Is AI More Artificial Than Intelligent? Is Wikipedia Better Than AI Chatbots ChatGPT & Google Bard?
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This document discusses the nature and implications of artificial intelligence (AI), questioning its intelligence and potential to replace various jobs. It critiques AI's limitations, such as its lack of comprehension, and highlights its risks including biases in facial recognition and the dangers of relying on AI for critical decision-making. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding AI's capabilities and limitations while calling for proper use in research and education.
Is AI More Artificial Than Intelligent? Is Wikipedia Better Than AI Chatbots ChatGPT & Google Bard?
- 2. Is Artificial Intelligence more artificial than intelligent? What does the term artificial intelligence really mean? Will Artificial Intelligence replace drivers, programmers, and attorneys in future years? How can high school teachers and college professors tell if AI applications such as SnapGPT or Google’s Bard have written a student’s essay? What are the proper uses of AI and Wikipedia in research? Which is more useful? For companies adopting AI: Should profitability trump customer service? Will it ever be possible to prevent AI robots with zero comprehension from saying stupid, insensitive, or grossly inaccurate stuff? How can an AI engine dependably detect garbage in its input?
- 3. Please, we welcome interesting questions in the comments. Let us learn and reflect together! At the end of our talk, we will discuss the sources used for this video. Our blog contains internet and book links and footnotes. Our PowerPoint script uploaded to SlideShare contain the illustrations and internet and book links.
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- 5. To find the source of any direct quotes in this blog, please type in the phrase to the search box in my blog to see the referenced footnote. YouTube Description has links for: • Script PDF file • Blog • Amazon Bookstore © Copyright 2023 Blog and YouTube Description include links for Amazon books and lectures mentioned, please support our channel with these affiliate commissions. Link to blog: https://wp.me/pachSU-TQ
- 6. SlideShare contains scripts for my YouTube videos. Link is in the YouTube description. © Copyright 2021
- 7. The author of a recent Atlantic article who is not a programmer, but who has all these impressive journalistic credentials, claims that computers have learned how to write code, with a subhead: “In the age of AI, computer science is no longer the safe major.” As a programmer, I know this is totally ludicrous, and the AI programming tools are just that: tools. What is clearly happening is now that AI is the buzzword, every web-based program is claiming that their latest product implements AI, because it is the latest sexy thing.
- 9. What is artificial intelligence? The original definition by Alan Turing is that a program is deemed artificially intelligent if the user conversing by keyboard is convinced that a live human being is responding. But keep in mind that artificially intelligent computer programs have zero comprehension. Although they can do quite well on intelligence tests, answering questions instantaneously, they are incapable of original thought. However, computers excel at pattern matching, and the latest AI programs can replicate text from existing text samples. The program does not comprehend the meaning of these text samples, which means it has trouble evaluating their credibility. Thus, the generated output is often what programmers call GIGO: garbage-in, garbage-out.
- 10. The Turing Bombe machine that read German enigma encrypted messages could be seen as an early AI application.
- 11. Admittedly, there are both impressive and problematic artificially intelligent applications. Highly accurate grammar checkers have been available for decades, though the current application Grammarly is not one-hundred percent accurate, I find it highly useful and accurate enough. Even when a grammar checker flags a phrase that is technically correct, I find that often I can reword the entire sentence to increase its clarity. Even more impressive are the programs that translate from one language to another, they perform nearly flawlessly with most ordinary sentences. Less impressive are the dictation programs. When I broke my finger and was forced to try the Microsoft Word dictation programs, I was less impressed. The program especially bungles ancient Greek and Roman names, hearing ordinary words instead. Recording your dictation and having a computer program translate the audio file is much more accurate, as can be seen by the generated transcripts for YouTube videos.
- 14. Then there are the problematic artificial intelligence applications, such as fully automated robotic automobiles that have no empathy for people they run over when they encounter unusual situations, or totally normal situations that for some odd reason the robot thinks are abnormal. Dr Wikipedia has a good discussion of the problems surrounding driverless cars, pointing out there are industry-defined levels of automation. And facial- recognition software, which we will discuss later.
