IRJET- Sentiment Analysis: Algorithmic and Opinion Mining Approach

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 49
Sentiment Analysis: Algorithmic and Opinion Mining Approach
Meet Photographer
B. Tech Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Abstract - The Machine Learning has many applications
which is proven by its vow, in which there is no doubt. By
reading a particular book a person can get a idea of what it is
about. But in a case of digital information like Blogs, reviews
of websites, etc he can’t be assured that this information is
100% right. Then in such situations, a field of Sentiment
Analysis plays an efficient role about understanding the
questions like what do people feel about a certain topic? Did
they understand the topic? etc. In this paper, we will discuss
how we can analyse the sentiments and the latest techniques
that are developed to face the challenges of working with
emotional-text.
Key Words: Sentiment Analysis, Opinion Mining,
Classification, Clustering, Genetic Algorithm.
1. Introduction
Sentiment Analysis is a broad concept of text classification
tasks where we are served with a list of phrases and we are
supposed to tell if the sentiments, opinions, and
speculations, behind that is positive, negative or neutral.
Sentiment analysis can also be knownasOpinionminingdue
to the significant volume of opinions.
Fig: Structure of Sentiment analysis
From the point of view of machine learning, this task is
nothing else but a supervised learning task. Sentiment
analysis is the process of identifying and detecting the
emotions of the subjective information using the natural
language processing and text analysis.[1]
1.1 Example
Consider the statements:
a) “Sinzu saw Strawberry”.
Which expresses a sentiment of Sinzu towards strawberry,
but it does it doesn’t indicate anything about it. We cant say
about the sentiment of this statement.
b) “Sinzu hates strawberry”.
but it does not mean it is false, because the sentiment is
negative. Likewise, not all objective sentences are false.
C) “Sinzu loves strawberry”.
but it does not mean it is true, because the sentiment is
positive. Likewise, not all objective sentences are true.
Sentiment analysis is theprocessofidentifyinganddetecting
the emotions of the subjective information using the natural
language processing and text analysis. From the point of
view of machine learning, this task is nothing else but
a supervised learning task.
1.2 Types of Questions Arise at the time of Sentiment
Analysis
 Is this product review positive or negative?
 Is this customer satisfied with my hotel service?
 On twitter, what will be reactions of people
regarding my posts?
Fig: Sentiment Analysis
1.3 Areas of Sentiments Analysis implications
 Extraction of Information.
 Question answering.
 Summarization
 Online shopping because most of the customers
purchase products based on the reviews and price.

1.4 Goals of Sentiment Analysis
Because of the complexity that occurs due to the problem i.e.
expressions, emotions that are used in text, Sentiment
Analysis includes several separatetasks.Thesearegenerally
combined toproducespecificinformationabouttheopinions
found in text. This section provides an overview of the
following tasks.
The first task is the opinion detection, that can be viewed as
classification of texts as objective. Usually opinion detection
depends on the examination of adjectives used in sentences.
For example, polarity of “this is amazing movie” can be
examined easily by looking to the adjective.[2]
2. Opinion Mining Approach
In Sentiment Analysis, Opinion Mining plays a crucial role in
suggestions. There are two ways to predict an opinion. They
are Direct opinion and Comparison.
Direct Opinion: This approach gives direct opinion based on
the query. As for example, ”I don’t like this book” – directly
gives negative opinion.
Comparison: This approach doesn’t give direct opinion
instead shows comparisons between similar objects. For
example, “I liked the last book more than this” – compares
the two books and specifies that the last book was better
than this book.[3]
Fig: Work Flow of Opinion Mining
Opinion Mining is generally referred as identifying,
extracting, and studying the subjectiveinformationprovided
by the statement using text analysis, Natural Language
Processing, etc. We can say that opinion feature extractionis
a sub-process of Opinion Mining.
The process in Opinion Mining is divided as follows:
Tokenization is the process used to splitupthesentenceinto
tokens by removing the delimiters like white spaces, comas,
etc. Stemming removes the excess phrases and reduce the
relevant tokens to the single type. Normalizationisa process
like punctuation that has English texts to be published in
both higher and lower case characters and which turns the
entire sentence into lowercase or uppercase.
2.1 Feature extraction phase consists of it feature types
1. It identifies its type of features used by opinion mining,
feature selection i.e. it is used to select good features of
opinion classification, then
2. Feature weighing mechanism i.e. weights each feature for
better recommendation and
3. Reduction mechanisms i.e. features of optimizing its
classification process.
