IRJET- Management of Traffic at Road Intersection using Software Modelling

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 12 | Dec 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 72
MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC AT ROAD INTERSECTION USING SOFTWARE
MODELLING
Pratik V. Parmar1, Vaidehi J. Patel2, Vipinkumar G. Yadav3
1UG Student, Adajan, Surat
2UG Student, Jamalpor, Navsari
3Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. S. & S.S. Ghandhy Government Engineering College,
Surat, Gujarat, India
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Abstract - As transportation systems have become more
complex with frequently congested roads, traffic
management has become a worldwide concern. Engineers
install traffic signals to provide safe right of way periodically
to competing traffic movements. When two or more traffic
signals are located in close vicinity, traffic flow on links
joining two signals become dependent on timings at these
signals. Coordinating two or more signals on a signalized
intersection requires cycle length, green splits, phase
sequence and offsets and these can be achieved by using
various types of traffic simulation model and optimization
model. With the progress of technology, many traffic
management packages were developed and traffic model
and simulation tools are increasingly used for traffic
management by using real time date. The objective of this
paper is to study different traffic management and
simulation software for signalized intersection and identify
the best suited tool for traffic management.
Key Words: Traffic management, Software modelling,
Traffic simulation, Signal operation, Signalized
intersection
1. INTRODUCTION
The term Traffic congestion influences various
aspects of traffic engineering. Many transportation
planners and engineers are highly concerned with
understanding major causes of traffic congestion. The
solution is frequently achieved by proper software
application in traffic management. Traffic signal cycle and
phasing of each signal at intersection is well designed with
the help of different software and optimized model is
developed. Result of this is also presented with the help of
simulating software.
The need of software application in designing
signal cycle and modelling arise due to difficulties faced
while calculation due to many mathematical formulas
involved in which some of them need to be repeated. Also,
due to portability of compacted laptops the work is also
becomes very easy, simple and quick.
Choosing right software depends on specific area
of interest or problem and required output needed at field.
Available or collected field data also affect this selection.
Chosen software outcome should help in effective traffic
management and ensuring safety of road users.
Nowadays most of the traffic projects are
presented with simulating software to give real idea about
actual field condition as a model or abstraction of the
system and can be better defined as a simplified
representation of a system at some particular point in time
or space which is aimed at promoting an understanding of
the real system. As the model is the simplification of the
real conditions, the level of detail depends on the specific
requirements. Simulation is the manipulation of a model in
such a way that it operates on time or space to represent
the real conditions.
Simulation provides an understanding of the
interactions among the key components of a system and
the system as a whole. The evolution of computer
technology has changed the general understanding of
simulation. Nowadays, simulation basically means a
computerized version of a model which is run over time to
study the implications of the defined interactions.
Simulation tools are ideal tools for public
presentation, evaluation of before and after studies, and
routine planning and operation analysis. Simulation
packages can offer the user a valuable tool to observe
animated traffic conditions, and evaluate alternative
scenarios for roadway and signal system improvements in
urban areas and can be useful for determining the effects
of design changes, installing or removing traffic signals,
using pre-timed or vehicle actuated signals, etc.
When engineers predicting performances are not
able to design and built by using trial and error method
alone, they are forced to structure their knowledge of the
system in terms of a model. The model should include
meaningful measure of effectiveness of a system, such as
capacity and delay in the traffic system. Simulation makes
possible trial and error manipulation which leads naturally
to an optimum design. Thus, a simulation may be
necessary to predict future behaviour of the system in
traffic studies and design. Table-1 shows the capabilities of
various popular simulation software used by researchers.