- 17. Why AI Cannot Write Computer Programs Recently, a non-programmer award-winning journalist opines: “ChatGPT and other chatbots can do more than compose full essays in an instant; they can also write lines of code in any number of programming languages. You can’t just type: ‘Make me a video game into ChatGPT,’ and get something that’s playable on the other end, but many programmers have now developed rudimentary smartphone apps coded by AI. In the ultimate irony, software engineers helped create AI, and now they are the American workers who think it will have the biggest impact on their livelihoods, according to a new survey from Pew Research Center. So much for learning to code.”
- 18. The reality is that computers have been generating code snippets for decades. In fact, Microsoft had to generate code for base Windows applications to wean programmers from the far-easier- to-code non-graphic DOS applications. Not only, for decades, have their programming environments like Visual Basic, and now many other languages, generated hundreds of lines of code for whatever type of shell application you like, but also when you start writing your program, an intelligent code generation program, Intellisense, suggests what programming objects are available when you type the separating dot, but you need to know enough what they mean so you know what to pick.
- 21. Our author continues: “Coders are now using AI” “to accelerate the more routine parts of their job, such as debugging lines of code. In one study, software developers with access to GitHub’s Copilot chatbot were able to finish a coding task 56 percent faster than those who did it solo. In ten years, or maybe five, coding bots may be able to do so much more.”
- 22. What was the coding task optimized in the study mentioned in this article? Microsoft ran a test, some participants were allowed to use a chatbot-like tool, Copilot, specialized for computer programs, to assist them in writing their code, and other participants wrote the application as they normally would.
- 25. This was the task: “Participants were instructed to write an HTTP server in JavaScript,” there were likely many examples of this generic code in the GitHub repository, which users voluntarily contributed to. Copilot works best for users coding in Python, JavaScript, TypeScript, Ruby, and Go. Other types of more unusual programs may have far fewer examples to draw from, so the gain would be far less.
- 26. This is not my specialty, so I found a Reddit discussion: “GitHub Copilot - what's your experience been like? Worth it?” Some programmers liked it, others did not, but nobody thought that it was magic. Evidently, this tool works like Intellisense, except that it draws suggestions from an unfiltered codebase that may be flawed or just plain wrong, and you need to be a talented programmer to know the difference. Before this tool was available, programmers could ask for help from Dr Google or Reddit or Stack Overflow, often someone has written similar code that you can copy or follow to begin your project.
- 28. Once you write the original version of the code, you are only five percent there. And no, in most applications, AI programs cannot help you debug your code. Quite often, even for comparatively simple programs, you have run the code dozens and dozens and dozens of times to find all the logical errors in your code. If you write code in a proprietary language, forget AI, people will not be as ready to share their code, which means the AI engine will have nothing to draw from. Not to mention that accounting programs and many other programs read data from a myriad of different databases assembled in a maze of relationships with field names that are unique to the business, and the SQL, XML, and/or JSON commands to query this data are yet more computer languages. Artificial intelligence is not magic, no computer program will ever be able to write code addressing the varied circumstances you encounter in the real world.
- 29. Barcelona Supercomputing Center 2017
- 30. Millennium Falcon Panorama: Smugglers Run, DisneyWorld, Orlando, FL
- 31. Human Naivety Makes AI Dangerous
- 32. Another Atlantic article written by a real programmer discusses the real dangers of artificial intelligence with a task that it is well-suited for: facial recognition. But it is not perfect, facial recognition works well with white faces, but with less accuracy with black or brown faces, due to the lack of contrasts. The real nightmare of artificial intelligence is when corporate and government bureaucrats rely on artificial intelligence, even when the computer’s total lack of intelligence is abundantly obvious.
- 34. The author observes: “A program doesn’t always work as expected in the wild. In recent years, I’ve read with awe reports of AI systems revealing themselves to be not mythical, sentient, and unstoppable, but grounded, fragile, and fickle. A pregnant Black woman, Porcha Woodruff, was arrested after a false facial recognition match.” “Maria” from “Metropolis” movie: Statue in Babelsberg, Germany
- 35. She continues, “Brian Russell spent years clearing his name from an algorithm’s false accusation of unemployment fraud. Tammy Dobbs, an elderly woman with cerebral palsy, lost 24 hours of home care each week because of algorithmic troubles. Davone Jackson reported that he was locked out of the low-income housing his family needed to escape homelessness because of a false flag from an automated tenant-screening tool.” And heaven forbid if you have a name like Jim Smith, you will have lots of false positives.