2.2 Types of feature in opinion mining
1) Term frequency - The presence of a term in the document
carries a specific weight age.
2) Term co-occurrence - features which occurs repeatedly
like uni-gram, bi-gram or may be n-gram.
3) POS Information - Part of speech (POS) tagger is used to
partition POS tokens.
4) Opinion words - Opinion words are the words which
expresses positive i.e. good or negative i.e. bad feelings.
5) Negations - Negative words (not or not only) shift
sentiment orientation of the sentence.
6) Syntactic dependency - It is represented by a parsetree,it
contains the word dependency based features.
2.3 Structure of Opinion Mining
Opinion Mining is also called as sentiment analysis i.e. a
process of finding user’s emotions or opinion towards a
product or an article.Opinionminingconcludesthatwhether
the user’s intension is positive, negative or neutral about a
product, article, event, etc. Opinion aboutthetextinreviews,
comments, blogs, etc containssubjectiveinformationrelated
to the topic. Reviews classified as positive or negative
review. Opinion mining and summarisation process involve
three steps, first is Opinion Retrieval, Opinion Classification
and the last is Opinion Summarization.
2.4 Data Retrieval
This is the procedure of collecting the review text from the
review sites. Differentreviewwebsitesmaycontaindifferent
reviews for the products, movies, hotels, etc.
Technique such as Web Crawler can be employed for
collecting the review data from many sources and to store
them in a database. This step involves retrieval of reviews,
blogs and comments that are given by users.
2.5 Opinion Classification
The next primary step that is included in sentiment analysis
is a classification of review data. For a Given review
document M = {M1….. M1}, a predefined category set, K =

{positive, negative}, sentiment classification is to classify
each of the type in M, with a label expressed as in K. The
approach involves, classifying the review of text into two
types of form namely positive and negative.
2.6 Opinion Summarization
The last step is the Summarization of opinion is a most
important characterintheopinionminingprocess.Summary
of reviews of the data provided should be based on the
features or subtopics that are in the reviews. Many works
should be done on summarization of the product reviews.
The opinion summarization is the process which involves
the following approaches. Feature based summarizationisa
type of summarization that involves the finding of the
frequent terms i.e. the featuresthatareappearingasinmany
reviews. The summary is analysed by selecting those
sentences that contain particular featured information.
Characteristics present in review text can be analysed by
using the Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) method. Term
frequency is a count of the term occurrences in a particular
document. If a term has a higher frequency then it means
that this condition is more important for the summary
presentation. In many product reviews, certain product
features that come out frequently and is associated with
user’s opinions about it. It is the architecture of Opinion
Mining, that says how the input should be classified on
various steps to summarize its reviews.[3]
2.7 Basic Tools of Opinion mining
These are the tools which are used in determining the
emotions or expressions used by the users in the text in the
form of sentences or phrases.
2.7.1 Red Opal
This tool is used by the users to determine the properties or
features based reviews of the products. The ratings inwhich
we can see on the products in online shopping websites is
being calculated by this software on the basis of the reviews
provided by the users. And this ratings are provided on the
screen through the means of internet connectivity.
2.7.2 Review Seer Tool
This tool is used to do work related to the aggregation sites
which helps to collect the positive and negative sentiments
of the particular product based on its features. For this task
it uses the Naïve Bayes classifier approach. Then at last the
result is displayed as a simple understandable sentimental
sentence.
2.7.3 Opinion observer
This is a kind of opinion mining system which that is used to
analyze and compare the different opinions on cyber space
by using the contents generated by user. This system
illustrate the result in graph format clearly showing the
opinion of a product feature by its feature. It uses a Word
Net-Exploring method to give prior polarity.
2.7.4 Web Fountain
Base Noun Phrase (BNP) Beginning definite heuristic
approach is being used here for the extractionoftheproduct
features. Development of the simple web interface can also
be possible.
The second task is Polarity Classification and Arranging.
After the completion of first task our goal is to classify the
opinion as one of two opposite sentiment polarities i.e.
positive or negative opinion. Mostly, this researchisdone on
the product reviews.