Table -1: Suitability of Simulation Software
Simulation Software Researchers Suitability
Aimsun Khaki and Pour (2014)
Salgadoa et al. (2016)
Azlan and Rohani (2018)
Liu et al. (2018)
Kotusevski and Hawick (2009)
 Active transportation and demand
management
 Arterial management / traffic
signal operations
 Congestion pricing
 Real-time transportation
information
 Road weather management
 Traffic incident and events
management
 Work zone mobility and safety
 Recreate real traffic conditions of
different traffic networks
 Modelling traffic demands based on
traffic flows and turning
proportions, or OD matrix
 Modelling different traffic control
types
 Able to import networks from
different platforms (like GIS,
AutoCAD, Synchro, VISSIM etc.)
 To evaluate delay time, travel time,
number of stops, fuel emission,
queue length
 The gap-acceptance behaviour of
drivers is modified based on their
delay time
 Simultaneous 2D and 3D (micro
only) views
 Comparison of different scenarios
 Assess the interaction of vehicles
and pedestrians
 Public transport assessments
 Safety analysis
 Urban environmental studies
 Traffic management
 Simulates surface street networks,
freeways, interchanges, pre-timed
and actuated signals, stop
controlled intersections and
roundabouts.
 Suitable for 3D animation, full trip
distribution capacities, dynamic
traffic assignment, real time vehicle
guidance
 Used to compare environmental
capabilities like emission and fuel
economy

SIDRA Rajnitkar et al. (2014)
Mohammed et al. (2017)
Alshetwiet al. (2018)
 Signal timings can be determined
accordingly with advantages over
approach-based and lane group-
based methods.
 Analysis of single-lane and multi-
lane roundabouts
 Estimates the cost, energy and air
pollution
 To model lane-based congestion
 For lane by lane analysis, lane flow
calculation, capacities of short
lanes variable cycle lengths,
variable flow scale and modelling
of unequal lane utilization
SUMO Castro et al. (2017)
Liang et al. (2017)
Azlanand Rohani (2018)
Jang and Seung-Ju (2018)
Kotusevski and Hawick (2009)
 Road network generation
 Noise emission and a pollutant
emission / fuel consumption model
 For Simulation of
o Space-continuous and
time-discrete vehicle
movement
o Multi-lane streets with
lane changing
o Different right-of-way
rules, traffic lights
 Interoperability with other
application at run-time
 Network-wide, edge-based, vehicle-
based, and detector-based outputs
 Imports visum, VISSIM, shapefiles,
osm, robocup, matsim, opendrive,
and xml-descriptions
 Traffic lights evaluation
 Route choice and re-routing
 Evaluation of traffic surveillance
methods
 simulation of vehicular
communications
 Traffic forecasting
 Suitable for urban traffic
management, traffic emission and
other issues
 Modelling of intermodal traffic
system including road vehicles,
public transport and pedestrians

CORSIM Mystkowski and Khan (2000)
Tian and Wu (2006)
Feng et al. (2014)
Shah et al. (2015)
Azlanand Rohani (2018)
 Supports different HOT (High
Occupancy Toll) lane pricing
algorithms
 To customize vehicle behaviours
near toll plazas
 ability to pass a vehicle by
temporarily moving into the
opposing traffic stream on a two-
lane highway.
 Emergency vehicles (EV) can be
simulated
 To evaluate the impacts of a variety
of pricing strategies on freeway
traffic operations
 Suitable to model more complex
situations
 Model the impacts of traffic
incidents and traffic management
strategies
 To simulate the impacts of transit
and parking on traffic operations
 Suitable for reporting system
performance in terms of total delay,
stop delay, total stops, travel
distance and time, fuel
consumption, emission, and max
queue length
 Simulation capabilities include:
o Arterial networks;
o Freeway and surface street
interchanges;
o Pre-timed and actuated
signals, coordination, and
pre-emption;
o Freeway weaving sections,
lane adds and lane drops;
o Stop and yield controlled
intersections;
o Simulation of queue length,
queue blockage, and
spillback;
o Origin-destination traffic
flow patterns and traffic
assignment;
o Network animation