- 36. What is also true is that many of the government systems that determine eligibility for government programs such as welfare and unemployment benefits often use programmed checklists that deny benefits for the wrong answers. What is missing is often there are exceptions for these questions, or the courts may not have decided on unique circumstances, so that YES-NO answers are really not possible. These problems are basically caused by stupid humans who do not recognize that computer programs have zero comprehension, and naively assume they cannot make mistakes, and refuse to listen to sensible complaints. Again, this is GIGO, if the data input is garbage, the results regurgitated will also be garbage.
- 38. Problem of Deep Fakes & Facial Recognition
- 39. Another danger is the deep-fake problem, altering photographs to show people in places where they have never been, and saying slanders they never said, which could lead to many dirty tricks in a political campaign. Also, face recognition algorithms are dangerous because of their false positives. China has been using facial recognition technology to monitor and control its population using a wide array of public facing cameras. They call it Skynet! Among its many millions of faces in China there may be hundreds or even thousands of false positives. Imagine being thrown in jail or tortured because a machine mistook you for someone else!
- 40. There was a recent movie that featured drones that searched for victims using facial recognition technology. Worse, the technology probably exists today for a drone to detect whether a face exists and target the person behind the face. What if Hamas had gotten their hands on drones like that? How much more horrifying would their slaughter near Gaza have been!
- 42. The author concludes: “The truth is, ‘Artificial Intelligence’ does not exist. The technology may be real, but the term itself is air. More specifically, it’s the heated breath of anyone with a seat across from the people with the authority to set the rules. AI can be the enthused pitch of a marketing executive. Or it can be the exhausted sigh of someone tired and perhaps confused about how minute engineering decisions could upend their entire life.”
- 43. I agree with all of this author’s arguments, and I agree that AI technology is real. But the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ is a phrase like any other, we simply need to define it. Probably the most practical definition is also quite vague, AI is simply the sum of the most impressive recent programming achievements in pattern recognition and pattern replication. A more accurate definition may be that everything that a computer program achieves is artificially intelligent, that is why programmers create computer programs!
- 44. This photo reminds me of my visit to a satellite tracking station when I was a young boy scout. They had a TV on, and they: Watch, You Will Be Amazed. They rewound some huge reels, and then they played it back, it was that same TV program being replayed!!!
- 45. Another Atlantic article discusses how huge industrial robots in factories have occasionally killed workers in industrial accidents, and it also discusses the problems Tesla has been trying to overcome in its experimental driverless cars, with hyperlinks for many of these examples:
- 46. Robotic assembly line in a Tesla manufacturing facility. Historically, the first tasks automated in auto manufacturing were the tasks that humans should not be performing, for health reasons, primarily painting, especially painting the interior of the vehicle.
- 47. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/09/robot-safety-standards-regulation-human-fatalities/675231/ Another Atlantic article states that “since the first-known death resulting from the feature in January 2016, Tesla’s Autopilot has been implicated in more than forty deaths according to official report estimates.”
- 48. The Atlantic article continues: “Malfunctioning Teslas on Autopilot have deviated from their advertised capabilities by misreading road markings, suddenly veering into other cars or trees, crashing into well-marked service vehicles, or ignoring red lights, stop signs, and crosswalks. We’re concerned that AI- controlled robots already are moving beyond accidental killing in the name of efficiency and ‘deciding’ to kill someone in order to achieve opaque and remotely controlled objectives.”
- 49. Is the author suggesting that Elon Musk has been ignoring the First Law of Robotics suggested by Isaac Asimov, that robots should never injure or kill humans?
- 51. Can AI Be Useful for Research?
- 52. Personally, I view the Dr Google search engine as a type of artificial intelligence, although it is no longer considered cutting edge or sexy, as it has been around for many years. There is an alternate shell, Google Scholar, that returns many of the same results for scholarly topics, but also reveals the number of citations it finds for referenced articles. Atlantic published another article by a high school teacher bemoaning how the chatbots generated text that was indistinguishable from an essay by a lazy high school student who throws something together at the last moment from Cliff notes. What is the answer? Perhaps at a minimum, a teacher should request that their students write a summary of their essays after they turn them in. Also, teachers should insist on proper footnotes, something that the current generation of chatbots omit.
