IRJET- Combine RF Ambient for Power Harvesting using Power Detector for Sensor Application over L, S, C Bands

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 731
Combine RF Ambient for Power Harvesting using Power Detector for
Sensor Application over L, S, C Bands
Mr. Rached O. Agwil1, Professor. Serioja O. Tatu2
1Student, Dept. of ÉNERGIE MATÉRIAUX TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH CENTRE, Institut National de la
Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Montreal, Canada1
2Professor, Dept. of ÉNERGIE MATÉRIAUX TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH CENTRE, Institut National de la
Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Montreal, Canada2
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Abstract - This paper presents a model of a circuit receiver
for self-power harvesting to connect wirelessly to an
ambient base station. The circuit receiver combines dual
alternative current into matching network for rectifier
voltage doubler to produce a direct current. This work
designs, simulates, fabricates, and measures for output
power. The verification simulation and measurement were
confirmed in the far-field distance radiation. In the
measurement, input power from transmitter side was 0
dBm. The multiband was covered (L, S, and C bands) in
1650 - 3650, 6600 - 7250 MHz’s. The power receiver
measurements listed in table 2 and 3 could be useful for self-
powering sensor applications through 3, 4, and 5G.
Key Words: Base transceiver station, radio frequency for
energy harvesting, power scavenging, wireless
communications, RF–DC conversion, voltage doubler.
1. INTRODUCTION
The base transceiver stations (BTSs) of radio frequency
(RF) are everywhere, transmitting information due to
ubiquitous RF, and they carry energy [1]. The process of
radio transmitters and receivers signals between BTS and
circuit receiver systems are able to operate wireless
apparatus. BTS’s role is widely broadcasting through the
environment to sense electronic devices such as cellular
phones. These developments are progressing and
permanent especially through advent of the Internet of
things (IoTs). As long as the signals are continuous over
the ambient, it should harness it in multi aspects such as
transceiver information and self-powering components. It
is useful for green sustainability, and drives wireless
systems by scavenging energy. According to [2] the
different RF wireless applications require power
harvesting via integrated system components for recycling
harvesting, from ambient power that provides direct
wireless communications. Based on [3], it presented the
possibility of harvesting the amount of power spectrum
density from ambient RF sources. It calculated that the
power received, which achieved from 800 MHz of BTS
band mobile telephone was 25 dBm. Their study declared
that transmission power of digital TV is 3 kW, and of
mobile telephone BS is 30 W. The effective radiation
power of digital TV is 25 kW and of mobile telephone BS is
500 W.
The receiver side is converted from an alternative current
(AC) that collected from BS ambient to a direct current
(DC). This method is called power scavenging, which is
becoming indispensable to operate wireless
communication systems. Accordingly, most researchers
tend to investigate the RF sources to see if they could be
used as DC source. They study the use of available BTS and
the design of a circuit receiver for self-powering.
The research in [4] presented an integrated rectifier-
receiver (IRR) for lower power consumption, which
employs the AC collecting signals. Their system for signal
modulation using double signals, that has the potential to
transfer a constant DC power to the sensor. Another
experiment performed in [5] integrated energy rectifier at
four bands to harvest the ambient electromagnetic energy
in low and large-range energy density setting. It measured
high conversion efficiency at 47.8%, 33.5%, 49.7%, and
36.2% of four two frequencies 0.89, 1.27, 2.02, and 2.38
GHz, respectively. The input power was −10 dBm. The
rectifier has also a huge input strength. According to [6], it
presented the circuit with Wilkinson power combiner
(WPC) that harnesses two different RF inputs. It allows
broadband operation the multi section Chebyshev
impedance matching technique was used in the sections of
the WPC circuit. The size of the circuit is large, which is
dissipated energy, and not favorable for devices.
According to numerous researchers [1-6], self- powering
green achievement is one of the most essential problems
for low-power wireless communication systems. In
addition, the case of power carries out and combined is
extremely paramount parameters that characterizes the
process of basic circuit and system possession. Moreover,
determining the energy source is an issue usually required
to power the electronic devices due to circuit size and cost
of power harvesting approach.
This work proposes a receiver circuit exploiting energy
supplied by the existing BTS for self-power energy
harvesting. Figure 1 illustrates diagram of an ambient
transmitter and receiver circuit. The receiver circuit is
designed with T-Junction power combiner coupler (TJ-
PCC) for employing two antennas for RF signal inputs.
Matching network is a crucial component to increase the
efficiency. The rectifier stage is vital due to converting AC