DynaMit Milkovits et al. (2010)
Ben-Akivaet al. (2010)
 Estimates of network conditions
 Predictions of network conditions
in response to various traffic
control measures and information
dissemination strategies
 Generation of traveller information
to guide drivers towards optimal
decisions
 Detailed network representation
 Individually simulates each trip, to
generate detailed vehicle
trajectories
 Generation of unbiased and
consistent information to drivers.
 Efficient operation of variable
message signs
 Real-time incident management
and control.
 Off-line evaluation of real-time
incident management strategies.
 Evaluation of alternative traffic
signals and ramp meters operation
strategies.
 Co-ordination of evacuation and
rescue operations in real-time
emergencies (natural disasters,
etc.) That could block highway
links.
 Generating historical databases.
HCS Sabra et al. (2000)
HCS Manual
 Signalized Intersections:
Unsignalized Movements;
Combined Grade/Heavy Vehicle
Adjustment; Animation
 Urban Streets: Travel Time
Reliability; Parking Adjustment and
Calibration Terms; LOS A/B
Threshold
 Alternative Intersection: Median U-
Turn, Restricted Crossing U-Turn,
Displaced Left-Turn Analyses
 Interchange Ramp Terminals:
Experienced Travel Time,
Diverging Diamond Interchange
Analysis
 Roundabouts: Revised Capacity
Equations; Segment Analysis
 Freeway Segments: Managed Lane
Analysis; Capacity and Speed
Adjustments; Truck Procedures
 Weaving Segments: Cross Weave
Adjustment; Capacity and Speed
 Merge & Diverge Segments: Density

Table -2: Suitability of Signal Timing Analysis and Design Software
All Lanes; Capacity and Speed
 Freeway Facilities: Travel Time
Reliability; Managed Lanes; Cross
Weave Adjustment; Animation
 Tools: Highway Safety Software;
HCM Reference Guide; MUTCD
Signal Warrants; Service Volumes
TRANSIM Saidallah et al. (2016)
CORFLO Sabra et al. (2000)
Quadstone Paramics
Modeller
Kotusevski and Hawick (2009)  Roundabout creation
 Up to 16 connected arms to each
intersection
 Signalised or priority
 Up to 32 signalised phases per
intersection
 Public transport priority schemes
 Ferry / port operations
 Signalised crossings
 Urban streetscape
MITSIMLab Saidallah et al. (2016)
INTEGRATION Sabra et al. (2000)
MATLAB Ishak-Thomas et al. (2018)
Texas
Sabra et al. (2000)
Signal Timing Analysis and
Design Software
Researchers Suitability
TRANSYT-7F Mystkowski and Khan
(2000)
Chen and Chang (2014)
 Genetic algorithm optimization of
cycle length, phasing sequence,
splits, and offsets
 Detailed multi-cycle simulation
 Simulation of existing conditions
and future conditions
 Multi-period optimization, hill-climb
optimization
 Lane-by-lane analysis, actuated
control analysis
 Direct CORSIM optimization,
CORSIM post-processing
 Optimization based on a wide
variety of objective functions
 Used to analyse a street network
 Flexibility in accepting U.S.
customary units or metric units,
right-hand drive or left-hand drive

 To simulate traffic flow in small time
increment
 To evaluate existing timings and
optimize proposed condition to
minimize stops, delay, fuel
consumption and cost
 To optimize traffic signal system for
arteries and network
PASSER IV Mystkowski and Khan
(2000)
 Simultaneously optimizing
progression bandwidth in multi-
arterial traffic signal networks
 Determines all four signal timing
parameters: cycle length, green split,
offset, and phasing sequence
 To optimize the flow of traffic on a
single arterial or through entire
network
 To choose the best signal timings
given certain traffic data
VISSIM Gupta and Patel (2014)
Oskarbski et al. (2016)
Salgado et al. (2016)
Hossain et al. (2017)
Azlan and Rohani
(2018)
Nyame-Baafi et al.
(2018)
 To evaluate delay time, travel time,
number of stops, fuel emission,
queue length
 To model the behaviour of every
single vehicle through car following
and lane changing logic
 Complex modelling of junction
behaviour, including friendly
merging (situations where following
vehicles will slow for merging
vehicles to create a gap), as it occurs
in the real world.
 Representation of on-street parking
behaviour and double parking
 3D capabilities which helps to
understand complex transport flows
and intersections
 Suitable for modelling both
motorized and non-motorised traffic
flows (like pedestrian, cyclist and
wheelchair users)
 Suitable for roundabouts, signalized
and unsignalized intersection, and
grade separate interchanges
 To analyse toll plaza facilities,
conduct traffic impact studies, and
to test the operability of ramp
metering and interchange design
 PTV Vissim can be used to simulate
the following processes and
systems:
o Fixed-time control schemes
o Traffic-actuated control
schemes
o Coordinated green phases

