Isorerism in relative strength in inline functions in pine script.ppt

1
1
Example #2
Example #2
 Write a function to compute the distance
Write a function to compute the distance
between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Inline double distance (double x1, double y1,
Inline double distance (double x1, double y1,
double x2, double y2)
double x2, double y2)
{
{
return sqrt(pow(x1-x2,2)+pow(y1-y2,2));
return sqrt(pow(x1-x2,2)+pow(y1-y2,2));
}
}

2
2
Example #3
Example #3
 Write a function to compute n!
Write a function to compute n!
int factorial( int n)
int factorial( int n)
{
{
int product=1;
int product=1;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++) product *= i;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++) product *= i;
return product;
return product;
}
}

3
3
Example #4
Example #4
Function Overloading
Function Overloading
 Write functions to return with the maximum number of
Write functions to return with the maximum number of
two numbers
two numbers
inline int max( int x, int y)
inline int max( int x, int y)
{
{
if (x>y) return x; else return y;
}
}
inline double max( double x, double y)
inline double max( double x, double y)
{
{
}
}
An overloaded
function is a
function that is
defined more than
once with different
data types or
different number of
parameters

4
4
Sharing Data Among
Sharing Data Among
User-Defined Functions
User-Defined Functions
There are two ways to share data
There are two ways to share data
among different functions
among different functions
Using global variables (very bad practice!)
Using global variables (very bad practice!)
Passing data through function parameters
Passing data through function parameters
Value parameters
Value parameters
Reference parameters
Reference parameters
Constant reference parameters
Constant reference parameters

5
5
C++ Variables
C++ Variables
 A variable is a place in memory that has
A variable is a place in memory that has
 A name or identifier (e.g. income, taxes, etc.)
A name or identifier (e.g. income, taxes, etc.)
 A data type (e.g. int, double, char, etc.)
A data type (e.g. int, double, char, etc.)
 A size (number of bytes)
A size (number of bytes)
 A scope (the part of the program code that can use it)
A scope (the part of the program code that can use it)
 Global variables – all functions can see it and using it
Global variables – all functions can see it and using it
 Local variables – only the function that declare local
Local variables – only the function that declare local
variables see and use these variables
variables see and use these variables
 A life time (the duration of its existence)
A life time (the duration of its existence)
 Global variables can live as long as the program is executed
Global variables can live as long as the program is executed
 Local variables are lived only when the functions that define
Local variables are lived only when the functions that define
these variables are executed
these variables are executed

6
6
I. Using Global Variables
#include <iostream.h>
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}

7
7
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 0

8
8
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 0
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl ;
cout << x << endl ;
}
}
1

9
9
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 0
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl ;
cout << x << endl ;
}
}
1
void f2()
void f2()
{
{
x += 4;
x += 4;
f1();
f1();
}
}
2
4

10
10
4
5
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl ;
cout << x << endl ;
}
}
1
void f2()
void f2()
{
{
x += 4;
x += 4;
f1();
f1();
}
}
3
void f1()
void f1()
{
{
x++;
x++;
}
}
4

11
11
4
5
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
1
void f2()
void f2()
{
{
x += 4;
x += 4;
f1();
f1();
}
}
3
void f1()
void f1()
{
{
x++;
x++;
}
}
5

12
12
4
5
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
1
void f2()
void f2()
{
{
x += 4;
x += 4;
f1();
f1();
}
}
6

13
13
4
5
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
7

14
14
4
5
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
8

15
15
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void f2() { x+=4; f1(); }
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}

16
16
What Happens When We Use
Inline Keyword?
Inline Keyword?
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
Inline
Inline void f1() { x++; }
void f1() { x++; }
Inline
Inline void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}

17
17
Inline Keyword?
Inline Keyword?
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
Inline
void f1() { x++; }
Inline
void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
0
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
x+=4;
x+=4;
x++;
x++;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
1
The inline keyword
instructs the compiler to
replace the function call
with the function body!

18
18
Inline Keyword?
Inline Keyword?
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
Inline
void f1() { x++; }
Inline
void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
4
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
x+=4;
x+=4;
x++;
x++;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2

19
19
Inline Keyword?
Inline Keyword?
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
Inline
void f1() { x++; }
Inline
void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
5
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
x+=4;
x+=4;
x++;
x++;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
3

20
20
Inline Keyword?
Inline Keyword?
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
Inline
void f1() { x++; }
Inline
void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
5
x
void main()
void main()
{
{
x+=4;
x+=4;
x++;
x++;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
4

21
21
Inline Keyword?
Inline Keyword?
int x = 0;
int x = 0;
Inline
void f1() { x++; }
Inline
void f2() { x+=4; f1();}
void main()
void main()
{
{
f2();
f2();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}

22
22
What is Bad About Using
What is Bad About Using
Global Vairables?
Global Vairables?
 Not safe!
Not safe!
 If two or more programmers are working together in a
If two or more programmers are working together in a
program, one of them may change the value stored in
program, one of them may change the value stored in
the global variable without telling the others who may
the global variable without telling the others who may
depend in their calculation on the old stored value!
depend in their calculation on the old stored value!
 Against The Principle of Information Hiding!
Against The Principle of Information Hiding!
 Exposing the global variables to all functions is
Exposing the global variables to all functions is
against the principle of information hiding since this
against the principle of information hiding since this
gives all functions the freedom to change the values
gives all functions the freedom to change the values
stored in the global variables at any time (unsafe!)
stored in the global variables at any time (unsafe!)