The above mentioned task can be done on several levels like
Term, Phrase, Sentence, or at Document level. Here the
process is cyclic i.e. the output of one level can be given as
the input for other higher layers. As forinstance,theresultof
sentiment analysis of phrases may be supplied to evaluate
the sentences and then paragraphs and finally to the
documents. Different techniques are available for different
levels. Techniques using either n-gramclassifiersorlexicons
most probably work on term level whereas the Part-Of-
Speech tagging technique is used for the phrase and the
sentence analysis. Heuristics are frequently used for the
generalization of the sentiment to document level.
2.8 Techniques Used in Opinion Mining
The data mining algorithms may be classified into different
approaches as Supervised, Unsupervised and Semi-
supervised algorithms. Supervised algorithm approach
works with set of examples of known labels. Unsupervised
approach aims to obtain the similarity of attributes value in
the dataset without knowing the values of labels of the
example. And the Semi supervised approach is being used in
the examples when the dataset is a combination of both the
labelled and the unlabelled examples.
3. Algorithmic Approach
Major data mining techniques which are used to gather the
knowledge and information are: classification, clustering,
association rule mining, genetic algorithm, neural networks,
data visualization, fuzzy logic, decision tree and Bayesian
networks.
Some of them are explained as follows:
3.1 Classification
Classification is of the type of Supervised technique where
every instances belongs to specificandclassitisindicatedby
values of the class attribute or any other special goal
attribute. The categorised values are taken by a goal
attribute where each attribute belongs to a corresponding
class. These different parts which exist in each example are
the set of predictor-attribute values and the goal attribute
value.

In classification technique, mining function can be classified
as set of tasks such as training and test set. In training phase,
the model that is used for an effective classificationwouldbe
formed by the training set and in the testing phase, the
model would be evaluated on a test set. The main goal of
classification algorithm is that to improve a predictive
accuracy in training a model. A hybrid approach of Naive
Bayes with Genetic Optimization technique, used to
generalize the result as well as comparatively give better
result compared to Naive Bayes approach and Support
Vector Machine approach. The algorithms and other
approaches which are being discussed includes the
following:
 Naive Bayes Classifier Approach
 K-Nearest Neighbour
 Support Vector Machines
3.1.1 Naive Bayes Classifier Approach
First technology is the Naive Bayes classifier algorithm
which is based on Bayes classification theory. The technique
classifies text according to the particular featureoftext.This
value of particular feature is dependent on a probability of
class variables.
Naïve Bayes theorem prepares the system efficiently follow
the supervised learning strategy with respect to probability
reasoning. The Naive Bayes classifiers,haveworked,tosolve
many of the complex real world conditions. An important
and effective benefits of the algorithm is require a small
amount of the training data to evaluate parameters like
means, variances for text classification. For predicting the
future events Bayesian Reasoning is used to appliedtomake
the decision and the inferential statistics which will deals
with the probability of inference rule. Probability Rule,
according to the Naive Bayes theorem,whichareasfollows –
P(h/D)= {P(D/h) P(h)}
Where, P(D/h) - Probability of D under given h
3.1.2 K-Nearest Neighbor
The K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm which is being widely
used-for classification, regression and also for non-
parametric method. In N-Dimensional space, each attribute
is pointing to trains sample with N-dimensional numeric
attributes. When the unknown sample is being given to the
K-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm, it search for pattern of
space for the K-training samples that are very closer to an
unknown samples. The Euclidean distance which determine
the property of “closeness” measure. When the KNN
approach is applied to value, should be appropriate and
effectiveness of the approach mostly depends upon the
value.
3.1.2.1 Advantages of K-NN Algorithm
It is Robust even in case of large dataset used with noisy
training data.
Building of model is easy, efficient and inexpensive.
It can be widely used for Multi-Class Model Classes and for
objects used with Multiple-Class labels.
3.1.2.2 Application of KNN Algorithm
In the areas of agriculture, banking for loan management,
climate forecasting, medical, news, and for user training
purpose
3.1.3 Support Vector Machines
SVM was introduced by-Guyon, Boser and Vapnik, widely
used for classification, pattern recognition and regression.
SVM has the capability to classify the dimensions or the size
of input space. SVM acquires major advantages because of
High Generalization Performancewithpriorknowledge.The
Goal of SVM is find the best classification-function, even it
aims to differentiate between the members of two classes in
training the data. SVM needs to classify given patterns
correctly which can maximize the efficiency of SVM
Algorithm. SVM use the Vector Space Model (VSM) to
separate samples into different classes, viz. done by the
learning process of Support Vector Machine. The 3 types of
learning process i.e. used in SVM - Supervised,Unsupervised
and Semi-Supervised Learning.
