IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated in M-Sand Industry

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7923
STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE AND WEAK SUBGRADE BY USING
WASTE GENERATED IN M-SAND INDUSTRY
Palanikumar M1, Gouri Sankar 2
1Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
2Former PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Scarcity of land is the major problem confronted
by today’s world due to rapid urbanization. Due to
industrialization the waste materials are piling up in the
industry, confronting a large problem for its administration.
The industrial waste materials can be incorporated into
construction; thereby material saving as well as
environmental protection can be achieved leading to
accomplishment of sustainability. In this study, “Fine Quarry
Dust” (FQD), a waste material from M sand industryisusedfor
the stabilization of expansive black cotton subgrade soil. With
the addition of this waste material it is found that, the
properties of subgrade soil get changed. Liquid limit, plastic
limit and plasticity index are found to be decreased. When
50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade, soil changes
from CH to CL, hence optimum is taken as 50%. When the
subgrade is replaced with 50% of waste material, the
maximum dry density and soaked CBR are found to be
increased. The value of CBR is increased by 136%. With the
addition of fine quarry dust, there is a saving of 22% of cost of
pavement. The present study suggests that satisfactoryresults
can be achieved when the soil is replaced with 50% Fine
quarry dust.
Key Words: Subgrade stabilization,Expansivesoil,Cost
analysis, Fine quarry dust, Black cotton soil
1. INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, there are different modesoftransportation
like highways, airways, seaways, railways and new
technologies like Hyperloop are developing in India. Out of
thesetransportationmodes, peoplecommonlyusehighways.
Highways are selected because they are economical while
comparing with other transportation modes. Indian road
network consists of 33 lakh km and it is second largestinthe
world. A huge amount of investment is made for the
construction of pavements. Due to rapid urbanization, the
infrastructure facilitieslikenewpavementsand railwaylines
need to be constructed; hence there is a need for subgrade
stabilization. The service life of pavement mainly depends
upon the stability of subgrade along with other factors [1, 2,
3]. A problematic subgrade is the main cause for worry
during the construction of pavements all overtheworld.The
usual approach to overcome thisproblemisby replacingthis
problematic soil with strong soils. Replacement of soil with
new and strong soil takes a longer time and it is not
economical [4]. Due to the non-availability of the land,
construction activities are forced to be carried out on the
weak and problematic soil. The bottom most layer in a
pavement is the subgrade, which is the mostimportantlayer
in the design of flexible pavements. The flexible pavements
are designed based on the CBR value of subgrade and traffic
intensity in msa, in which CBR of the subgrade is an
important parameter [5].
Due to industrialization, a huge number of industries are
established throughout the world and at the same time
disposal of industrial waste material produced becomes a
big problem. Some of the non-biodegradable wastes cause
environmental pollution. In recent years, different types of
industrial wastes have been used for the stabilization of
subgrade of the pavements. Industrial wastes such as rice
husk ash [6], calcium carbide residue [7], Ligin based
renewable energy coproduct [8], coir waste [9], pumice
stone [4, 10], etc. have already been used in the stabilization
of subgrade.
Presently, due to the non-availability of river sand, Msand is
mainly used in the constructionindustry.Msandisproduced
by crushing aggregates such as granite stones. There are a
lot of M sand industries in India. An M sand industry
produces 300 m3 of M sand daily. A waste material in the
form of dust is produced during the production of M sand
and is named as “Fine Quarry Dust” (FQD). It is estimated
that 60 m3 of FQD is produced daily in the M sand industry.
FQD has large proportion of silt and hence cannot be usedas
a construction material either in concrete or mortar. Since a
huge quantity is produced daily, the industry is facing a
serious disposal problem.
If the subgrade soil is expansive in nature, a bufferlayer with
thickness ranging from 0.6-1.0 m should be provided and if
CBR is less than 2%, a capping layer of thickness 150 mm
with CBR not less than 10%, should be provided, which
increases the cost of construction [5]. In the present study,
the industrial waste FQD is used for the stabilizationofblack
cotton soil as subgrade.
The black cotton soil is collected from Peelamedu,
Coimbatore, India. Based on the results of classificationtests
and CBR test, the soil is found to be not only expansive but
also weak. Fine quarry dust is the waste material obtained
from M sand industry. The sample is collected from an M
sand industry in Theni, India. Fig. 1 shows the photograph of
Fine quarry dust sample collected.

