I.R.- - - Notes.................
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The document discusses the key events and impacts of the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the late 18th century. It overhauled production by replacing human labor with machines powered by new energy sources like steam. This led to mass production, new transportation and communication technologies, rapid urbanization as people migrated to cities to work in factories, and the rise of capitalism. The Industrial Revolution transformed economies, societies, and power dynamics globally.
I.R.- - - Notes.................
- 1. © Student Handouts, Inc. with A lot of modifications by Alhazmi, Fahd By: Fahd Alhazmi
- 2. - What do you know about weekend, where it started and why? - What stands behind imperialism ? (invasion of other nations in the 19 th century) - Do you know why does all these inventions and changes came together ?
- 3. Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history
- 4. What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines
- 5. The Industrial Revolution Machines were invented which replaced human labor New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene) Increased use of metals and minerals Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
- 6. The Industrial Revolution Transportation & Communication improved Ships Trains Automobiles Telegraph Telephone Radio
- 7. Developments Mass production of goods : Increased numbers + diversity Development of factory system of production. Rural-to-urban migration: People left farms to work in cities Development of capitalism. Development and growth of new socio-economic classes Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class Commitment to research and development
- 8. Background of the Industrial Revolution Commercial Revolution 15 th , 16 th , and 17 th centuries Europeans expanded their power worldwide Increased geographic knowledge Colonies in the Americas and Asia Increased trade and commerce Guild system could not meet the demands of increasing numbers goods
- 9. Background of the Industrial Revolution Scientific Revolution 17 th and 18 th centuries Discoveries of Boyle, Lavoisier, Newton, etc. Intellectual Revolution 17 th and 18 th centuries Writings of Locke, Voltaire, etc. Atmosphere of discovery and free intellectual inquiry Greater knowledge of the world Weakened superstition and tradition Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer ways of doing things
- 10. Development of the Domestic System of Production Domestic system developed in England Late 1600s-late 1800s Domestic system of production – “putting out” system Businesspeople delivered raw materials to workers ’ homes Workers manufactured goods from these raw materials in their homes (typically articles of clothing) Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid workers wages based on number of items Domestic system could not keep up with demand
- 11. Factory System Developed to replace the domestic system of production Faster method of production Workers concentrated in a set location Production anticipated demand For example: Under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them.
- 12. England: Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution No concrete start date for the Industrial Revolution Marked by gradual, slow changes After 1750 – these changes were noticeable first in England
- 13. Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England
- 14. England ’s Resources: Capital The Commercial Revolution made many English merchants very wealthy These merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials
- 15. England ’s Resources: Colonies and Markets Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread beyond the merchant class England had more colonies than any other nation Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials
- 16. England ’s Resources: Raw Materials England itself possessed the necessary raw materials to create the means of production Examples are Coal & Iron
- 17. England ’s Resources: Workers Serfdom and guilds ended earlier in England than other countries English people could freely travel from the countryside to the cities Enclosure Acts – caused many small farmers to lose their lands, and these former farmers increased the labor supply.