to DC into the load stage to power sensors devices through
industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) applications of RF.
2. EH SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1. Diagram of an Ambient RF-EH Model.
Nowadays, BTS is pervasive in urban areas, and versatile,
which communicates wireless systems, and the solution
technology for self-powering of electronic devices. The
BTS equivalent isotropic radiated power EIRP of GSM BTS
about 50-55 dBm operators of considered territory and
some countries in urban areas [7]. Figure 1 describes the
primary architecture of the RF energy harvesting system
with ambient BTS signals as an available RF source.
RO4350B substrate from the Rogers Company is selected
for the circuit implementation. It is a broad material,
available, and facilitates low-cost fabrication. The
substrate parameters are determined from the datasheet:
dielectric constant (Ꜫ᷊) = 3.48, thickness (h) = 1.52 mm,
loss tangent (TanD) = 0.004 mm. Also, the thickness of the
copper line (T) = 0.0175 mm. Advanced Design System
(ADS) Software is used for design and system simulations.
The Harmonic Balance is well-suited for simulating analog
RF and microwave circuits for the proposed prototype.
Energy harvesting system contains the independent
component as a source for the energy emission, and a
circuit integrated three components, which paramount for
self-powering devices. In this work BTS is the source of
energy production versus the circuit dependent on BTS.
The circuit consists of three parts: receiving component
which is collecting energy, the matching network is
maximizing output power, and the rectifier circuit for
converting AC to DC and doubling the output power in the
load stage.
TJ-PCC takes place of receiving component. It combines a
dual input RF signals passes into the third port for output
signal. L-type matching network component mediates
between TJ-PCC and the RF rectifier element was
connected to the output of the L-type matching network
for maximizing output power. Voltage doubler drives the
rectifier component to convert AC to DC, as well as the
load stage to produce DC for powering sensor applications.
This circuit can be connected with two antennas that
enable to receive signals from the BTS. Thus, it is an
endeavor to gather various RF powers to a single rectifier
circuit. The advantage of this design is it can transform
multiple RF input powers into DC and voltage with the
benefit of a single rectifier circuit by using TJ-PCC.
Meanwhile, it offers minimum components, less cost, and
easiest configuration.
3. CIRCUIT DESIGN AND SIMULATION
Figure 2 illustrates the schematic design of the circuit
proposed, the physical parameters are calculated to form
the TJ-PCC using ADS.
Figure 2. Schematic of circuit power harvesting.
The electrical parameters are the characteristic
impedance Z0 and the electrical length. Microstrip lines
with Z0 = 50 Ω and Z0√2 = 70.7 Ω are used. Two ports for
input are designed by microstrip line width (W) = 2 mm,
length (L) = 3 mm, and the third one is output W = L = 3
mm. The two curves of microstrip transmission lines to
connect the ports, each curve is Z0√2= 70.7 Ω, length of the
transmission line (TL) = λ/4, the W = 1.895130 mm, angle
= 90°, which they connected each side of the curve by TL
in the same width and L = 2 mm.
Figure 3 displays the simulation results of TJ-PCC. As seen
wideband results were obtained; from 2 GHz to 8.6 GHz
S11 is under -10 dB, and a value of -22.344 is obtained at 6
GHz. Also, S12, S13 are reached -3.038 dB. Proper results
in high isolation, matching, and lossless are obtained.