- 54. As a test, and we have included the detailed results of this test in a separate blog, we asked the November 2023 version of ChatGPT 3.5 and Google Bard several questions of increasing difficulty. We asked for essays on: • Summary and detailed accounts of the Peloponnesian Wars. • The three, perhaps four, Platonic dialogues on love. • Possible Genetic and Epigenetic Causes for Dementia We asked these questions first without any qualifiers, then requested essays WITH COMMENTARY, WITH SOURCES, and WITH FOOTNOTES.
- 55. To find the source of any direct quotes in this blog, please type in the phrase to the search box in my blog to see the referenced footnote. YouTube Description has links for: • Script PDF file • Blog • Amazon Bookstore © Copyright 2023 Blog and YouTube Description include links for Amazon books and lectures mentioned, please support our channel with these affiliate commissions. Link to blog for TEST: https://wp.me/pachSU-TN
- 59. What is my background? Those who graduate from college with a computer science degree are often over-enthusiastic about the magic of technology. Although I have been interested in personal computers since near the beginning of the personal computer era, buying a luggable blue Kaypro. I spent the first twenty years of my career as an accountant as an early implementer of computers, followed by another twenty years as a programmer of accounting systems, and my career for the next twenty years will be spent in freelance journalism. So, although I am an enthusiast of technology, this enthusiasm is tempered by practical experience and a more conservative outlook.
- 61. Summary: Testing ChatGPT v Google Bard Gandalf, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
- 62. In my testing, ChatGPT did not distinguish between the qualifiers WITH SOURCES, and WITH FOOTNOTES, but we were pleased that Google Bard provided more complete citations, complete with publisher, publication date, and translator name when we requested an essay WITH FOOTNOTES. As far as the quality of the essays, both ChatGPT and Google Bard generated generally boring essays that resembled what you could expect from a procrastinating lazy high school student. We did not spot any obvious errors in the first two simple topics, although some of the responses were terse and vague. The quality and content of the Google Bard essays were somewhat better. Surprisingly, the summary and detailed essays were not that different.
- 63. As can be expected, these chatbots performed best on simple essays that might be assigned to high school students. But on the difficult question regarding Dementia and Genetics and Epigenetics, both Chatbots choked. What was odd about both of them was that when I requested WITH SOURCES/FOOTNOTES, both of the answers dramatically changed! But interestingly, ChatGPT returned more interesting sources on the more challenging topic. So, in the future, these chatbots may be about even in capabilities. But I don’t know enough about the topic yet to judge whether there were errors in the dementia essays. To summarize, both ChatGPT and Google Bard performed best on simpler essays where they may be outclassed by the articles in Wikipedia. But for the more specialized topics, they fared much worse. But they can both be used to unearth more sources and to double-check the rough draft of your research. The accountant and scholar in me is not impressed, but the programmer in me is really impressed with this accomplishment. But I am skeptical about the usefulness of the end
- 65. If I were a high school student, would I use ChatGPT or Bard after I wrote the first draft of my essay? Certainly, many unimaginative teachers expect the rote responses that might come out of a chatbot essay, so I could add them in to make the essay more boringly acceptable. Personally, I would just use the Google Bard chatbot with the WITH FOOTNOTES keywords to find additional sources to consult, and to double-check my conclusions, knowing that the chatbot answer may not be correct, as it is always subject to GIGO, or garbage-in, garbage-out. Was ChatGPT or Bard plagiarizing its answers? Since they are basically recombining existing patterns, in a deep sense that is all they can do. But I did take some key sentences and ask Dr Google to find them, and he could not, so these chatbots do not copy, at least not in the spot checking I performed. But I am not sure that adding the phrases WITH SOURCES or WITH FOOTNOTES prompts the chatbots to truly reveal all their sources.
- 67. Recently (11/2023) a story popped up on the CNN YouTube channel titled: How Microsoft’s AI is messing up the news. The very stable geniuses at Microsoft decided to fire the editors who selected the stories that would be featured on their www.msn.com website, replacing them with stupid AI algorithms. As a result, now there are now many fringe wacko news stories that clog up the front page, and they turned off the AI feature that was generating insensitive polling questions for disasters.