Fig -1: Fine Quarry Dust sample
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The virgin black cotton soil and FQD as well as the various
mixes of these two are subjected to classification tests,
differential free swell test,lightcompactiontestandCBRtest.
The results are presented in this section.
2.1 Classification tests on virgin soil and Fine
Quarry Dust
The properties of the virgin soil and the waste material
are shown in Table 1.
Table -1: Properties of Virgin soil and FQD
Property Virgin Soil FQD
Colour Black Grey
Fraction finer
than 75
microns
87% 66%
Liquid Limit 59%
Non-PlasticPlastic Limit 29%
Plasticity Index 30% 0%
Classification
CH
(Clay with High
Compressibility)
ML
(Silt with Low
Compressibility)
Based on Indian Standard Soil Classification System, IS
1498 [11], the soil is classified as CH (Clay with High
compressibility) and the waste material is classified as ML
(Silt with Low compressibility).
2.2 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Differential Free
Swell tests
The value of Liquid limit of a soil is a good indication ofits
expansive nature. ExperimentisconductedbasedonIS:2720
(Part 5) [12]. The value of liquid limit of the soil taken for the
present study is 59%, indicating that the soil is highly
expansive. FQD is mixed with the soil in various proportions,
i.e., 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 (FQD : Virgin soil). At
50:50 mix proportion, liquid limit of the mix is reduced to
34%. With this reduced liquid limit, the soil changes from CH
to CL indicating that the soil has become less expansive with
the replacement of soil by 50% of FQD. Chart 1 shows the
variation of liquid limit of the black cotton soil mixed with
various proportions of FQD.
Chart -1: Variation of liquid limit
Table 2 shows the other properties of the virgin soil and
the soil mixed with the waste material in the mix proportion
50:50.
Table -2: The other properties of Virgin soil and 50:50
FQD
Property Virgin Soil
Soil mixed with FQD in
the proportion 50:50
Plastic limit 29% 20%
Plasticity
Index
30% 14%
Differential
Free Swell
72% 27%
Differential free swell testisconductedbasedonIS:2720-
(Part XL) [13]. With the addition of wastematerial,itisfound
that there is a 62.5 % reduction in the swelling of the black
cotton soil.
2.3 Results of Light Compaction test
Chart 2 shows the changes in the Optimum Moisture
Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of virgin
soil and the soil mixed with waste material in the proportion
50:50. Experiment is conducted based on IS: 2720 (Part 7)
[14]. It is found that the OMC reduces with the addition of
FQD and MDD increases with the addition of the waste
material. OMC reduces by 16.66% and MDD increases by
10.13%. With the addition of FQD, the specific surface area

