Ipr

Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR)
Dr. S. Ramadevi
Assistant Professor
Bon Secours College for women
Thanjavur

Intellectual Property (IP) - any creations of human mind. Like
tangible property, their creation has a value and, as with all
property, it needs to be protected.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – give support, control and
protection of IP, as well as helping them exploit.
“The exclusive right granted by State, to prevent others from
using, manufacturing, distributing - inventions, processes,
applications, new and original designs, trademarks, new plant
varieties, data bases and artistic and literary works”. Such a person
is known as ‘rights owner’ or ‘rights holder’.
IPR means…..

Types of IPRs
Intellectual Property
Industrial Property Copyrights and related rights
®©
Industrial design
Patent
Trade secrets
Geographical indication
Layout Designs of
Semi Conductor ICs
Plant varieties &
Farmer’s rights

IP RIGHTS
REGISTERED
• Patents
• Trade Marks
• Design rights
UNREGISTERED
• Copyright
• Unregistered Design rights
• Common law trade marks
• Database rights
• Protection for know how under
laws dealing with confidential
information and trade secrets
• Plant varieties
• Geographical Indications
• Design of Integrated Circuits
• ‘Passing off’ trade legislation
(Domain names)

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
• The laws governing designs are the Designs Act of 2000 and the
Designs Rules of 2001. In India designs are defined as follows:
• ‘A design refers to the features of shape, configuration, pattern,
ornamentation or composition of lines or colors applied to any
article, in two or three dimensional (or both) forms’. (Design
Office, Kolkata: Guidelines for Registration)
• Its valid for a maximum of ten years, renewable for a further five
years.
• The ‘right of priority’ for previous filings of designs overseas
requires filing in India within six months of an overseas filing.
2D GRAPHIC Designs
3D GRAPHIC Designs

APPLYING FOR A PROTECTION OF NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS ENABLE OWNERS
TO PROPOSE A LICENSE TO CREATE NEW INCOMES AND/OR RECEIVE ROYALTIES
THIS IS POSSIBLE ONLY ONCE THE FORMAL PROTECTION IS LEGALLY AGREED. A
DESIGN IS ALSO AUTOMATICALLY PROTECTED BY THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM
COMIC CHARACTER - GRAPHIC DESIGN

The Value of a Creative Design
❖Makes a product attractive and appealing
❖Target specific market segments
❖Create a new market niche
❖Strengthen brands
❖Launch a new style of products and increase consumer’s
demand
Why important to protect industrial designs: because ID ads value to a product, makes a
product more attractive and appealing to customers and may even be its unique selling
point
Therefore protecting valuable designs should be crucial part of the business strategy of any
designer or manufacturer
Licensing: you may be able to enter markets that you are otherwise unable to reach/serve

❖ Design rights, as we have seen, consist of both registered and unregistered
forms.
❖ Expert advice is needed to choose which is appropriate.
❖ The more common type is the registered design, covering the appearance
(that is, the shape or pattern) of a product or its packaging, as well as
typefaces and graphics.
❖ Exclusive right to prevent unauthorized copying or imitation by others
❖ Return on investment
❖ Business asset increasing commercial value of a company and its products
❖ Registered design may be licensed (or sold)
❖ Encourages fair competition and honest trade practices
❖ A registered design right lasts for up to 25 years in the UK and must be
renewed every five years.

Reasons for protecting designs in EU
❖70% prevent copying
❖23.4% company policy
❖20.3% get ahead competition
❖10.1% prestige
❖6.5% prevent people think “I copy”
❖5.8% other
✔Protecting Industrial Designs
✔Protecting Designs Abroad
✔Enforcing Industrial Designs
✔Other Legal Instruments for protecting
✔Protecting designer’s rights

RIGHTS
The Hague Agreement Concerning the International
Registration of Industrial Designs
The Hague Agreement entered into force in 1925
It was revised at London in 1934 and at the Hague in 1960
(supplemented by the Additional Act of Monaco in 1961, the
Complementary Act was adopted at Stockholm in 1967 and
the Protocol of Geneva was adopted in 1975 and amended in
1979
and at Geneva in 1999 by the member states of the
“HAGUE UNION”

