IRJET- Recent Versions on Android and Survey on the Versions Lollipop, Marshmallow and Nougat

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1186
Recent Versions on Android and survey on the versions Lollipop,
Marshmallow and Nougat
Shivani R Pawar1, Dr.Mahesh Kulati2
1P.G Research Scholars, Department of CSE, P.E.S College of Engineering
2Associate Professor, Dept of CSE, P.E.S College of Engineering,
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Abstract— In this era, due to the rapid increase in the
number of smartphone users and mobile applications. The
Smartphones are expected to have PC-like functionality, but
hardware resources such as CPU’s, memory and batteries are
still limited. To solve this resource problem various and
different versions of Android operating system is introduced
from past few years. Android is continually developed by
Google and the Open Handset Alliance, and it has seen a
number of updates to its base operating system sincetheinitial
release. This paper aims on to give the best details toward the
exciting new frontier of open source mobile development and
their different versions on Andriod. As the cellphoneutilization
is expanding step by step, individuals are expecting a ton from
their cell phones by expanding dependability, security,
execution along these lines numerous this sorts of
characteristics. So, as the different versions are introduced
these characteristics are also changed and evolved. Nougat is
the most recently introduced version of the Android where it
provides notable changes to the operating systems and their
developing platform. The new version of Android Nougat is
already available on many devices. Twelvemajor versionshave
been released since Android OS launch in 2009. Currentlymost
of all Android-based devices use one of five versions:JellyBean,
KitKat ,Lollipop , Marshmallow and Nougat.AndroidNougatis
that version of android developed by Googlewhichrecoversthe
all drawbacks of marshmallow and also it contains extended
features. The survey of different versions of android and their
uses are seen in this paper.
Keywords—Lollipop, Marshmallow, Nougat, Oreo.
Introduction:
This research has been done to give you the best details
toward the exciting new different versions of Android. The
computer has been in constant evolution since the middle of
the 20th century. Computers are continued to get smaller in
size, using less power and performing more advanced
calculations. In 2007 Apple released their iPhone to achieve
the next goal in computing. This new type of communication
tool, called Smartphone. One competitor to Apple iPhone OS
is the Android OS. Android originates from a small software
company, acquired by Google and is now owned by Open
Handset Alliance (OHA), where Google is a member. Driven
through the Apache License, anyone can use the Android
Software Development Kit (SDK) to develop applications to
run on the Android OS. The first commercialversion,Android
1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is continually
developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance, and it
has seen a number of updates to its base operating system
since the initial release. Nougat is the most recently
introduced version of the Android where it providesnotable
changes to the operating systems and their developing
platform. The new version of Android Nougat is already
available on many devices. Twelve major versions havebeen
released since Android OS launch in 2008.
II. SURVEY STUDY
There are many different versions of Android andtheirmany
different updates of these Androids. Android is an open
source Linux based system developed by Google, and
primarily aimed at mobile handsets and other portable
devices. In short, we will be using them to accomplish our
daily task. The survey done helps in understanding the
different versions of android and their different form of
operations at different level of update. As the update for
different versions went on theAndroidSmartphone’sbecame
much user friendly. Lollipop and Marshmallow had the lot of
differencesin itsuses and its applications. Now,Nougatisthe
latest version which is used generally by most of the user.
Nougat came up with a split screen method where multiple
applications can be made to run at one time. So in this way
the survey of different versions are done at different level of
updating.