reduces, hence the water requirement reduces, thereby the
OMC decreases. With the addition of FQD, the distribution of
particle sizes improves and hence MDD increases.
Chart -2: Results of Light Compaction Test
2.4 Results of CBR test
The soaked CBR test is performed on both the virgin soil
sample and the mix containing 50% of soil and 50% of FQD
based on IS: 2720 (Part 16) [15]. Chart 3 shows the results of
CBR tests. With the addition of FQD, the CBR value increases.
There is an increase of 136% for soil mixed with 50% of FQD
compared to virgin black cotton soil.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soil
Soil with
FQD(50:50)
Soil
CBR2.5 = 0.9 %
CBR5 = 0.8%
DesignCBR = 1 %
Soil mixedwith
FQD (50:50)
CBR2.5 = 2.1 %
CBR5 = 1.7 %
DesignCBR = 2%
Chart -3: Results of CBR Test
3. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
The design of Pavement is based on IRC: 37 - 2001 [5]. The
design is mainly based on the CBR value of subgrade and
traffic intensity in msa. As per IRC, for a subgrade of
expansive nature and having CBR value less than 2%, the
design should be based on 2% and an additional bufferlayer
with thickness ranging from 0.6 to 1 m should be provided.
In the present study, for the virgin soil, CBR is less than 2%
and the soil is expansive in nature, hence additional buffer
layer is provided having CBR not less than10%. Due to the
addition of Fine Quarry Dust, the CBR value increases and
the expansive nature of soil reduces, hence the buffer layer
can be avoided. The pavement is designed, considering
traffic intensity as 2 msa on virgin soil as shown in Fig. 3 and
stabilized subgrade as shown in Fig. 4
.
Fig -2: Pavement designed on virgin soil
Fig -3: Pavement designed on stabilized soil
4. COST ANALYSIS
Cost analysis is carried out forboththepavement structures.
The rates are collected from the Highway Department,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Table 3andTable4showthe
quantity and cost estimation of each layer of the pavement

and the cost of pavement per unit area is calculated. From
the cost analysis, it is found that there is a 22 % reduction in
cost of the pavement.
Table -3: Estimation of Quantity and Cost for the
pavement designed on virgin soil
Pavement
component
Quantity Unit
Rate per
unit (Rs)
Amount
(Rs)
Buffer Layer 0.600 m3 550 330
Sub base 0.440 m3 1080 475.20
Base 0.225 m3 1350 303.75
Bituminous
Macadam
0.05 m3 6700 335
Premix
Carpet
1 m2 55 55
Total Cost (Rs/m2) 1498.95
Table -4: Estimation of Quantity and Cost for the
pavement designed on virgin soil
Pavement
component
Quantity Unit
Rate per
unit (Rs)
Amount
(Rs)
Sub base 0.440 m3 1080 475.20
Base 0.225 m3 1350 303.75
Bituminous
Macadam
0.05 m3 6700 335
Premix
Carpet
1 m2 55 55
Total Cost (Rs/m2) 1168.95
5. CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, the suitabilityofusingFineQuarryDust
(FQD) as a stabilizer for improving the characteristics of
black cotton soil as subgrade is analyzed.Basedonthestudy,
the following conclusions can be made.
● By the addition of FQD to expansive soil like black
cotton soil, mechanical stabilization mainly takes
place.
● There are no chemical products formed during the
stabilization as the stabilization mainly takes place
due to the variation in the particle size.
● With the addition of FQD to the black cotton soil the
liquid limit reduces and at 50% of replacement of
the soil with waste material, the soil changes from
CH to CL, hence optimum value is taken as 50%.
● With the addition of waste material, plastic limit
and plasticity index are also found to decrease.
● Based on Indian StandardSoilClassificationSystem,
at 50:50 mix proportion, the soil is found to be CL,
hence the swelling andthecompressibility behavior
of soil reduces.
● For the 50:50 mix proportion, Differential Free
Swell reduces by 62.5% as compared to virgin soil.
● With the addition of waste material the optimum
moisturecontentreducesandmaximumdrydensity
increases.
● When the soil is mixed with 50% of FQD, the CBR is
found to increase by136%comparedtovirgin black
cotton soil.
● Since the expansive nature of the soil reduces, the
buffer layer can be avoided from the pavement.
● By using FQD as a stabilizer for expansivesubgrade,
there is a 22% saving in the cost of pavement.
Thus it can be concluded that, fine quarry dust can be used
for the stabilization of expansive subgrade soil, which is not
only economical but also environmental friendly.
REFERENCES
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[11] IS: 1498 – 1970, “Classification and Identification of
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[15] IS: 2720 (Part 16)-1987, “Methods of test for soils: Part
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Standards, 1987

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