Protecting by Registration
The applicant has the choice: to file at WIPO via his IP Office or
directly. WIPO offers free information & guidelines on-line:
The Hague Agreement based on the Paris Convention
http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/index.html
The hague agreement registration portal
http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/hague/i
ndex.html
The IP Office receiving the request will proceed to the :
⮚Formal examination (only by national IP office)
⮚Substantive examination
⮚Design register/design gazette
⮚Design registration certificate valid at least 10 years

PATENTS
• Designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1790 to provide a brief legal monopoly
• Section 2(m) of the Indian Patents Act, 1970 defines Patent as – “Patent”
means ‘a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of
industrial application’.
• Act lays down:
• Grant of revocation of patent
• Items not patentable
• Product patent
• Patent period
• Rights and obligations of patentee
• Working of the patent
• Compulsory licensing
• Exceptions (inclu. Rights of Govt.)

PATENT ACT
YEAR ROLE
1856 The act of 1856 on protection of invention
1911 Indian patents and design act
1970 Patents act
-only process patents[14 years, 7
years (food,/drug)]
1999 India sign TRIPS
-process and product patents in all fields
1999,2002,2004 Amendment's for the efficacy of the
act
2005 Indian patents act, 2005
-process and product patents [20 years patent
period]

Types of Patents
• Utility Patent: Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful
process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new
and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefore,
subject to the conditions and requirements of this title. (35 U.S.C. §
101) E.g: (functional) toys, coatings, tools, machines, good for 20
years.
• Plant Patent: Whoever invents or discovers andasexually
of plant reproduces any distinct and new variety including
cultivated spores, mutants, hybrids, and newly found seedlings, other
than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated
state. . . (35 U.S.C. § 161)
– No bacteria or similar single-cell organisms need apply!
• Design Patent: Whoever invents any new, original, and ornamental
design for an article of manufacture may obtain a patent. (35 U.S.C.
§ 171). E.g: (non-functional) a decoration, apparel, jewellery
• Can easily be designed around...no functionality to protect

What can be patented….
• Under the Indian Patent Law, a “Patentable
invention” must be
▪ a new product or process
▪ non-obvious
▪ useful
▪ capable of industrial application.
What can’t be patented….
▪Mathematical methods
▪Buisness schemes.
▪Anything against universal law.
• Novelty: Novelty (newness) in an invention depends upon the state of prior art, i.e.,
the existing knowledge and similar inventions already known in the particular field.
• Non-obviousness: The invention must be non-obvious to a person skilled in the art
to which the invention relates.
• Usefulness: The invention, besides being new and non-obvious, must also be useful.
If the invention can not be put to any beneficial use of the mankind, it can not be
patented.

Patents contd…..
• Persons entitled to apply for patent:
✔ Person claiming to be the true and first inventor of the invention.
✔ Any person being the assignee of the true
and first inventor of the
invention
✔ By the legal representative of any deceased person who immediately
before death was entitled to make such an application.
• Full Disclosure of invention:
While the Act grants exclusive right to the inventor to exploit his
invention for commercial gain for a specific period of time, it also
imposes on him the duty of fully disclosing the invention in the complete
specification so as to facilitate anyone from the public working the
invention, once the period of protection is over. The full disclosure of the
patented invention is mandatory. If this is not done, the patent will not
be granted. The validity of such patent, even if granted, can be contested
by an opposing party. The patent can be revoked on such contest
succeeding.

STAGES TO OBTAIN A PATENT
Filling an application for patent
⮚ Application is required to be filed according to the territorial limits where
the applicant or the first mentioned applicant in case of joint applicants, for
a patent normally resides or has domicile or has a place of business or the
place from where the invention actually originated.
⮚ The four patent offices are located at Kolkatta, Mumbai, Delhi &
Chennai.
Examination
⮚ Early request for exam
⮚ No application for patent will be examined if no request is made by the
applicant or by any other interested person in Form-18 with prescribed
fee of Rs.2,500/- or Rs.10,000/- for natural person and other than
natural person respectively, within a period of 48 months from the date
of priority of the application or from the date of filing of the application
⮚ First Examination Report (FER) stating the objections/requirements
is communicated to the applicant according to the address for service
ordinarily within six (06) months from the date of request for
examination or date of publication whichever is later. Application or
complete specification should be amended in order to meet the
objections/requirements within a period of 12 months from the date
of First Examination Report (FER)

⮚ Withdrawl
⮚ The application for patent can be withdrawn at least 3(Three)
months before the first publication
⮚ The application withdrawn after the date of publication, cannot be
refiled as it is already laid open for public inspection.
Grant of patent
⮚ The patent is granted, after 6 months from the date of
publication under section 11 A
⮚ Opposition
1. Pre grant oppositon
2. Post grant opposition
⮚ Term and date of patent
⮚ Term of every patent will be 20 years from the date of filing of patent
application.
⮚ Date of patent is the date on which the application for
patent is filed.

