IRJET- A Review Paper on Visual Analysis of Eye State using Image Processing for Driver Fatigue Detection

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3929
A Review Paper on Visual Analysis of Eye State using Image Processing
for Driver Fatigue Detection
Miss. Ankita Bhoyar1, Prof. S. N. Sawalkar2
1Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Sipna C.O.E.T., Maharashtra, India
2Assistant professor, Computer Science and Engineering, Sipna C.O.E.T., Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - Driver’s fatigue is one of the major causes of
traffic accidents, particularly fordriversoflarge vehicles(such
as buses and heavy trucks) due to prolonged driving periods
and boredom in working conditions. In this , propose a vision-
based fatigue detection system for driver monitoring, whichis
easy and flexible for deployment in buses and large vehicles.
The system consists of modules image acquisition , image
resize, Haar Cascadec Classifier, dlib faciallandmarkdetector,
68 landmark, eye region, eye region of interest, eye aspect
ratio (EAR). A robust measure of eye aspect ratio (EAR) onthe
continuous level of eye openness is defined, and the driver
states are classified on it. In experiments, systematic
evaluations and analysis of proposed algorithms, as well as
comparison with ground truth on EAR measurements, are
performed. The experimental results show the advantages of
the system on accuracy and robustness for the challenging
situations when a camera of an oblique viewing angle to the
driver’s face is used for driving state monitoring.
Key Words: Haar cascade classifier, dlib face detector , eye
aspect ratio (EAR), openCV, fatigue detection.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fatigue, drowsiness and sleepiness are often used
synonymously in driving state description. Involving
multiple human factors, it is multidimensional innaturethat
researchers have found difficult to define over past decades.
Despite the ambiguity surrounding fatigue, it is a critical
factor for driving safety. Studies have shown that fatigue is
one of the leading contributing factors in traffic accidents
worldwide. It is particularly critical for occupational drivers,
such as drivers of buses and heavy trucks, due to the fact
that they may have to work over a prolonged duration of the
driving task, during the peak drowsiness periods (i.e., 2:00
A.M. to 6:00 A.M. and 2:00 P.M. to 4:00 P.M.), and under
monotonous or boredom working conditions. Drowsy
driving is becoming one of the most important cause of road
accidents. Accordingtomany surveysaround30%ofroad
accidents is due to the driver fatigue and the
percentage is increasing every year.
Drowsiness can be due to the adverse driving
conditions, heavy traffic, workloads, late night long
drive etc. Lack of sleep, absence of rest, taking medicinesare
also causes for drowsiness. When driver drives for more
than the normal period fatigue is caused and the driver may
feel tiredness which will causedrivertosleepycondition and
loss of consciousness. This results road accidents and death
of driver or serious injuries and also claims thousands of
lives every year. Drowsiness is a phenomenon which is the
transition period from the awake state to the sleepy state
and causes decrease in alerts and conscious levels of driver.
It is difficult to measure the drowsiness level directly but
there are many indirect methods to detect thedriverfatigue.
Driver drowsiness detection can be measured using
physiological measures, vehicle-based measures,
behavioural measures.
Physiological measures include the sure of brain wave,
heart rate, pulse rate, and using the physiological signalslike
ECG (Electrocardiogram), EOG (Electrooculogram), EEG
(Electroencephalogram) etc. Though this method measures
the drowsiness accurately but it requires a physical
connection with the driversuchasplacingseveral electrodes
on head, chest and face which is not a convenient method
and also discomfort for the driver in driving condition.
Vehicle measures includes deviations from lane position,
pressure on acceleration pedals, movement of the steering
wheels, etc. These are constantly monitored and any change
in these which crosses a threshold indicates a probability
that the driver is drowsy. Behavioural measures monitors
the behaviour of the driver, which includes the yawning, eye
closure, eye blinking, head pose, etc. These are monitored
through a camera and these drowsiness symptoms are
detected. Behavioural state detection system helps to detect
the drowsy driving condition early and avoid accidents. In
this paper real time drowsy detection is used which isoneof
the best possible method to detect driver fatigue early. Real
time driver detection system using image processing
captures driver eyes state non- intrusively using a camera
and raspberry pi is used for this.
2. LITREATURE REVIEW
Drowsiness detection can be mainly classified into three
aspects such as:-
1. Vehicle based measures.
2. Physiological measures.
3. Behavioral measures.