Code name Version
number
Initial release date
Alpha 1.0 September 23, 2008
Beta 1.1 February 9, 2009
Cupcake 1.5 April 27, 2009
Donut 1.6 September 15, 2009
Eclair 2.0 – 2.1 October 26, 2009
Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 May 20, 2010
Gingerbread 2.3 – 2.3.7 December 6, 2010
Honeycomb 3.0 – 3.2.6 February 22, 2011
Ice Cream
Sandwich
4.0 – 4.0.4 October 18, 2011
Jelly Bean 4.1 – 4.3.1 July 9, 2012
KitKat 4.4 – 4.4.4 October 31, 2013
Lollipop 5.0 – 5.1.1 November 12, 2014
Marshmallow 6.0 – 6.0.1 October 5, 2015
Nougat 7.0 – 7.1.2 August 22, 2016

COMPARITIVE STUDY:
Android Marshmallow v/s Android Lollipop:
With Lollipop's Project Volta, Google laid the foundationsfor
longer battery life. Android Marshmallow goes one step
further, with a battery saving function known as Doze. With
Android Marshmallow, there is finally an integrated way to
manage app permissions. In Lollipop you had toallowallapp
permissions before you downloaded the app from the Play
Store. In Android Marshmallow, this is no longer the case.
Instead, you can allow or deny app permissions individually,
as and when you want a specific function to work. With
Android Marshmallow, Google has finally created a uniform
standard for fingerprint sensors. Marshmallow also cameup
with App Linking facility for faster instinctive opening of
links with corresponding applications ,Larger Application
folders with multiple pages.Post-install/run-timepermission
requests. USB Type-C support, Demo Mode feature for
screenshot-capture usage, Automatic full data backup and
restore for apps, 4K display mode for apps. Adoptable
External storage to behave like Internal Storage, MIDI
support for musical instruments, Experimental multi-
window feature, App permissions now granted individually
at run-time, not all-or-nothing at install time. Unicode 7.0 &
8.0 emoji support. Descriptions for USB connection options,
New navigation bar layout for the Google Pixel C, Double-tap
power button to open camera.
Android Nougat v/s Android Marshmallow:
Android Nougat introduces a split-screen display mode for
phones, in which two apps can be snapped to occupy halves
of the screen. An experimental multi-window mode is also
available as a hidden feature, where multiple apps can
appear simultaneously on the screen in overlapping
windows. The notification shade wasredesigned, featuringa
smaller row of icons for settings, replacing notification cards
with a new "sheet" design, and allowing inline replies to
notifications (this feature is implemented via existing APIs
that are used for similar functionality on Android Wear).
Multiple notifications from a single app can also be
"bundled", and there is greater per-app control over
notifications The "Doze" power saving mechanism
introduced in Android Marshmallow was expanded to
include a state activated when the device is running on
battery and the screen has been off for a period of time but is
not stationary. In this state, network activityisrestricted,and
apps are granted "maintenance windows" in which they can
access the network and perform background tasks. As in
Marshmallow, the full Doze state is activated if the device is
stationary with its screen off for a period of time. A new
"Data Saver" mode restricts background mobile data usage,
and can trigger internal functions in apps that are designed
to reduce bandwidth usage, such as capping the quality of
streaming media. So in this way the nougat came up with
different updation and by increasing the efficiency of
Android.
DRAWBACKS AND RECOVERED METHODS:
As the update for every version takes place the newer
versions comes up by removing the disadvantages of the
previousversions of android. Nougat introducesasystemfor
enabling "seamless", automatic system updates, based upon
and sharing some code with the implementation of similar
functionality on Chrome OS. The system uses a pair of
SquashFS partitions; the Android system executes from an
"online" partition, while updates are applied in the
background to a redundant "offline" partition. On the next
boot following the installation of an update, the redundant
partition is designated as active, and the device henceforth
boots into the updated system. The previoussystempartition
is kept as a backup in case of update failure, and to serve as
the "offline" partition for the next update. This system
removes the requirement for the device to reboot into the
system recovery environment to apply the update (which
prevents the device from being used until the update is
complete) and also provides the ability for an update to be
automatically rolled back in case of a failure. Due to the
partitioning requirements of this system, existing devices
will not support seamless updates. Additionally, due to the
ART changes on Nougat, apps no longer need to be re-
compiled upon the first boot after a system update. Android
7.1 adds native API support for implementing image
keyboards; multi endpoint telephony; shortcut menus and
rounded icon assets for apps on launchers; and support for
the Google Daydream virtual reality platform. The Google
Daydream feature is a specific "VR mode", with advanced
technology for reduced graphics latency, a "sustained
performance mode" to assist developers in optimizing apps
to a devices thermal profile, a new head tracking algorithm
which combines the input from various device sensors, and
integration of system notifications into the VR user interface.