Patents -
Infringement❖ Infringement:
✔ Use by a person other than the patentee
or his assignee or licensee would be an
infringement of the patent.
✔ Civil remedy is filing of a suit in a
court of competent jurisdiction.
✔ The plaintiff on satisfying the court about the
infringement would be entitled to the following reliefs –
1) interlocutory injunction
2) damages
3) account of profits
✔ When the subject-matter of a patent is a process for obtaining a
product, the onus is on the defendant to prove that the process used by
him is different from the patented process.

Patents –
Infringement..• A suit as any grievance relating to infringement of patent may be instituted in
a court not inferior to a District court. But where a counter claim for
revocation of the patent is made by the defendant, the suit along with counter
claim, shall be transferred to the High Court.
• The reliefs which a court may grant include an injunction and either damages
or account of profits. The court may also order that the infringing goods shall
be seized, forfeited or destroyed.
• Any act of making, constructing, using or selling a patented invention solely
for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of
information required under any law; and
• importation of patented products by any person from a person who is duly
authorised by the patentee to sell or distribute the product;
shall not be construed as an infringement of patent rights.
Principles applicable to working of patented inventions:
❑ Patented inventions are worked in India on a commercial scale and to the
fullest extent without undue delay.
❑ The protection and enforcement of patent rights contribute to the promotion
of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of
technology to the mutual advantage of producers and users and in a manner
conducive to social and economic welfare.

Patents –Infringement…
❑ The patent right is not abused by the patentee and the patentee does
not resort to practices which unreasonably restrain trade or adversely
affect the international transfer of technology.
❑ The benefit of the patented invention is available to the public at
reasonably affordable prices.
❑ They do not impede protection of public health and nutrition and
should act as an instrument to promote public interest.
Compulsory Licences:
At any time after the expiration of a period of 3 years from the date of
grant of a patent, the Controller of Patents, if he is satisfied that the
reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented
invention have not been satisfied or the patented invention is not
worked in the territory of India or the patented invention is not
available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, may grant a
licence to an applicant upon such terms as he may deem fit. (Sec.84) In
such cases, the patentee’s exclusive right to use is limited only to three
years.

Trade Marks
Name
Logotype
Symbol
Slogan
Shape
Color

▪ Trade Marks Act, 1999 defines TM as a mark capable of being represented
graphically and which is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of
one person from those of others and may include shape of goods, their
packaging and combination of colours.
▪ Mark includes “Device, brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word,
letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging, combination of colours, and any
combination thereof.”
▪ Brand refers to a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of
them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of
sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. E.g. McDonald
for restaurants, Cycle brand agarbattis, etc.
▪ Brand Name is that part of a brand which can be vocalized-the utterable.
▪ Brand Mark is that part of a brand which can be recognised but is not a
utterable, such as symbol, design or distinctive colouring or lettering.
▪ Device refers to pictorial representations – e.g. animals, birds, landscape
buildings, etc.
▪ Letter as a mark is the identity created out of letterforms and has its inbuilt
strength of distinctiveness and individuality – e.g. IBM, GM, ELBEE, 3M etc.

TRADE MARKS TERMS EXPLANATION
▪ Numerals can be registered as trade mark upon evidence of user, e.g. 555,
501
▪ Symbols may take the shape of brand or logos. A logo is a visual depiction of a
manufacturer or company and gives an identity to it. E.g. B.M.W., Maruti,
Benz etc.
• Label and ticket mean a composite mark containing various features incl.
devices, words, usually painted on paper and attached to the goods
themselves.
• Name is the words signifying a name, surname or a personal name or an
abbreviation thereof
• Color – a combination of colors can be considered as a trademark-e.g. color
combinations used in drug capsules.
• Sound – sound or a sequence of sound can be registered as a trade mark –
e.g. ‘the roar of the lion’ sound has been registered by MGM pictures; the
‘Tarzan Yell” has been registered as Edgar Rice Burroughs Inc.
• Smell – Registration of smell as a trademark has been permitted as a trade
mark. A smell reminiscent of roses applied to tyres was registered for
Sumitomo tyres – smell of fresh cut grass for the tennis ball, etc.
• Containers fall within the definition of trade mark.