- 69. LinkedIn asked if I wanted to respond to this question: “How to add human advice? There are different ways to add human advice to robo-advisors, depending on your budget, resources, and target market,” followed by some managerial technobabble.
- 70. My response was: “The question is misstated. It should be reframed as: How do you add robo-advice to human advice? If you have small accounts, have a few dozen or more canned responses written by real human beings, and use artificially intelligent tools to make a guess as to which one applies best to the situation. And have humans monitor at least the first few months of requests and the robo-choices and refine the logic and add relevant answers. I would never allow the robot to coin advice on the fly, you just cannot predict what sort of garbage the robot will generate on occasion.”
- 71. AI Will Never Replace Attorneys & Others How could AI ever replace Perry Mason, and Della, his secretary?
- 72. On the YouTube channel, LegalEagle, an attorney tells us an absolutely hilarious story of an attorney who foolishly used ChatGPT to write a legal opinion. They were doubly foolish: they did not check the logic of the generated legal opinion. Generic chatbots do not have a comprehensive database of legal cases to draw from, so the robot literally manufactured the case law, providing fake case citations! The judge was not pleased, quite likely the lawyers were heavily fined, on top of their profound embarrassment. If legal publication houses like CCH and Prentice Hall ever offer a product that has a unique implementation using a chatbot engine, you may wish to experiment with it and evaluate it, but ALWAYS remember, these are only pattern matching and pattern replication programs! Also, Google Scholar has an option to provide case law citations for federal court and also state courts, I do not know if they support all states. This is a far safer artificial intelligence tool to use since it is not a black box that does not reveal its sources.
- 74. Neither Will AI Replace Hamburger Flippers
- 75. Another recent Atlantic article discusses the current impracticality of robots replacing minimum wage food preparers at fast food restaurants. This reminds me of articles on robots I read decades ago in Scientific American where robots were just not able to butter bread, a task that requires incredibly sensitive sensors to duplicate a task most adults can do with ease, though perhaps not very young children. That was thirty years ago, perhaps robots can butter bread now, though I am skeptical.
- 77. Will AI Terminators Take Over the World? A Foreign Affairs article on the use of artificial intelligence in national security applications warns that the risks are profound. “Artificial Intelligence models could, for example, misidentify people or objects as targets, resulting in unintended death and destruction during conflict. Black box AI models, whose reasoning cannot be adequately understood or explained, might lead military planners to make hazardous decisions.”
- 78. But there is no need to fear, because “the Pentagon has also forbidden the use of AI in its nuclear command and control systems, and it has urged other nuclear powers to do the same.”
- 79. What this implies is that the fear of the Terminator movies that our internet-based computer systems will become self-aware, deciding to destroy mankind, is misplaced. Instead, a zero-comprehension artificially intelligent program could destroy us all without even realizing what it is doing!
- 81. Should there even be a nuclear button? Historically, there have been several false positives on both the Russian and American sides where the computer system threw up a false alarm that there was a massive nuclear attack underway, which the operators, fortunately, ignored, as otherwise we might not be reading this essay. Even today, there is likely a far more likely possibility of a false alarm than a massive incoming nuclear attack. Maybe we should just rely on our nuclear submarines to counterattack.
- 83. Peter Sellers as Group Captain Lionel Mandrake in Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film, Dr. Strangelove, sitting at the console of an IBM 7090 computer.
- 84. Which is Better, AI Chatbots, or Wikipedia?
- 85. IMHO, there is no contest, Dr Wikipedia and Dr Google together are far more accurate and far more useful than ChatGPT or Google Bard. Even if your teacher doesn’t want you to consult Dr Wikipedia, you can benefit from consulting with him on the sly. If you read my blogs, which have footnotes, you will discover I use Wikipedia often. I don’t like to use Wikipedia as a primary source, but on occasion, I will for unusual or quirky topics. How can you use Wikipedia? If you are a student, your teacher may be rabid about your ignoring Wikipedia. But even if that is true, you can still use Wikipedia to double-check facts you think you already know but want to double-check them. Often when I do this, I will include a footnote referencing the Wikipedia article, even for the most basic factoids.
