isolation of essential oils.docx
- 1. PHARMACEUTICS ISOLATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS BY DISTILLATION AND THEIR USE IN AROMATHERAPY SUBMITTED BY: SYED AMEER HAMZA (L1F21PHMD0158) ASAD BILAL (L1F21PHMD0172) SAIF-ULLAH (L1F21PHMD0176) MUHAMMAD WALEED SARFRAZ (L1F21PHMD0177) ALEEM ASHIQ (L1F21PHMD0180) MUHAMMAD AHMAD (L1F21PHMD0182) SUMITTED TO: MA’AM SARAH AHMAD
- 2. UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB Isolation of essential oils by distillation and their use in aromatherapy: Essential oils: An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aethereal, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term "essential" used here does not mean indispensable or usable by the human body, as with the term’s essential amino acid or essential fatty acid, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by a living organism. (1) Sources of natural essential oil Essential oils are generally derived from one or more plant parts, such as flowers (e.g. rose, jasmine, carnation, clove, mimosa, rosemary, lavander), leaves (e.g., mint, Ocimum spp., lemongrass, jamrosa), leaves and stems (e.g., geranium, patchouli, petitgrain, verbena, cinnamon), bark (e.g., cinnamon, cassia, canella), wood (e.g., cedar, sandal, pine), roots (e.g. angelica, sassafras, vetiver, saussurea, valerian), seeds (e.g fennel, coriander, caraway, dill, nutmeg), fruits (bergamot, orange, lemon, juniper), rhizomes (e.g., ginger, calamus, curcuma, orris) and gums or oleoresin exudations (e.g., balsam of Peru, Myroxylon balsamum, storax, myrrh, benzoin). (2) Methods of Producing Essential Oils Regarding hydro distillation, the essential oils industry has developed terminology to distinguish three types: water distillation; water and steam distillation; and direct steam distillation. Destructive distillation is also used for essential oil isolation. (3) Distillation: Distillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components. (4) Hydro distillation In order to isolate essential oils by hydro distillation, the aromatic plant material is packed in a still and a sufficient quantity of water is added and brought to a boil; alternatively, live steam is injected into the plant charge. Due to the influence of hot water and steam, the essential oil is freed from the oil glands in the plant tissue. The vapor mixture of water and oil is condensed by indirect cooling with water. From the condenser, distillate flows into a separator, where oil separates automatically from the distillate water.
- 3. Mechanism of Distillation Hydro distillation of plant material involves the following main physicochemical processes: I) Hydro diffusion II) Hydrolysis III) Decomposition by heat Types of Hydro distillation Three are three types of hydro distillation for isolating essential oils from plant materials: 1. Water distillation 2. Water and steam distillation 3. Direct steam distillation Water Distillation In this method, the material is completely immersed in water, which is boiled by applying heat by direct fire, steam jacket, closed steam jacket, closed steam coil or open steam coil. The main characteristic of this process is that there is direct contact between boiling water and plant material. During water distillation, all parts of the plant charge must be kept in motion by boiling water; this is possible when the distillation material is charged loosely and remains loose in the boiling water. For this reason, only, water distillation possesses one distinct advantage, i.e. that it permits processing of finely powdered material or plant parts that, by contact with live steam, would otherwise form lumps through which the steam cannot penetrate. Other practical advantages of water distillation are that the stills are inexpensive, easy to construct and suitable for field operation. These are still widely used with portable equipment in many countries. The main disadvantage of water distillation is that complete extraction is not possible. Besides, certain esters are partly hydrolyzed and sensitive substances like aldehydes tend to polymerize. Water distillation requires a greater number of stills, more space and more fuel. It demands considerable experience and familiarity with the method. The high- boiling and somewhat water-soluble oil constituents cannot be completely vaporized or they require large quantities of steam. Thus, the process becomes uneconomical. For these reasons, water distillation is used only in cases in which the plant material by its very nature cannot be processed by water and steam distillation or by direct steam distillation. Water and Steam Distillation
- 4. In water and steam distillation, the steam can be generated either in a satellite boiler or within the still, although separated from the plant material. Like water distillation, water and steam distillation is widely used in rural areas. Moreover, it does not require a great deal more capital expenditure than water distillation. Also, the equipment used is generally similar to that used in water distillation, but the plant material is supported above the boiling water on a perforated grid. In fact, it is common that persons performing water distillation eventually progress to water and steam distillation. It follows that once rural distillers have produced a few batches of oil by water distillation, they realize that the quality of oil is not very good because of its still notes (subdued aroma). As a result, some modifications are made. Using the same still, a perforated grid or plate is fashioned so that the plant material is raised above the water. This reduces the capacity of the still but affords a better quality of oil. If the amount of water is not sufficient to allow the completion of distillation, a cohobation tube is attached and condensate water is added back to the still manually, thereby ensuring that the water, which is being used as the steam source, will never run out. It is also believed that this will, to some extent, control the loss of dissolved oxygenated constituents in the condensate water because the re-used condensate water will allow it to become saturated with dissolved constituents, after which more oil will dissolve in it. Direct Steam Distillation As the name suggests, direct steam distillation is the process of distilling plant material with steam generated outside the still in a satellite steam generator generally referred to as a boiler. As in water and steam distillation, the plant material is supported on a perforated grid above the steam inlet. A real advantage of satellite steam generation is that the amount of steam can be readily controlled. Because steam is generated in a satellite boiler, the plant material is heated no higher than 100° C and, consequently, it should not undergo thermal degradation. Steam distillation is the most widely accepted process for the production of essential oils on large scale. Throughout the flavor and fragrance supply business, it is a standard practice. An obvious drawback to steam distillation is the much higher capital expenditure needed to build such a facility. In some situations, such as the large-scale production of low-cost oils (e.g., rosemary,