• ‘Collective mark’ means a trade mark distinguishing the goods or
services of members of an association of persons (not being a
partnership), who is the proprietor of the mark from those of others.
• ‘Service’ means service of any description which is made available to
potential users and includes the provisions of services in connection
with business of any industrial or commercial matters such as
banking, communication, education, financing, insurance, chit funds,
real estate, transport, storage, material treatment, processing, supply
of electrical or other energy, boarding, lodging, entertainment,
amusement, construction, repair, conveying of news or information
and advertising. A mark identifying such a service is called a service
mark.
• “Certification trade mark” means a mark capable of distinguishing the
goods or services in connection with which it is used in the course of
trade which are certified by the proprietor of the mark in respect of
origin, material, mode of manufacture of goods or performance of
services, quality, accuracy or other characteristics from goods and
services not so certified. (e.g. wool mark, ISO 9001 etc.)

TRADE MARKS REGISTRATION
• Trademark and Service mark are used before registration.
• Registration of a trade mark is not a compulsory requirement of the
law. The Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
Act, appointed by the central government is the Registrar of Trade
Marks. A Register of Trade Marks shall be kept in offices, Regd.
Trade Marks details shall be entered into the register.
• Once Trade Mark is accepted, allotted should advertise it in
prescribed manner.
• The registration of a trade mark, if valid, gives its proprietor the
exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in relation to the goods
or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered and to
obtain relief in respect of infringement of the trade mark.
• A trademark registration is for 10 years from the date of registration
and can be renewed every 10 years consecutively. Failure to renew
is removal of the trade mark from register.

TRADEMARK
REGISTRATION..
• If the earlier trademark being a well-known trademark and the trademark
sought to be registered is identical with or similar to an earlier trademark and
the goods or services are dissimilar and the use of the mark would take
unfair advantage of or be detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of
the earlier trade mark.
• If the use of trademark in India is liable to be prevented because of any law
protecting an unregistered trademark used in the course of trade or because
of law of copy right.
Acquisition of Trademark
▪ Trademark may be acquired either by the proprietor of the goods and
services for which trademark is sought for registration or by transfer, license,
lease, assignment by the proprietor to another entity.
Suit for infringement
▪ Suit for infringement of registered trademark or relating to any right in a
registered trademark or for passing off has to be filed in a IP Appellate
Board/ District Court. Reliefs can be claimed by way of injunction, damages,
account of profits with or without an order for the delivery up of the
infringement labels and marks for destruction or erasure.

Trade
Secrets• A trade secret consists of
– a formula, device, idea, process, pattern, or compilation of
information that gives the owner a competitive advantage
in the marketplace,
– a novel idea that is not common knowledge and is kept in a
confidential state.
• A trade secret is not protected by federal law
• Can only be protected through employment contracts and/or
maintaining tight security
• Recipes, ingredients, codes, manufacturing costs

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
• Geographical indication is an indication originating from a definite
geographical territory and used to identify agricultural, natural or
manufactured goods. The manufactured goods should be produced or
processed or prepared in that territory. It should have a special quality
or reputation or other characteristics. (e.g. Gadwal / Pochampalli/
Kanchipuram silk sarees, Nirmal paintings, Banginapalli /Alphonso
Mango, Darjeeling Tea, Kolhapuri Chappal, Solapur Chaddar, Tirupati
Laddu, Nagpur Orange, Bikaneri bhujia).
• GIs when registered confers legal protection in India through the
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act of
1999, prevents unauthorised use of registered GI, promotes the
economic prosperity of the producers of goods produced in a
geographical territory which in turn boost exports.