- 87. Sometimes I use Wikipedia to find sources for use for my research. I did this for my videos on how Christians survived under the fascist regimes of Europe before and during World War II. Often Wikipedia itself will directly quote a source, you could copy the quote and the reference. Wikipedia can also tell you whether someone is culturally relevant. For example, in my historical Jesus video, there was a seminar where professors voted with color beads as to which biblical Jesus quotes were actually said by Jesus. The leading scholar did not have an entry in Wikipedia, which means he is mostly forgotten today.
- 91. Some controversial topics such as abortion and LGBTQ issues can have their Wikipedia pages dominated by activists, and relying on their Wikipedia pages can be problematic. Likewise, the AI chatbots may be digesting a lot of conspiracy theory or junk articles on controversial topics, contaminating their GIGO output. My doctor has confirmed that the Wikipedia articles on medical topics are surprisingly accurate, many of them evidently are updated by medical students or doctors. The quality of specialized technical articles put the chat bot essays to shame. This is likely true for any technical or scientific topic.
- 93. Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
- 94. What are some of the questions we should ask ourselves about artificial intelligence? Why would I want to cede the joy of learning to a stupid black box that regurgitates joyless essays? What would I learn if I did that? We should seek wisdom from knowledge to improve ourselves. How can we improve ourselves if we don’t do the work of educating ourselves? You should only use artificial intelligence to suggest other sources, or to double-check your finished essays, but you only perpetuate your ignorance if you permit a stupid robot to replace your thinking. When a business provides valuable services for its customers and clients, should the business fire employees to replace them with unthinking machines simply so it can be more profitable? Does profitability trump service? Does solely concentrating on profitability make the world a better place? Or do you want to stake the public perception of your firm on a stupid robot incapable of true comprehension?
- 95. Should governmental agencies, and corporations providing essential services, be required to have real live people, hopefully from the community rather than night shift workers from India, handling their customer service? YouTube pulls channels for just a few community strikes, and often they flag false positives often generated by bogus complaints by extremists. I know this from experience. Why not require YouTube and the other media companies to hire real live people you can reach by telephone to respond to these issues? Should profits trump civic responsibility? Should profits trump dedication to democracy?
- 97. In particular, should news aggregators like Microsoft and Facebook be required to hire real people for the important task of selecting news articles for dissemination to the public? How can stupid robots with zero comprehension ever do as good a job as a real, live, intelligent human being?
- 99. Do we really want fully automated self-driving cars negotiating heavy traffic? Pilots deactivate the automatic pilot setting for takeoff and landing, what makes cars, trucks, and buses so special? Why not have the AI system ring an alarm to allow a driver to take control in congested traffic, or when the computer senses unusual conditions or an incoming flood of sensory perceptions? Why not use AI sensors to detect if drivers fall asleep, so they wake them up?
- 102. My background is in both accounting and programming. In my experience, most programmers are unduly enthusiastic about automation, but there comes a point where further automation hurts rather than helps. As an example, one of the programs I wrote was automating the matching items, prices, and discounts of vendor invoices to purchase order inventory lines, including reading EDI electronic invoices. We were bought out by a large Fortune 500 company, and they were aghast that we did not automatically match these invoices, and automatically pay them. My response, speaking as an accountant rather than a programmer, was this: What is wrong with having a real live human being scan a matching invoice for fifty thousand dollars for five minutes before approving it? Androids like Data on Star Trek, or the android boy in Steven Spielberg’s movie, Artificial Intelligence, will never truly become intelligent, they can never be emotional, they can be neither depressed nor elated. They can only mimic intelligence and emotions through pattern matching and pattern replication.
- 105. There have been a spate of articles in the Atlantic magazine, as well as the Foreign Affairs magazine, on artificial intelligence, and I have always found these magazines to be balanced in their views.
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- 107. To find the source of any direct quotes in this blog, please type in the phrase to the search box in my blog to see the referenced footnote. YouTube Description has links for: • Script PDF file • Blog • Amazon Bookstore © Copyright 2023 Blog and YouTube Description include links for Amazon books and lectures mentioned, please support our channel with these affiliate commissions. Link to blog: https://wp.me/pachSU-TQ