o Public transport priority
schemes
o Rail transport control
processes
o Priority schemes for
emergency
o Vehicles
o Ramp metering processes
o Round-about
o U-turns, mixed-flow lanes,
separate (multi-lane) turn
lanes
o Bicycle paths as well as
lanes shared
 By different modes (bicycles and
Motorized vehicles)
o Public transport stops and
terminals
o Pedestrian-vehicle
interaction
o Multi-lane motorways with
user defined
o Dynamic lane opening signs
 Complex signalized and non-
signalized intersections
 For the widest range of traffic
engineering issues like…
o Road works: optimum set-
up and coordination of
roadwork sites
 Site development:
o creation of site
development plans, for
instance for supermarkets,
malls or entire urban
districts
o Airport links: design of
transport links simulation
of airport apron traffic
 Pedestrian flows:
o modelling of pedestrian
behaviour in different
environments as well as
evacuation
 strategy planning
 Intelligent transport systems:
o Evaluation and optimization
of Intelligent Transport
Systems
 Junctions: design and dimensioning
of intersections and nodes
 Optimization of traffic flows at
logistics centres
 Toll stations: performance
maximization for toll plazas and
tolling lanes

 PT nodes: modelling of complex
public transport nodes
 PT priority schemes: analysis of
public transport prioritization
measures
 Parking: planning of parking
facilities and modelling of parking-
related traffic
 Rail transport: performance
analyses of rail transport systems
 Environmental impact:
environmental impact studies,
including emissions modelling
 Traffic-actuated control schemes:
o design, testing and
evaluation of traffic-
actuated signal control
systems
 Traffic calming: analysis of traffic
calming measures
 Visualization: visualization of
planning alternatives to support the
political decision-making process
SYNCHRO Studio (SimTraffic) Mystkowski and Khan
(2000)
Khaki and Pour (2014)
Udomsilp et al. (2017)
 To design, model, optimize, simulate,
and animate signalized and un-
signalized intersection
 For project information description
and note input fields
 To create custom trip rates,
including pass-by and internal trip
rates
 To compare number of trips based
on average rates vs. Equations
 To determine whether a traffic
signal is needed for an intersection.
 To analyse roundabouts and
evaluate performance of an arterial
network
 For modelling and optimizing traffic
signal timing
Atak Gundogan et al. (2014)
Keysignals Keysignals Brochure  To create complex signal design
schemes including a large library of
symbols
 To draw cables, ducting and detector
loops
 To export data rich scheme design
models to IFC, GIS (SHP) or
Navisworks
 Quantify markings and equipment
for cost analysis and produce
schematic and phasing diagrams