The Security upgradation also played a vital role in the
Nougat version of Android where In response to the Stage
fright family of bugs disclosed and fixed in 2015, several
changeswere made to harden the media stack against future
vulnerabilities. Runtime integer overflow detection was
implemented, preventing the majority of Stage fright-like
programming bugsfrom becoming vulnerabilitiesinaddition
to helping fix and prevent such bugs. Android's monolithic
Media Server process wasredesigned to better adhere tothe
principle of least privilege. Media Server is now split into
several separate processes, each running in its own
unprivileged sandbox, and granted only the permissions
required for its task. For example, only the Audio Server can
access Bluetooth, and libstage fright now runs within the
Media Codec Service sandbox, which is only granted GPU
access. Further constraints were placed on the media stack
through seccomp. Various mechanisms were enabled to
reduce the possibility of malicious code being injected
and/or executed inside the Linux kernel, including dividing
kernel memory into logical segments for code and data, with
page access permissions of read-only and no-execute as
appropriate. The kernel was also restricted from directly
accessing user space memory, and stronger stack protection

was enabled in the GCC compiler to reduce stack smashing.
To limit exposure of the kernel to potentially maliciouscode,
perf was disabled by default, IOCtlcommandswererestricted
by SELinux, and seccomp-bpf wasenabled to grantprocesses
the ability to restrict system calls.On devices shipping with
Android Nougat, the "Verified Boot" policy (introduced
partially on KitKat, and displaying notificationsonstartupon
Marshmallow) must be strictly enforced. If system files are
corrupted or otherwise modified, the operating system will
only allow operation in a limited-use mode or refuse to boot.
Android
Version
Version name Feature
5.0 Lollipop • Material Design
• Improved Notification
• Better Battery Life
• Project Volta
• Continuit
• Security
•Performance
Improvements
6.0 Marshmallow • USB Type C
• Adopted storage
• Now on tap
• System UI Tuner
•Fingerprint sensors
ADDITIONAL ADVANCE FEATURES OF THE NEXT
ANDROID VERSION OREO
Google introduced its latest mobile operating system,
Android 8 Oreo, in 2017 bringing several advanced features
likeenhanced security, picture-in-picture support for video,
performance improvementsand battery usage optimization,
and support for autofillers, Bluetooth 5, system-level
integration with VoIP apps, wide color gamuts, and Wi-Fi
Aware. Android Oreo also introduces two major platform
features: Android Go – a software distribution of the
operating system for low-end devices – and support for
implementing a hardware abstraction layer.
A. User experience
Notifications can be snoozed, and batched into topic-based
groups known as "channels". Android Oreo contains
integrated support for picture-in-picture mode. The
"Settings" app features a new design, with a white themeand
deeper categorization of different settings, whileitsringtone,
alarm and notification sound settings now contain an option
for adding custom sounds to the list. The Android 8.1 update
supports the display of battery percentages for
connected Bluetooth devices, makes the notification shade
slightly translucent, and dims the on-screen navigation keys
in order to reduce the possibility of burn-in.
B. Platform
Android Oreo adds support for Neighborhood Aware
Networking (NAN) for Wi-Fi based on Wi-Fi Aware,
Bluetooth5, an API for autofillers, multiprocess and Google
Safe Browsing support for WebViews, an API to allow
system-level integration for VoIP apps, and launching
activities on remote displays. Android Runtime (ART)
features performance improvements and better cache
handling. Android Oreo contains additional limits on apps'
background activities in order to improve battery life. Apps
can specify "adaptive icons" fordifferently-shapedcontainers
specified by themes, such as circles, squares, and squircles.