Figure 3. Simulation of TJ-PCC S-parameters.
L-type matching network circuit is used to match the
impedance between TJ-PCC and voltage doubler rectifier
in order to maximize output power. The elements of the L-
type matching network contain two inductors (L1 = L2 = 1
nH), and the capacitor C4 = 10 pF form an L-shape as seen
in Figure 2. In addition, the voltage doubler rectifier
involves SMS7630_006LF Schottky diode connect to DC-
filter capacitor = 1 μF, and the load resistance termination
Rl = 5 KΩ. SMS7630_006LF is preferable to its tiny package
with its SPICE model parameters are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Diode SMS7630_006LF model.
The output power is obtained using Equation (1) in ADS
simulation, and results are plotted in Figure 5.
Output power (dBm) =
10 log10 (0.5 real (Vout* I load)) + 30 (1)
Figure 5. Output power (dBm) versus frequency (GHz).
Figure 6. Output voltage (V) versus, input power, Pin
(dBm).
Figure 7. Simulation of efficiency (%) versus input power
Pin (dBm).

Figure 8. Layout of the proposed circuit.
4. FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENTS
TJ-PCC is integrated with voltage doubler via L-type
matching network, as shown in Figure 9.
The measurement setup was conducted on test bench: the
transmitter side, which contains a microwave signal
generator model DS_SG6000LDQ and a switching 12 V DC
power supply (DM-330FX). This signal generator is
connected to the transmitter antenna. The RF power at the
transmitter side is 0 dBm. In addition, the frequency is
swept from 1 GHz to 8 GHz. On the receiver side is the
fabricated prototype connected to Agilent 34401A, 6 1/2
Digit Multimeter for reading the DC output power.
Figure 9. Prototype circuit.
The distance between the two sides is found according to
calculations using the near-field and far-field in equations
(2), and (3).
Figure 10 shows the antenna used in the reference
transmitter. The antenna characteristics are: bandwidth
1.35-9.5 GHz, and the gain around 6 dB.
Figure 10. The dimension of transmitter antenna
(D = 0.12 m).
Near field (d) ≦ (2)
Far field (d) ≧ (3)
Table 1. Calculate wavelength (λ) of three frequencies (f)
with Near-Field, and Far-Field (d).
f (GHz) 2 5 7.5
λ (m) 0.15 0.06 0.04
Near-Field d (m) ≦ 0.19 0.48 0.72
Far-Field d (m) ≧ 0.19 0.48 0.72
After determine near-field and far-field, it can calculate
power receiver using Friis equation (4).
Prx = Ptx + Gtx + Grx + 20 log10 ( ) (4)
Three results based on substitute (λ) = 0.15, 0.06, 0.04 m
respectively, and d = 1 m.
= 0 + 6 + 12 + (−38.46) = -20.46 dBm
= 0 + 6 + 12 + (−46.45) = -28.42 dBm
= 0 + 6 + 12 + (−49.44) = -31.93 dBm