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Bloomberg and Dale (2000) discuss about the
accuracy of CORSIM and VISSIM model and provide a
technical comparison of these two traffic simulation
models. VISSIM and CORSIM have been compared on the
aspect of network coding process, car following logic, gap
acceptance, signal timing, animation features and output
data. The main difference observed is the variability of the
models, which should be addressed by making multiple
runs. The analysis suggested that both models are
appropriate for modelling congested arterial and
congested street condition, but suggested the value of
using more than one model for traffic analysis.
Ratrout and Rahman (2008) reviewed the
features of traditionally used macroscopic and microscopic
traffic simulation models along with a comparative
analysis focusing on freeway operations, urban congested
networks, variations in delay and capacity estimates. The
increasing use of virtual reality system in simulation will
greatly benefit traffic safety related simulation. Newly
developed object-oriented programming approaches were
found to be very suitable for modelling transportation
system. Authors suggested the suitable tools or
approaches for the local condition of Saudi Arabia. The
analysis revealed that AIMSUN, CORSIM and VISSIM are
suitable for congested arterials and freeways, but AIMSUN
is less user friendly compared to others.
Maciejewski (2010) compared the result of
application of three selected systems i.e. TRANSIMS, SUMO
and VISSIM to the microscopic simulation of traffic flow for
a fragment of an urban road network of Grunwald, a south-
western district of Poznan City. The result revealed some
dissimilarities like, the model in SUMO had too low
capacity as compared to the real network capacity, but on
other hand, capacities of both VISSIM and TRANSIMS
models were higher than the real one. In VISSIM model, a
lot of attention was given to the proper localization of all
road transportation infrastructure elements and logical
elements. Also, it was very important to correctly define
conflict areas, particularly when running simulations with
high traffic volume.
Pell et al. (2013) observed the growing field of
applications and the increase of supported functionalities,
and conducted a comparison study of 12 widely used
simulation software tools. Existing studies, product
reviews and technical product specification documents
have been analysed. They concluded that there are just a
few traffic simulators which can be used for real time
simulation of transportation management. One simulation
system, which meets all requirements and is often used for
traffic management in Austrian and German Cities, is
OPTIMA by PTV, which simulates in real time with better
performances and modelled objects compared to other 11
software.
Sun et al. (2013) conducted a comparative
analysis of two popular simulation models i.e. VISSIM and
CORSIM, based on their simulation performances on an
urban network of North Bund, Shanghai, China. Analysis
was carried out to compare the performance of both
models based on four key indices software usability,
average control delay, average queuing length and cross-
sectional traffic volume by different levels of congestion,
intersection geospatial scale and level of saturation. The
conclusion was made that for software usability, average
control delay and average queue length, VISSIM is more
appropriate and has closer simulation results to the real
situation.
Tianzi et al. (2013) focused on two popular
simulation software: VISSIM and SIDRA. Based on the road
traffic data of West Wenhua Road and Changchun Road of
Xianyang City, their features and evaluation results of
signalized intersections have been analysed by operation
simplicity and the output error. The conclusion was made
that from simplicity of operation, SIDRA is superior to
VISSIM (in terms of network construction, phase setting,
output speed etc.) but VISSIM is closer to the actual value
compared to SIDRA and the error of output result is
minimum. So, when simulating a signalized intersection, if
accurate vehicle average delay is needed, VISSIM is a
desirable choice; if vehicle average delay is only used as
reference data, then SIDRA is preferred, for its
convenience of output.
Shah et al. (2015) focused to ameliorate the
operating condition of Mirpur road by setting appropriate
signal timing at the intersections along this road using
CORSIM. Collection of traffic volume data was conducted
by video recording during peak periods. The existing
condition of the Mirpur road was modelled in CORSIM,
calibrated with the collected data and optimum signal
timings were set at the intersections to make the condition
better. First optimum signal timing was tested and later
further improvements were achieved with the help of
visualization in CORSIM model.
Pell et al. (2016) analysed scientific papers and
technical specifications and conducted comparison of 17
simulation software considering six no. of aspects
including functionalities which proved to be important for
the use of real time traffic simulation models in
heterogeneous road networks. It also reveals a further
development of some products to adapt them to new field
of application. The conclusion was made that most of the
simulation tools are designed for urban, interurban or
combined road networks and can deal with real time data.
No system delivers all functionalities; no system seems to

have a focus on single field of application. So, selection of
software tool depends on specific requirements of user.
Saidallah et al. (2016) carried out comparative
study of eleven mostly used and mostly mature simulation
software and compared them according to new
opportunities for ITS (Intelligent Transport System), as
well as the integration of GIS which are effective tools for
decision support in the field of road traffic, providing
accurate data on the real world, and following the
establishment of the road network infrastructure. The
conclusion was made that the open source simulators do
not simulates wireless sensors. VISSIM and SimTraffic
offers easy coding of road network. AIMSUN, Paramics, and
VISSIM use wireless sensors which are more efficient and
cheaper and are more flexible for coding. MATsim,
TransModeler and VISSIM supports GIS, while other don’t.
Talevska (2016) performed an overview that
combines both – current traffic simulation system-TSS
capabilities and customer expectations. Therefore, a
comparison of simulation tools (SFStreetSIModel, Freesim,
Aimsun, PTV optima and CORSIM) as well as SWOT
analysis had been conducted. In order to compare,
describe and evaluate the capabilities of microsimulation
model SFStreetSIModel, version 1.1, a state-of-the-art
review is drawn in table-3. All five simulation models have
strength and weakness that make it suitable for certain
applications for use in urban road networks.
Table -3: Comparison of Software Based on common design parameters
Object / phenomenon
SFStreetSIModel FreeSim Aimsun 7 PTV Optima CORSIM
Cars
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Commercial vehicle/trucks
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bicycles
No No Yes Yes Yes
Pedestrians
Yes** No Yes Yes Yes
Public transports
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Parked vehicle
Yes No No No Yes
Car-following, overtaking and
lane changing logic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Weather conditions No Planned No Yes No
Variable travel time
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Variable acceleration Yes* Yes Yes No No
Headway Yes No Yes No Yes
Incidents No Yes No Yes Yes
* in function of the concentration of the side obstacles and distance to them
** on sidewalk
Udomslip et al. (2017) used SYNCHRO platform
to initialize optimal cycle length of the intersections on
Sathom road and to assist in the implementation of
reversible lane that involves two traffic signal lights in
short distance. A comparative analysis was conducted
between optimal cycle length and the actual signal timing
as operated by traffic police from real data collection to see
the improvements of travel times in various cases. The
travel time suggested that periodic signal timing control
from SYNCHRO was better during peak hours since the
outcomes displayed the decreased travel time.
Liu et al. (2018) studied the issues with respect
to oversaturated signal intersections and demonstrated
the consistency based on analytical studies and
microscopic simulations with AIMSUN. Deterministic
(vertical) and shockwave (horizontal) queuing models are
widely used in traffic operation to estimate vertical queue