• Any association of persons, producers, organisations or authority established by or
under the law, representing the interests of the producers can apply for registration
of GI to the Registrar of GI in the prescribed format along with the prescribed fee.
• A producer of goods can apply for registration as an authorised user of a registered
GI. Producer in the case of agricultural goods means a person engaged in the
production, processing, trading or dealing in such goods; in the case of natural
goods, a person engaged in exploiting, trading or dealing; in the case of handicrafts
or industrial goods, a person engaged in making, manufacturing, trading or dealing
in such goods.
• An authorised user has the exclusive rights to the use of geographical indication in
relation to registered goods. The registration of GI is valid for a period of 10 years
and can be renewed from time to time for a further period of 10 years each.
• A regd. GI is a public property belonging to the producers of the concerned goods
and hence it can not be assigned / transmitted / licenced / pledged or mortgaged.
INFRINGEMENT
• When an unauthorised user uses a GI that indicates or suggests that such goods
originate in geographical area other than the true place of origin of such goods in a
manner which mislead the public as to the geographical origin of such goods; or,
• when the use of a GI result in an unfair competition including passing off in respect
of registered GI; or When the use of another GI results in false representation to the
public that goods originate in a territory in respect of which a registered GI relates,
it constitutes infringement.
• The registered proprietor or authorised users of a regd. GI can initiate infringement
action.

Layout Designs of Semi-conductor
ICs● It provides protection for semiconductor IC layout designs.
● India has now in place Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design Act,
2000 to give protection to IC layout design.
● Layout design includes a layout of transistors and other circuitry elements
and includes lead wires connecting such elements and expressed in any
manner in a semiconductor IC.
● Semiconductor IC is a product having transistors and other circuitry
elements, which are inseparably formed on a semiconductor material or an
insulating material or inside the semiconductor material and designed to
perform an electronic circuitry function.
● The term of the registration is 10 years from the date of filing.
● An IC layout design cannot be registered if it is
1.Not original
2. Commercially exploited anywhere in India or in a convention country
3. Inherently not distinctive
4. Inherently not capable of being distinguishable from any other registered
layout design.

PLANT VARIETIES
★ The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)
was established in 1961 by the International Convention for the Protection of
New Varieties of Plants (the “UPOV Convention”). UPOV provides and
promotes an effective system of plant variety protection, with the aim of
encouraging the development of new varieties of plants, for the benefit of
society. E.g. Indian Bt. Brinjal
★ In order to obtain protection, a breeder must file an individual application with
each authority entrusted with the granting of breeders’ rights.
★ A breeder’s right is only granted where the variety is new, distinct, uniform,
stable and has a suitable denomination.
★ In the USA, there are two legal frameworks for protecting new plant varieties:
the Plant Patent Act (PPA) and the Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA).
★ According to the PPA, whoever invents or discovers and asexually reproduces
any distinct and new variety of plant, including cultivated sports, mutants,
hybrids, and newly found seedlings, other than a tuber propagated plant (in
practice, Irish potato and Jerusalem artichoke) or a plant found in an
uncultivated state, may obtain a patent therefor. Under the PVPA, the US
protects all sexually reproduced plant varieties and tuber propagated plant
varieties excluding fungi and bacteria.

COPYRIGHT
• Copyright is a monopoly right restraining others from exercising that right
which has been conferred on the owner of copyright.
• It is a negative right meaning thereby that it is prohibitory in nature. It is a
right to prevent others from copying or reproducing the work.
• The object of copyright is to encourage authors, composers and artists to
create original works by rewarding them the exclusive right for a specific
period to reproduce the works for publishing and selling them to the public.
The moral basis of copyright law rests in the eighth commandment “Thou
shall not steal”.
• Copyright is not a single right. It is a bundle of rights in the same work. For
e,g. in the case of a literary work, copyright consists of reproduction in print
media, the right of dramatic and cinematographic versions, the right of
translation, adaptation, abridgement and the right of public performance.

COPYRIGHT CONTD..
• Copyright consists not merely of the right of reproduction.
• It also consists of right to works derived from the original work, rights like
the right of public performance, the recording right and the broadcasting
right. Such related rights are called “neighbouring rights”.
• To secure copyright protection, the author must have bestowed upon the
work “sufficient judgment, skill and labour or capital”. The owner of a
copyright has no monopoly in the subject-matter.
• Others are at liberty to produce the same result provided they do so
independently and though they are not first in the field, their work is
nonetheless ‘original’.
• There is no copyright in ideas. Copyright subsists only in the material form to
which the ideas are translated.
• Since there is no copyright in ideas or information, it is no infringement of
copyright to adopt the ideas of another or to publish information derived from
another, provided there is no copying of the language in which those ideas
have or that information has been previously embodied.