- 5. Chinese cedarwood, lemongrass, litsea cubeba, spike lavender, eucalyptus, citronella, corn mint), the world market prices of the oils are barely high enough to justify their production by steam distillation without amortizing the capital expenditure required to build the facility over a period of 10 years or more. (5) AROMATHERAPY Aromatherapy is normally used through inhalation or as a topical application. Inhalation: the oils evaporate into the air using a diffuser container, spray, or oil droplets, or breathed in, for example, in a steam bath. Apart from providing a pleasant smell, aromatherapy oils can provide respiratory disinfection, decongestant, and psychological benefits. Inhaling essential oils stimulates the olfactory system, the part of the brain connected to smell, including the nose and the brain. Molecules that enter the nose or mouth pass to the lungs, and from there, to other parts of the body. As the molecules reach the brain, they affect limbic system, which is linked to the emotions, the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, memory, stress, and hormone balance. In this way, essential oils can have a subtle, yet holistic effect on the body. Topical applications: massage oils, and bath and skin care products are absorbed through the skin. Massaging the area where the oil is to be applied can boost circulation and increase absorption. Some argue that areas that are richer in sweat glands and hair follicles, such as the head or the palms of the hand, may absorb the oils more effectively. Essential oils are never applied directly to the skin. They must always be diluted with a carrier oil. Usually, a few drops of essential oil to an ounce of carrier oil is the concentration. Most common carrier oils are sweet almond oil or olive oil. To do an allergy test: Dilute the essential oil in a carrier oil at twice the concentration you plan to use Rub the mixture into an area the size of a quarter on the inside of the forearm If there is no allergic response within 24 to 48 hours, it should be safe to use. Some people report developing allergies to essential oils after using them many times before. If a new allergic response appears, the individual should stop using it immediately and avoid its smell. To achieve a 0.5 to 1 percent dilution, use 3 to 6 drops of essential oil per ounce of carrier. For a 5 percent dilution, add 30 drops to one ounce of carrier. A maximum concentration of 5 percent is generally considered safe for adults. Ingesting, or swallowing, essential oils is not recommended. Taken by mouth, the oils can damage the liver or kidneys. They can also lead to interactions with other drugs, and they can undergo unexpected changes while in the gut. BENEFITS Aromatherapy is a complementary therapy. It does not provide a cure for diseases, rashes or illnesses, but it can support conventional treatment of various conditions. A eucalyptus vapor bath may relieve symptoms of a cold or flu. It has been shown to reduce: Nausea
- 6. Pain and body aches Anxiety, agitation, stress, and depression Fatigue and insomnia Muscular aches Headaches Circulatory problems Menstrual problems Menopausal problems Alopecia, or hair loss Some types of psoriasis may find relief with aromatherapy, but a healthcare professional should advise about use and application. Digestive problems may benefit from peppermint oil, but it should not be ingested. Tooth ache and mouth sores can be relieved by clove oil, but this, too, should only be applied topically and not swallowed. Supporters claim that these and a wide range of other complaints respond well to aromatherapy, but not all of the uses are supported by scientific evidence. Classification of aromatherapy Cosmetic aromatherapy This therapy utilizes certain essential oils for skin, body, face and hair cosmetic products. These products are used for their various effects as cleansing, moisturizing, drying and toning. A healthy skin can be obtained by use of essential oils in facial products. On a personal level, cosmetic aromatherapy of full-body or foot bath will be a simple and an effective way to have an experience. Similarly, few drops of appropriate oil give a rejuvenating and revitalizing experience. Massage aromatherapy The use of grape seed, almond, or jojoba oil in pure vegetable oil during massage has been shown to have wonderful effects. This is also known as healing touch of massage therapy. Medical aromatherapy The founder of modern aromatherapy Rene-Maurice Gatehouses has used essential oils to massage patients during surgery, thus utilizing the medical aromatherapy knowledge of the effect of essential oils on promoting and treating clinically diagnosed medical ailments. Olfactory aromatherapy Inhalation of essential oils has given rise to olfactory aromatherapy, where simple inhalation has resulted in enhanced emotional wellness, calmness, relaxation or rejuvenation of the human body. The release of stress is welded with pleasurable scents which unlock odour memories. Essential oils are complemented to medical treatment and can never be taken as a replacement for it. Psycho-aromatherapy In psycho-aromatherapy, certain states of moods and emotions can be obtained by these oils giving the pleasure of relaxation, invigoration or a pleasant memory. The inhalation of the oils in this therapy is direct though the infusion in the room of a patient. Psycho-aromatherapy and aroma ology, both deal with the study and effects of aroma be it natural or synthetic. Psycho- aromatherapy has limited itself with study of natural essential oils. REFRENCES
- 7. 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil 2. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/extraction_methods_natural_essential_oil.pdf 3. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/extraction_methods_natural_essential_oil.pdf 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation 5. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/extraction_methods_natural_essential_oil.pdf