Vehicle based measures is one of the method which is used
to measure driver drowsiness. This is done by placing
sensors on different vehicle components, which include
steering wheel and the acceleration pedal. By analysing the
signals from the sensors the level of drowsiness can be
determined. Commonly using vehicle based measures for
detecting the level of driver drowsiness are the steering
wheel movement and the standard deviation in lateral
position. A steering angle sensor which is mounded on the
steering of vehicle is used to measure the steering wheel
movement. The number of micro-correctionsonthesteering
wheel reduces compared to normal driving when the driver
is drowsy. Based on small SWMs of between 0.5° and 5°, it is
possible to determine whether the driverisdrowsyandthus
provide an alert if needed. Another vehicle based measure
used to measure the drowsiness of driver is SDLP. Here the
position of lane is tracked using an external camera. The
main limitation of this method is that it dependent on
external factors such as road markings, lighting and climatic
conditions. Therefore, these driving performance measures
are not specific to the driver’s drowsiness.
Physiological measures aretheobjectivemeasuresof the
physical changes that occur in our body because of fatigue.
These physiological measures can be utilizedto measurethe
fatigue level and can provide alert for the drivers. These
physiological changes can be simply measuredby respective
instruments such as (ECG), electrooculography (EOG),
electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG).
Electrocardiogram is one of the physiological measures
which can be utilized to measure the fatigue of driver. Here
ECG electrodes are used to collect ECG signals fromthebody
which provides the critical parameters related to HeartRate
(HR), Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and respiration rate or
breathing frequency. Each of these are relatedtodrowsiness
[4]. Electroencephalography (EEG)isoneofthemost reliable
physiological measures for drowsiness detection. EEG
electrodes are placed at correct place and get data from
brain. After preprocessing the data, which is acquired from
the EEG electrodes can be divided into different frequency
bands. The preprocessing involves artifact removal and
filtering. Commonly used frequency bands include the delta
(0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13Hz),beta (13–30Hz),
and gamma (greater than 30 Hz) bands [5]. Power spectrum
of EEG brain waves is used as an indicator to detect the
drowsiness of the driver.
Here, EEG power of the alpha, theta bands increases and the
power of the beta bands decreases. The EEG based
drowsiness detection is not easily implementable. Because
the driver has to wear an EEG cap while driving a vehicle.
These devices are being distractive and this is the main
disadvantage of this method. Behavioral changes take place
during drowsing like yawning, amount of eye closure, eye
blinking etc. In normal condition the rate of yawning will be
less. When the driver is in fatigue the rate of yawning will be
far higher than the normal. So by observing this yawning
rate we can detect whether the driver is in fatigue or not. In
eye closure method the count of eye blink of the driver is
measured for obtaining the condition of the driver. The
average duration of a normal eye blink is 0.1s to 0.4s. That
means, in one second the eye will blink at least 2 or 3 times.
This is observed for a few seconds. When the driver is in
fatigue the count will be far less compared to the normal
condition. Thus we can detect whether the driver is in
fatigue or not.
The main techniques used for eye blink detection is Eye
Aspect Ratio (EAR) method. The Ear method is done by
calculating a quantity named EAR. In normal condition the
value of EAR is almost constant. If the driver is in fatigue the
EAR value will be approximately near to zero. Thus we can
detect whether the driver is in fatigue or not. Thus we can
detect whether the driver is in fatigue or not.
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
To improve the accuracy as well as to reduce the execution
time of fatigue, drowsiness detection system. Following are
the steps takes place for fatigue detection –
Image
Acquisition
Image Resize
Face Detection
Apply Haar cascade
classifier algorithm
Facial Landmark
Detection
Apply Dlib algorithm
Eye
Localization
Localization
Eye Region of
Interest
Computing Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR)
Fatigue Detection and Alert Alarm
Webcam
Fig -1: Framework Of proposed system
3.1. Webcam –
Webcam is used to take an input image.
Webcam