Table 2. Measurements of output power.
Table 3. Result measurements of output power.
EIRP of GSM BTS transmits at the rate of about 50-55
dBm/channel and more [7], which can be applied for this
circuit receiver to increase the distance, and the following
results related to (λ) are 0.15 m, 0.06 m, and 0.04 m. In
this case, it will obtain the distance d = 250 m from the
BTS.
Prx = Ptx + Gtx + Grx + 20 log10 ( )
= 47 + 15 + 12 + (-86.41) = -12.41 dBm
= 47 + 15 + 12 + (-94.37) = -20.37 dBm.
= 47 + 15 + 12 + (-97.89) = -23.89 dBm. (5)
From Friis equations in two distances 1, and 250 m, Table
2, and Table 3, which are in agreement with obtained
output power. These results can be applied in ISM
electronic devices.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This work utilizes TJ-PCC for a dual input RF with voltage
doubler for twice DC via L-type matching network. These
components are integrated in a simple and small size
circuit, as well as performed the output power is
maximized, and increased at the load stage. The feasibility
from this work is able to obtain EH in three bands (L, S,
and C), which are enhanced by the outcome powering
devices in multi-bands. The prototype is highest
achievable efficiency in the operational incident power
range of -40 dBm to 0 dBm, with a 5 kΩ load, and the
sensitivity is initiated in -35 dBm. The results measured
give confidence to serve sensors, and should be applicable
over 3, 4, and 5G of wireless communication systems.
The idea presented can be applied in real life. It also could
be improved for use in a wider range of applications.
Future work will improve a dual RF with multi power
detector to increase power scavenging.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to the Libyan Ministry of
Education for the scholarship support, and Rogers
Company for providing the substrate.
REFERENCES
[1] Luo, Y., et al., “RF Energy Harvesting Wireless
Communications: RF Environment, Device
Hardware and Practical Issues,” Sensors, vol. 19,
no. 13, pp. 1-28, 2019.
[2] Soyata, T., L. Copeland, and W. Heinzelman, “RF
energy harvesting for embedded systems: A
survey of tradeoffs and methodology,” IEEE
Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp.
22-57, 2016.
Transmitter input power (Pin = 0 dBm), and the distance
(d = 1 m)
L Band C Band
(MHz) Output power
(dBm)
(MHz) Output power
(dBm)
1650 -21.522 6600 -34.141
1700 -16.569 6650 -32.412
1750 -16.312 6700 -29.824
1800 -15.147 6750 -22.441
1850 -21.565 6800 -34.505
1900 -19.334 6850 -27.977
1950 -20.941 6900 -23.506
1650 -21.522 6950 -25.564
1700 -16.569 7000 -32.814
1750 -16.312 7050 -31.916
1800 -15.147 7100 -33.327
1850 -21.565 7150 -36.991
1900 -19.334 7200 -33.544
1950 -20.941 7250 -33.413
2000 -20.414 - -
Pin = 0 dBm, and the distance (d = 1 m)
over S Band.
(GHz) Output
power
(dBm)
(GHz) Output
power
(dBm)
2.050 -25.500 2.900 -28.788
2.100 -27.816 2.950 -25.433
2.150 -24.403 3.000 -23.230
2.200 -20.965 3.050 -24.488
2.250 -19.214 3.100 -27.651
2.300 -24.141 3.150 -22.649
2.350 -25.355 3.200 -22.650
2.400 -33.625 3.250 -20.611
2.450 -27.889 3.300 -13.914
2.500 -25.981 3.350 -14.587
2.550 -30.056 3.400 -20.821
2.600 -30.559 3.450 -29.916
2.650 -34.697 3.500 -31.099
2.700 -34.887 3.550 -37.77
2.750 -30.636 3.600 -36.281
2.800 -27.300 3.650 -37.852
2.850 -27.981 - -

[3] Kitazawa, S., H. Ban, and K. Kobayashi, “Energy
harvesting from ambient RF sources,” IEEE MTT-S
International Microwave Workshop Series on
Innovative Wireless Power Transmission:
Technologies, Systems, and Applications, vol. 978,
no. 12, pp. 39-42, 2012.
[4] Rajabi, M., et al., “Modulation techniques for
simultaneous wireless information and power
transfer with an integrated rectifier–receiver,”
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2373-2385, 2018.
[5] Lu, J.-J., et al., “A four-band rectifier with adaptive
power for electromagnetic energy harvesting,”
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components
Letters, vol. 26, no. 10, p. 819-821, 2016.
[6] KASAR, Ö., M. KAHRİMAN, and M.A. GÖZEL,
“Wilkinson Güç Birleştirici Kullanarak İki Girişli
RF Enerji Hasatlama Devresi ve DC Yük Analizi,”
The Journal of Graduate School of Natural and
Applied Sciences of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University,
Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 68-72, 2019.
[7] Mordachev, V. and A. Svistunov, “Reduction of the
radiated power of cellular base stations on urban
area at high intra system EMC requirements,”
IEEE International Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), vol. 10, no.
1109, pp. 1-6, 2015.

IRJET- Combine RF Ambient for Power Harvesting using Power Detector for Sensor Application over L, S, C Bands

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IRJET- Combine RF Ambient for Power Harvesting using Power Detector for Sensor Application over L, S, C Bands