COPYRIGHT CONTD…
• Copyright subsists in “original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works;
cinematographic films and sound recordings”.
• Literary work includes computer programs, tables, compilations inclu.
computer data bases. Dramatic work includes any piece for recitation,
choreographic work or entertainment in a dumb show, the scenic
arrangement or acting form of which is fixed in writing or otherwise but
does not include cinematographic film.
• Music work means a work consisting of music and includes any graphical
notation of such work, but does not include any works or action intended to
be sung, spoken or performed with the music.
• An artistic work means a painting, a sculpture, a drawing (incl. diagram,
map, chart or plan), an engraving or a photograph, whether or not any such
work possesses artistic quality; a work of ‘architecture’ means any building
or structure having an artistic character or design or any model for such
building or structure.
• Cinematographic film means any work of usual recording on any medium
produced through a process from which a moving image may produced by
any means and includes a sound recording accompanying such visual
recording and ‘cinematograph’ shall be construed as including any work
produced by any process analogous to cinematography including video
films.

• Sound recording means a recording of sounds from which such sounds may
be reproduced regardless of the medium on which such recording is made
or method by which the sounds are produced.
• The word ‘original’ does not mean that the work must be expression of
original or inventive thought. It only means the work must not be copied
from another work, that is, it should originate from the author.
• To qualify for copyright in India, the work should satisfy the
• following conditions:-
✔ the work is first published in India;
✔ where the work is first published outside India, the author at the date of
publication must be a citizen of India. If the publication was made after
the author’s death, the author must have, at the time of death, been a
citizen of India.
✔ In the case of unpublished work the author, on the date of making of the
work, is a citizen of India or domiciled in India.

• Copyright is a bundle of rights consisting of 1) economic rights and 2) moral rights.
ECONOMIC RIGHTS:
(a)In the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, not being a computer program, the right
consists of ,-
❖ to reproduce the work in any material form incl. the storing of in any medium by
electronic means;
❖ to issue copies of the work to the public ;
❖ to perform the work in public, or communicate it to the public;
❖ to make any cinematographic film or sound recording in respect of the work;
❖ to make any translation of the work;
❖ to make any adaptation of the work;
❖ to do, in relation to translation or adaptation of the work, any of the acts specified in
relation to the work in sub-clauses (1) to (6)
(a) In the case of computer program,-
★ to do any of the facts specified in clause (a);
★ to sell or give on hire, or offer for sale or hire any copy of the computer program,
regardless of whether such copy has been sold or given on hire on earlier occasions;

(c)in the case of an artistic work,-
★ to reproduce the work in any material form incl. depiction in
two dimensions of a three dimensional work;
★ to communicate the work in public;
★ to issue copies of the work to the public;
★ to include the work in any cinematographic film;
★ to make adaptation of the work;
★ to do in relation to an adaptation of the work, any of the acts specified
in relation to the work in sub-clauses (1) to (4).
(c)in the case of cinematographic film,-
★ to make a copy of the film, incl. a photograph of any image forming
part thereof;
★ to sell or give on hire, or offer for sale or hire, any copy of the film,
regardless of whether such copy has been sold or given on hire on
earlier occasions;
★ to communicate the film to the public.

(e)in the case of a sound recording,-
★ to make any other sound recording embodying it;
★ to sell or give on hire, or offer for sale or hire, any copy of the sound recording
regardless of whether such copy has been sold or given on hire on earlier occasions;
★ to communicate the sound recording to the public.
MORAL RIGHTS:
○ the right to decide whether to publish or not to publish the work;
○ the right to claim authorship of a published or exhibited work;
○ the right to prevent alteration and other actions that may damage the author’s
○ honour or reputation – the right of integrity;
○ to restrain or claim damages.
TERM (Period) OF COPYRIGHT
• In the case of any literary, dramatic, musical or a artistic work (other than a
photograph), life time of the author + 60 years.
• In the case of photograph, cine films, sound recording and Govt. Work, 60 years from
the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first
published.