3.2. Image Resize –
It is used to resize input image into standard image format.
3.4. Haar Cascade Classifier –
A Haar cascade classifier is a algorithm which is used to
detect the object for which it has been trained for, from the
source. The haar cascade is by superimposing the positive
image over a set of negative images. The trainingisgenerally
done on a server and on various stages.
3.5. Dlib face detector –
It is used to find and locate the face in the image. It
initializes dlibs pre-trained face detector based on a
modification to the standard histogramoforientedgradients
(HOG).
3.6. Facial Landmark 68 R.O.I. –
The pretrained facial landmark detector inside the dlib
library is used to estimate the location of 68 (x , y)-
coordinates face that map to facial structures of the face.
These annotations are part of 68 point shape predictor
68.dat which the dlib facial landmark predictor was trained
on.The facial landmark detection is used to localize each of
the important regions of face.
3.7. Eye Region of Interest –
Extracting exact eye locations takes place. Image cropping
is employed to restrict the area of work nearer to the eyes
since the activity of the eyes we concentrate on. The total
area of picture is reduced by cropping the image to two fifth
to three fifth of the total area of the picture on the upper
region with the result that the separation of eyes is
performed.
3.8. Eye localization and fatigue detection –
It is used to compute the ratio of distances between the
vertical eye landmarks and the distances between the
horizontal eye landmarks. The return value ofthe eyeaspect
ratio will be approximately constant when the eye is open.
The value will then rapidly decrease towards zero during a
blink.
3.9. Eye Aspect Ratio(EAR)-
In this technique, we are using different landmarks todetect
the opening and closing of eye. This landmark detector that
capture most of the characteristic points on a human face
image. It is used to compute the ratio of distances between
the vertical eye landmarks and the distances between the
horizontal eye landmarks. The return value ofthe eyeaspect
ratio will be approximately constant when the eye is open.
The value will then rapidly decrease towards zero during a
blink.
Fig .2 Landmarks obtained in EAR
The eye blink is a fast closing and reopening of a human eye.
Each individual person has a little bit different pattern of
blinks. The pattern differs in the speed of closing and
opening of the eye, a degree of squeezing the eye and in a
blink duration. The eye blink lasts approximately 100-
400ms. From the landmarksdetectedintheimage, wederive
the eye aspect ratio (EAR) that is used as an estimate of the
eye opening state. For every video frame, the eye landmarks
are detected. The eye aspect ratio between height and width
of the eye is computed. From the fig. 2 P1,P2,…,P6 are the
landmarks on the eye.
where P1,…..,P6 are the 2D landmark locations on the eye.
The EAR is mostly constant when an eye is open and is
getting close to zero while closing an eye. Since eye blinking
is performed by both eyes synchronously, the EAR of both
eyes are taken and it is averaged. AftergettingtheEARvalue,
if the value is less than the limit for 2 or 3 seconds the driver
is said to be drowsy. After detecting fatigue , drowsiness
with EAR threshold value the alert alarmrunsandshowsthe
message as “Drowsiness Detected”.
3. CONCLUSION
Driver Drowsiness Detection was built to help a driver stay
awake while driving in order to reduce car accidents caused
by drowsiness. This paper was concerned with drowsy
drivers and their potential to cause car accidents. . The
driver fatigue detection system calculates drowsiness level
from the driver using a combination of webcam, haar
cascade classifier, facial landmark detection is used to
calculate whether or not a driver is drowsy. At the same
time, it retrieves images from the camera, which is fast
enough to detect a driver’s features in real time. The system
uses open source software called as open cv image
processing libraries, the captures images are processed in
this. Webcam and open cv makes the overall systemtoa low
cost drowsiness detection system.

REFERENCES
[1] Bappaditya Mandal, Liyuan Li, Gang Sam Wang, and Jie
Lin (2017) IEEE transactions on Intelligent
transportation systems, Towards Detection of Bus
Driver Fatigue Based on Robust Visual Analysis of Eye
State.
[2] A Rosebrock (2017) facial landmarks with dlib, opencv
and python.
[3] T. Soukupova and J. Cech. (2016, Feb. 3) Real-Time Eye
Blink Detection using Facial Landmarks. Center for
Machine Perception, Department of CyberneticsFaculty
of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in
Prague. Prague, Czech Republic.
[4] Kazemi and J. Sullivan. (2014) One Millisecond Face
Alignment with an Ensemble of Regression Trees.Royal
Institute of Technology Computer Vision and Active
Perception Lab. Stockholm, Sweden.

IRJET- A Review Paper on Visual Analysis of Eye State using Image Processing for Driver Fatigue Detection

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