;
from here messaging protocols take effect.
• RF protocols are used for transport and communication.
• User experience is taken care with the Android application
designed.

• Enabling Technologies
1. Sensors
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Embedded Computing Boards
5. Communication Protocols
6. User Interfaces

Enabling Technologies
IoT is collection/group of technologies/devices.
Enabling Technologies fall under any of the following categories:
• Technologies that help in acquiring/sensing data
• Technologies that help in analyzing/processing data
• Technologies that help in taking control action.
• Technologies that help in enhancing security/privacy.

1.SENSORS
Sensors are the heart of any IoT application.
• They're the pieces of an IoT ecosystem that bridge
the digital world to the physical world.
Sensors could be analog/digital
• IoT sensors are pieces of hardware that sense and
detect changes in an environment and collect data.

• Some examples:
• Camera used in home security systems.
• Weather tracking system uses temperature/humidity/moisture sensors.
• Vehicle health monitoring sensors keep track of speed,tyre pressure,etc.
• Water quality is monitored through sensors that measure PH,turbidity,chloride level
etc.
• PIR sensor is used in pedestrian signal operation with human presence detection.

2. Cloud Computing
Data storage plays a major role in IoT.
Cloud has grown more popular, as it serves
as an affordable, effective, efficient medium
for data storage.
Majority of applications use Adafruit

• Adafruit.io is needed to display the IOT project's data online
in real-time.
• It is a cloud server that can be used to connect to IoT devices
through Wi-Fi and to control these devices through a
dashboard.
• It can be used as a free service and it has got a simple easy-
to-use interface to design dashboards.

 Cloud services are categorized as:
 IaaS(Infrastructure as a service)
 Form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources(H/W) over the
internet.
 Ex:AWS EC2, Rackspace ,Google Compute Engine (GCE), Digital Ocean, Microsoft
Azure etc.
 PaaS(Platform as a service)
 Cloud service provider delivers hardware and software tools needed for App Dev to
users over internet.
 Ex:Google App Engine, OpenShift, Apache Stratos.
 SaaS(Software as a service)
 A complete software application is provided to the user.
 Ex:Google Workspace,Dropbox,ZenDesk etc.

IaaS Paas SaaS
It provides a virtual data
center to store
information and create
platforms for app
development, testing, and
deployment.
It provides virtual
platforms and tools to
create, test, and deploy
apps.
It provides web software
and apps to complete
business tasks.
It provides access to
resources such as virtual
machines, virtual
storage, etc.
It provides runtime
environments and
deployment tools for
applications.
It provides software as a
service to the end-users.
It is used by network
architects.
It is used by developers. It is used by end users.
IaaS provides only
Infrastructure.
PaaS provides
Infrastructure+Platform.
SaaS provides
Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.

• A SaaS model provides cloud-based tools and
applications to consumers and businesses, whereas a
PaaS model allows them to host, manage, and secure
their own applications and IaaS allows organizations to
manage their business resources like network, server,
and data storage.
• SaaS helps you to eliminate the need to have IT staff
download and install applications on each computer,
while PaaS provides freedom to build the software
without the need to worry about software updates.
• IaaS delivers cloud computing infrastructure through
virtualization technology.

3. Big Data Analytics
Data is everywhere, and from every function or operation,we get more
data.
Biggest challenge with Big Data is its V’s:
• Volume Variety
• Velocity Veracity
Biggest challenge with Big Data is its V’s:
• Volume Variety
• Velocity Veracity

Who is generating all this data?

• Sensors from
– security systems,
– weather monitoring systems,
– car/navigation systems,
– wearables,
– industrial equipment,
– social media etc
Data analytics is one of the enabling technologies for building a
complete and comprehensive IoT applications.

4. Embedded Computing Boards
An Embedded Computing Board is a very important component to bring
IoT design to reality.
•An Embedded Computer is a small-sized, compact, powerful
and easy-to-operate electronic module, based on
microcontroller/microprocessor and act as a bridge between
electronics hardware and computer software.
•Some of the Boards:
•Raspberry Pi
•Arduino
•NodeMCU
•Intel Edison etc

NodeMCU Intel Edison
• All these boards are small,yet smart.
• Minimum cost < 100$

5. Communication Protocols
• Data exchange happens through these protocols, which takes care of:
– Addressing
– Format of the messages.
– Message security.
– Routing
– Flow control
– Error monitoring
– Sequencing
– Retransmission guidelines
– Segmentation of data packets
Protocols are the pillars for good Iot infrastructure.

6. User Interfaces
• All devices must have an intuitive user interface.
• IoT services should be designed in such a way that accessing
and handling the services are easier and comfortable for the
end user.
• Like providing mobile/web Applications which are consistent
and not clumpsy.

IoT Challenges
• Technical and Non-Technical challenges:
– Security/Personnel safety
• Data and personnel
– Privacy
• Permissions
– Data extraction with consistency from complex environments.
• 24 /7 Internet
– Connectivity
• Wired and wireless
– Power requirements
• Green power sources
– Complexity involved
• Due to integration of different domains. Lack of Expertise
– Storage
• Need , Cost, Identify Service Provider, Type of cloud

IoT Levels
• Based on architectural approach, there are 5
levels

Level 1
• It is of minimal complexity and the easiest to build.
• The data sensed is stored locally and the data analysis is done
locally.
• Monitoring /control is done through an application(.apk or
webapp).
• Data generated in this level application is not huge(i.e., no big
data).
• All the control happens through internet.

Level 2
• Slightly more complex than previous level.
• Here data is voluminous, so cloud is required.
• Sensing frequency is faster, and no. of times sensing done is
much more than previous level.
Local analysis and triggers action through mobile/web
Storage only

Level 3
• Difference is, data analysis is carried out on cloud.
• Based on data analysis, control action can be triggered through
mobile/web app.
• Ex:
– agricultural applications,
– room freshening solutions based on odour
data analysis

Level 4
• With every passing level, the volume of data increases and sensing rate
also increases.
• At this level, multiple and independent nodes are present, which uploads
data to cloud, where storage and analysis is carried out.
mobile/web app.
storage and analysis

Level 5
• Amount of data is extensive, sensing frequency is much faster.
• At this level, multiple and independent nodes are present.
• Data sensing and storage is same as previous level.
mobile/web app.
When an application is completely cloud oriented, it is
computationally intensive in real time.

IoT Unit 1 pptx ( introduction to Iot )

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