COPYRIGHT - OWNERSHIP
AUTHOR AND OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT: [See Sec. 2(d)]
The author in relation to various categories of works is as follows:-
★ Literary or dramatic work – author of the work
★ Musical work – composer
★ Artistic work – Artist
★ Photograph – Photographer
★ Cinematograph film – Film producer
★ Sound recording – the producer
★ Literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work which is
computer generated –
★ the person who causes the work to be created.
★ The owner of copyright:
★ Normally the author of the work will be the first owner,
subject to the following exceptions.

INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT
• Copyright in a work is deemed to be infringed –
a) when any person, without a license granted by the owner of the copyright or the
Registrar of copyrights or in contravention of the conditions of a license so granted or of
any condition imposed,
❖ does anything, the exclusive right to do is conferred upon the owner of
copyright; or
❖ permits for profit any place to be used for communication , unless he was not
aware and had no reasonable ground for believing that such communication to
the public would be an infringement of the copyright; or
a) when any person,-
❖ makes for sale or hire, or sells or lets for hire, or any way of trade displays or
offers for sale or hire; or
❖ distributes either for the purpose of trade or to such extent as to prejudicially
affect the owner of the copyright; or
❖ by way of trade exhibits in public; or
❖ imports into India, any infringing copies of the work.

INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT
..• There is no infringement of copyright in copying an idea, theme, plot, historical
or legendary fact. Infringement occurs only in the form, manner, arrangement
and expression of the idea of author of the original work.
• If the theme is the same but it is differently treated or presented by different
writers or authors and the subsequent work takes the form of a completely new
work, then there would be no infringement.
• The better test is to see whether a spectator or viewer after having read or seen
both the works is clearly of the opinion with an unmistakable expression that the
subsequent work appears to be a copy of the original.
Acts not constituting infringement:
• A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work,-
❏ for the purpose of private use, incl. research, criticism or review
of the work.
❏ for the purpose of reporting current events.
❏ by a teacher or a pupil in the course of instruction or writing answers to a
question in an examination.
❏ for the purposes of judicial proceeding or for reporting a judicial
proceeding.

References (Indian IPR)
Organisations:
Central Board of Excise and
Customs Competition Commission
of India Confederation of Indian
Industry (CII)
Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade
Marks
Copyright Office
Indian IPR Foundation (NIPO)
http://www.cbec.gov.in/
http://www.nipo.org.in/iplaws7.
htm http://www.ciionline.org/
http://www.patentoffice.nic.in/
http://copyright.gov.in/
http://www.nipo.org.in/
http://www.inregistry
.in/
Laws and Procedures:
Domain Name Registration
Draft Manual of Patent Practice and
Procedure http://ipindia.nic.in/ipr/patent/DraftPatent_Manual_20
08.pdf
http://www.patentoffice.nic.in/ipr/design/designs_filin
g.pdf
Guidelines for Design Registration `
IP Environment in India http://www.iprights.com/cms/templates/articles.aspx?articleid=324&z
oneid=2
Texts of India’s IPR Laws :
Patents and Trade Marks: http://www.nipo.org.in/iplaws.htm
Industrial Designs, Geographical Indications, Copyright and Unfair Competition:
http://www.nipo.org.in/iplawsmn2.htm
Biological Diversity, Plant Variety Protection, and Semiconductors & Integrated Circuits Layouts
Protection:
http://www.nipo.org.in/iplawsmn3.htm

References (General and International)
Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA)
http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/index.jsp
CopyrightBerne Convention
Copyright in the UK
http://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/copyright/p08_berne_conventio
n
http://www.ipo.gov.uk/copy.htmhttp://www.cla.co.uk
/
Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA)
Designs
Designs in the UK
Unregistered Community Designs
http://www.ipo.gov.uk/design.htm
http://www.hindlelowther.com/design11.ht
mInternational IPR Organisations, Systems and Treaties
Community Trade Marks (CTM) http://oami.europa.eu/en/mark/default.htm
Overview by
ipr.co.uk: UK-IPO:
http://www.ipr.co.uk/IP_conventions/community_trade_marks.html
http://www.ipo.gov.uk/abroad/abroad-
tmeurope.htm
Text of the
Convention:
Hague Agreement
http://www.european-patent-
office.org/legal/epc/e/contents.html
http://www.wipo.int/hague/en/International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition
(IACC) International Intellectual Property
Institute (IIPI) Madrid Protocol
http://www.iacc.org/contact.ph
p http://iipi.org/
http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en
/TRIPS http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm

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