Android Oreo supports new emoji that were included in
the Unicode 10 standard. A new emoji font was also
introduced, which notably redesigns its face figures to use a
traditional circular shape, as opposed to the "blob" design
that wasintroduced on KitKat.Theunderlyingarchitectureof
Android was revised so that low-level, vendor-specific code
for supporting a device'shardware canbeseparatedfromthe
Android OS framework using a hardware abstraction
layer known as the "vendor interface". Vendor interfaces
must be made forward compatible with future versions of
Android; this theoretically allows the quicker development
and deployment of Android updates for devices, as vendors
would only need to make the necessarymodificationstotheir
bundled software. All devices shipping with Oreo must
support a vendor interface, but this feature is optional for
devices being updated to Oreo from an earlier version. The
"seamless updates" system introduced in Android 7.0 was
also modified to download update filesdirectly to thesystem
partition, rather than requiring them to be downloaded to
the user partition first. This reduces storage space
requirementsfor system updates. Android Oreointroducesa
new automatic repair system known as"Rescue Party";ifthe
operating system detects that core system components are
persistently crashing during startup, it will automatically
perform a series of escalating repair steps. If all automatic
repair steps are exhausted, the device will reboot into
recovery mode and offer to perform a factory reset. The
Android 8.1 update also introduces a neural network API,
which is designed to "[provide] apps with hardware
acceleration for on-device machinelearning operations."This
API is designed for use with machine learning platformssuch
as TensorFlow Lite, and specialized co-processors such as
the Pixel Visual Core (featured in Google's Pixel
2smartphones, but dormant until 8.1 is installed), but it also
provides a CPU fallback mode.
C. Android Go
A tailored distribution for low-end devicesknownasAndroid
Go wasunveiled for Oreo; it is intended for deviceswith1 GB
of RAM or less. This mode has platform optimizations
designed to reduce mobile data usage (including enabling
Data Saver mode by default), and a special suite of Google
Mobile Services designed to be less resource- and
bandwidth-intensive. The Google Play Store will also

highlight lightweight apps suited for these devices. The
operating system's interface is also modified, with the quick
settings panel providing greater prominence to information
regarding the battery, mobile data limit, and available
storage, the recent apps menu using a modified layout and
being limited to four apps (in order to reduce RAM
consumption), and an API for allowing mobile carriers to
implement data tracking and top-ups within the Android
settings menu. Google Play Services was also modularizedto
reduce its memory footprint. Android Go wasmadeavailable
to OEMs for Android 8.1.
D. Security
Android Oreo re-brands automatic scanning of Google Play
Store and sideloaded appsas"Google Play Protect",andgives
the feature, as well as Find My Device (formerly Android
Device Manager) higher prominence in the Security menu of
the Settings app. As opposed to a single, system-wide setting
for enabling the installation of apps from sources outside of
the Google Play Store, this function is now implemented as a
permission that can be granted to individual apps(i.e.clients
for third-party app repositories such as Amazon
Appstore and F-Droid). Verified boot now includes a
"Rollback Protection" feature, which enforcesarestrictionon
rolling back the device to a previous version of Android,
aimed at avoiding a potential thief from bypassing security
measures by installing a previous version of the operating
system that doesn't have them in place.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, explains about the android versions and also
some details about previousandroidversionsandmainlythis
research about the latest version of android that is android
7.0 Nougat and also about its features and details about its
release. Android Nougat is that version of androiddeveloped
by Google which recoversthe all drawbacksof marshmallow
and also it contains extended features. It also explains about
the next coming feature which is already part of the Android
smartphone market i.e Android Version Oreo including the
next level of its extended features compared to other or
previous android versions. So the Nougut-successor Oreo is
the brand new version of Android world.
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[12]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Oreo

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