3.1.3.1 Advantages of SVM algorithm
It provides greater benefits of text classification when high-
dimensional spaces are used.
More prediction accuracy and Better interpretation of the
inheritance of data.
It has good ability in learning without depending on
dimensions of feature space.
3.1.3.2 Application of SVM algorithm
Used in many problems like Text categorization, as for
example in web searching, email filtering, etc.
SVM is used in detecting the breast cancer.
Used in testing and validating the bacterial image.
3.2 Clustering
The clustering is an unsupervised technique that i.e. used to
perform natural grouping of the instances. Clustering is a
method of dividing data into different groups that too with
the similar objects. In clustering each and every group of
similar object or data in any respect is called cluster, which
differs from the objects of other clusters. Clustering

Algorithm are used for the data compression. The few
algorithms of clustering are as follows:
 K-Means Clustering Algorithm
 Self Organized Map(SOM) Algorithm
3.2.1 K-Means Clustering Algorithm
K-Means Clustering Algorithmisthemostpopularclustering
i.e. widely used in most of applications and falls under the
Partitioning Algorithms which aims in constructing various
patterns and it evaluates them by using few applicable
criteria. With a given collection of data, differentclusters are
formed having an unique characteristics. When the number
of n objects was to be group into K clusters, k cluster centre
has to be initialized.
3.2.1.1 Advantages of K-means clustering algorithm
K-Means Algorithm provides an appropriate result, when
handling with the large data set viz. distinct as well as well
separated.
It is used moreover in various no. of applications i.e. image
processing, unsupervised neural networks processing,
pattern recognition, etc.
3.2.1.2 Applications of K-means clustering algorithm
It is used in Acoustic Data to understand the speech by
converting waveformsintothespecific category,ML and also
in data mining.
Used in segmentation of Colour-based image.
3.2.2 Self organized Map (SOM) algorithm
Self organized Map is one of the type of Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) i.e. Unsupervised learning methodology viz.
introduced by professor Kohonen so that it is also known as
Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Map. It is mostly used in Vector
Quantization and is used to detect features that mayinherits
to the problem and thus known as Self-Organizing Feature
Map. The SOM consists of several components known as
neurons or nodes. This each node will be assigned a specific
weight in output space which reflects the cluster content.
3.2.2.1 Advantages of SOM algorithm
Since SOM using the Unsupervised Learning Method, it
doesn’t need any human interference except the input data.
Used in Vector Quantization and can be applied for
comparing the variety of maps with different sizes.
3.2.2.2 Applications of SOM algorithm
SOM is used in Speech recognition, representation for the
spectra of different speech samples and in voice analyse
applications.
SOM is used to identify the sleep ECG by using cluster of
decisive data and to monitor ECG signal with 2-D display
effect for the trajectory.
3.3 Genetic Algorithm
Genetic Algorithm is an optimized technique which is
derived from the Darwin’s Principle. It gives an Adaptive
Procedure for the survival of first Natural Genetics. GA-
maintains the number of potential solutions of candidate
problem which can be termed as individuals, by the
manipulation of these individuals with the help of genetic
operators like Crossover, mutation, Selection.
4. CONCLUSIONS
To get the solution of any type of problem the main hectic
work is dataset which becomes the key factor. Once the
dataset is selected then based on it any kind of mining
algorithm can be explored. Then the further issue is of
selecting the approach i.e. on the base of dataset and an
application we can select Supervised, Unsupervised
Approach or the combination of duo i.e. classification and
clustering algorithm for accurate result.
In this paper, there is a discussion of few algorithms which
are widely used to extract emotions i.e.Sentimental Analysis
such as Naive BayesClassifier,KNN,SupportVectorMachine,
K-means clustering and Artificial Neural Network.
References
1) https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorial
s/simplifying-sentiment-analysis-python
2) Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2839
54600_Sentiment_Analysis_An_Overview_from_Li
nguistics
3) dfad8c1bf88b0afc716758c77d533ded7dd0.pdf
4) V4I10-0386.pdf
5) V6I2-0128.pdf
BIOGRAPHY
Meet Photographer is pursuing his B.
Tech degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Malla Reddy
Engineering College (Autonomous),
Hyderabad, India. His current interests
include Natural Language Processing.

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