length and delays at intersections. This paper also
intended to develop an efficient approach to the
reconstruction of the deterministic and shockwave
queuing profile in quasi-real time manner using very
limited mobile sensing data. The efficiency of the approach
was demonstrated by microsimulation with AIMSUN.
Alshetwi et al. (2018) focused on traffic jam
evaluation with the capability of improving the level of
service (LOS), the intersection light signal volume, fuel
consumption, average delay, operating cost, CO2 emissions
and travel speed at one of Kuala Lumpur’s most crowded
intersection using SIDRA 4.0 software. The study lead to
evaluate capacity assessment of the existing intersection
equated with the high-volume traffic per hour at the
intersection during peak hours. The data were collected
using a video camera from the site at peak hours for a
period of 15 min, and then analysed using SIDRA 4.0
package. The use of SIDRA 4.0 showed that by increasing
speed travel system, the average of delay and fuel
consumption reduced.
Jang and Seung-Ju (2018) designed a traffic
simulation system for minimizing intersection waiting
time using SUMO and tried to reduce the time required for
vehicle to arrive at their destination by making traffic flow
smoothly without any expense such as road expansion
through the limited system. The starting point for
simulation was set at Dang Eui University and the terminal
point was set at the entrance to the Hwangryung Tunnel of
Busan Metropolitan City and constructed road information
link with e-World. The study will be extended to estimate
the actual time required for future research.
Nyame-Baafi et al. (2018) established study of
volume warrants, based on a delay threshold, to guide the
installation of left turn lanes at un-signalized T-
intersections by calibrating VISSIM model using traffic
flow, delay, average and maximum queue length data
obtained from a two-hour video recording during the
morning peak period. Measured data were recorded and
averaged over 10 simulation runs. After calibration, the
VISSIM tool was used to perform two simulation
experiments which were designed for the development of
the minor road left turn volume warrant and major road
left turn volume warrant based on delay threshold. This
study serves as a guide that can be used by metropolitan
and municipal road engineers to assess the need for left
turn lanes. The conclusion was made that the VISSIM
intersection model of the study T-intersection was
successfully calibrated to reflect field flow conditions
indicating that there was no significant difference between
the field and the simulated results.
3. CONCLUSION
Digital simulation of traffic flow is virtually
essential to traffic control at a near-optimum level. Only
from a simulation analysis, analytical decisions can be
made concerning street development, type of intersection
control, and the feasibility of computerized traffic control.
The objective of this study was to compare and contrast
the traffic simulators for traffic simulation. All software
programs have the ability to perform traffic simulations
for the various operational conditions. It was felt that each
package has strengths and weaknesses that made it
suitable for certain applications, depending on the type of
transportation improvement or planning analysis being
considered, specific area of interest or problem and
required output needed at field; available or collected field
data. Though most software can perform equally well,
VISSIM and CORSIM are two widely analysed and used
traffic simulation software. These have found to be
performing quite well in varied scenarios.
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