- 18. England ’s Resources: Merchant Marine World ’s largest merchant fleet Merchant marine built up from the Commercial Revolution Vast numbers of ships could bring raw materials and finished goods to and from England ’s colonies, as well as to and from other countries
- 19. England ’s Resources: Geography England is the political center of Great Britain, an island Great Britain (as the entire island was called beginning in 1707) did not suffer fighting on its land during the wars of the 18 th century Island has excellent harbors and ports
- 20. “ Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
- 21. “ Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
- 22. “ Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
- 23. “ Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” The process of inventing never ends One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions
- 24. The First and Second Industrial Revolutions The first, or old, Industrial Revolution took place between about 1750 and 1870 Took place in England, the United States, Belgium, and France Saw fundamental changes in agriculture, the development of factories, and rural-to-urban migration The second Industrial Revolution took place between about 1870 and 1960 Saw the spread of the Industrial Revolution to places such as Germany, Japan, and Russia Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms, and homes Mass production, particularly of consumer goods Use of electrical power saw electronics enter the marketplace (electric lights, radios, fans, television sets)
- 25. Results of the Industrial Revolution
- 26. Economic Changes: Expansion of World Trade Increased production meant that industrialized nations produced more than could be consumed internally Sought new foreign markets Bought many raw materials from foreign markets New iron, steam-powered ships, along with other technological advances, made international trade (and travel) cheaper, safer, and more efficient
- 27. Economic Changes: Factory System Perfected with the Assembly Line Developed by Henry Ford between 1908 and 1915 Brought the work to the worker instead of the worker to the work Product moves along a conveyor belt, with each worker contributing labor along the way to create the finished product
- 28. Economic Changes: Industrial Capitalism and the Working Class Pre-Industrial Revolution rural families did not rely solely on wages for sustenance Owned their own farms or gardens where they raised most of their own food Made their own clothing Unemployment was rare Industrialization destroyed workers ’ independence Workers in cities did not have the means to grow their own food or make their own clothing Workers relied entirely upon their employers for wages with which they bought everything they needed
- 29. Economic Changes: Increased Standard of Living Mass production made manufactured goods less expensive, so more people could afford them Standard of living wasn ’t raised for everyone – factories paid low wages, and many immigrants and rural-to-urban migrants lived poorer lives than their parents and grandparents had lived
- 30. Economic Changes: Unemployment Overproduction Also called under-consumption Mass production anticipates demand – if goods don ’t sell, a manufacturer produces less and lays off workers Recession Overproduction across many industries with widespread lay-offs Depression Long-lasting recession
- 31. Political Changes: Growth and Expansion of Democracy The middle class grew during the Industrial Revolution Gained more rights The working class effectively began with the Industrial Revolution The working class fought for rights in the workplace The working class demanded and earned a voice in government
- 32. Political Changes: Increased Government Involvement in Society Government actions to help workers Legalization of unions Established minimum wage Standards for working conditions Forms of social security Government actions to help consumers Regulation and inspection of goods and foodstuffs Government actions to help businesses Laws to stop or limit monopolies Some governments took control of vital industries
- 33. Political Changes: Increased Power of Industrialized Nations With wealth came power Imperialism expanded Imperialistic, industrialized nations built up their navies to gain and protect assets
- 34. Political Changes: Nationalism and Imperialism Stimulated Increased production meant an increased need for raw materials Industrialized nations expanded their colonial empires and spheres of influence in their search for more raw materials Worldwide scramble for colonies Fought the peoples in the lands they controlled Fought one another for colonies and spheres of influence Governments saw imperialist expansion as the key to continued industrial growth and wealth
- 35. Social Changes: Increase in Leisure Time Labor-saving devices invented and produced Vacuum cleaners Washing machines Refrigerators Entrepreneurs and inventors developed new forms of entertainment Moving pictures Amusement parks Birth of the weekend Traditionally, Western nations had Sunday (the Christian day of rest) as the only day off from work Saturday was added (after the struggles of Jewish labor unionists) to accommodate the religious observances of Jewish factory workers (whose Sabbath, or Shabbat , runs from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown)
- 36. Social Changes: Science and Research Stimulated Scientific and technological discoveries became profitable instead of simply beneficial Companies and governments were willing to invest in research and development Patent law Came into its modern form under England ’s Queen Anne (reigned 1702-1714) Inventors have the exclusive right to produce their new inventions for a period of time
- 37. Social Changes: Population Increases Many people immigrated to industrialized countries Numerous nationalities to the United States Irish to Manchester and Liverpool in England Population growth in industrialized nations required growing even more food
- 38. Thank You Qs ?
Editor's Notes
- #24: Notes: An excellent example of this phenomenon is the personal computer or cell phone. Cell phones were initially used by professionals who needed fast communications for business. The everyday usefulness of cell phones was quickly apparent, increasing demand. Cell phone towers were built around the globe, and cell phone technology continues to grow more complex. Have students compare the original “brick” cell phone to the iPhone.
- #31: Notes: This is a great opportunity to discuss the recession which began in the fall of 2008. Regarding unemployment, this is a chance to bring economics lessons into the classroom, such as the belief among many economists that a 6% unemployment rate can be expected in a strong, healthy, capitalist economy.
- #37: Note: Queen Anne ruled while England ’s empire was budding. As the empire grew and expanded, England’s type of patent law spread throughout its colonies (the future United States, Canada, Australia, etc.).