23
23
Local Variables
Local Variables
 Local variables are declared inside the function
Local variables are declared inside the function
body and exist as long as the function is running
body and exist as long as the function is running
and destroyed when the function exit
and destroyed when the function exit
 You have to initialize the local variable before
You have to initialize the local variable before
using it
using it
 If a function defines a local variable and there
If a function defines a local variable and there
was a global variable with the same name, the
was a global variable with the same name, the
function uses its local variable instead of using
function uses its local variable instead of using
the global variable
the global variable

24
24
Example of Defining and Using
Global and Local Variables
int x;
int x; // Global variable
// Global variable
Void fun();
Void fun(); // function signature
// function signature
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
int x = 10; // Local variable
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}

25
25
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 0
Global variables are
automatically initialized to 0

26
26
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 0
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
1

27
27
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
int x = 10;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x ????
3

28
28
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
int x = 10;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 10
3

29
29
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
int x = 10;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 10
4

30
30
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
int x = 10;
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 10
5

31
31
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
6

32
32
int x;
// Global variable
Void fun();
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void fun()
void fun()
{
{
int x = 10;
// Local variable
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun();
fun();
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
7

33
33
II. Using Parameters
II. Using Parameters
 Function Parameters come in three
Function Parameters come in three
flavors:
flavors:
Value parameters
Value parameters – which copy the values of
– which copy the values of
the function arguments
the function arguments
Reference parameters
Reference parameters – which refer to the
– which refer to the
function arguments by other local names and
function arguments by other local names and
have the ability to change the values of the
have the ability to change the values of the
referenced arguments
referenced arguments
Constant reference parameters
Constant reference parameters – similar to
– similar to
the reference parameters but cannot change
the reference parameters but cannot change
the values of the referenced arguments
the values of the referenced arguments

34
34
Value Parameters
Value Parameters
 This is what we use to declare in the function signature or
This is what we use to declare in the function signature or
function header, e.g.
function header, e.g.
int max (int x, int y);
int max (int x, int y);
 Here, parameters x and y are value parameters
Here, parameters x and y are value parameters
 When you call the max function as
When you call the max function as max(4, 7)
max(4, 7), the values 4 and 7
, the values 4 and 7
are copied to x and y respectively
are copied to x and y respectively
When you call the max function as max (a, b),
max (a, b), where a=40 and
where a=40 and
b=10, the values 40 and 10 are copied to x and y respectively
b=10, the values 40 and 10 are copied to x and y respectively
When you call the max function as max( a+b, b/2),
max( a+b, b/2), the values 50
the values 50
and 5 are copies to x and y respectively
and 5 are copies to x and y respectively
 Once the value parameters accepted copies of the
Once the value parameters accepted copies of the
corresponding arguments data, they act as local
corresponding arguments data, they act as local
variables!
variables!

35
35
Example of Using Value
Parameters and Global Variables
int x;
// Global variable
void fun(int x)
void fun(int x)
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 0
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
1

36
36
int x;
// Global variable
void fun(int x)
void fun(int x)
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun(int x )
void fun(int x )
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
3
3

37
37
int x;
// Global variable
void fun(int x)
void fun(int x)
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun(int x )
void fun(int x )
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
3
4
8

38
38
int x;
// Global variable
void fun(int x)
void fun(int x)
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
void fun(int x )
void fun(int x )
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
3
8
5

39
39
int x;
// Global variable
void fun(int x)
void fun(int x)
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
6

40
40
int x;
// Global variable
void fun(int x)
void fun(int x)
{
{
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
x=x+5;
x=x+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x 4
void main()
void main()
{
{
x = 4;
x = 4;
fun(x/2+1);
fun(x/2+1);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
7

41
41
Reference Parameters
Reference Parameters
 As we saw in the last example, any changes in
As we saw in the last example, any changes in
the value parameters don’t affect the original
the value parameters don’t affect the original
function arguments
function arguments
 Sometimes, we want to change the values of the
Sometimes, we want to change the values of the
original function arguments or return with more
original function arguments or return with more
than one value from the function, in this case we
than one value from the function, in this case we
use reference parameters
use reference parameters
 A reference parameter is just another name to the
A reference parameter is just another name to the
original argument variable
original argument variable
 We define a reference parameter by adding the & in
We define a reference parameter by adding the & in
front of the parameter name, e.g.
front of the parameter name, e.g.
double update (double
double update (double &
& x);
x);

42
42
Example of Reference Parameters
void fun(int &y)
void fun(int &y)
{
{
cout << y << endl;
cout << y << endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
// Local variable
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
int x = 4;
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
1 x
? x
4

43
43
void fun(int &y)
void fun(int &y)
{
{
cout << y << endl;
cout << y << endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
int x = 4;
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
x
? x
4
void fun( int & y )
void fun( int & y )
{
{
cout<<y<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
3

44
44
void fun(int &y)
void fun(int &y)
{
{
cout << y << endl;
cout << y << endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
int x = 4;
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
x
? x
4
void fun( int & y )
void fun( int & y )
{
{
cout<<y<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
4 9

45
45
void fun(int &y)
void fun(int &y)
{
{
cout << y << endl;
cout << y << endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
int x = 4;
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
2
x
? x
9
void fun( int & y )
void fun( int & y )
{
{
cout<<y<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
5

46
46
void fun(int &y)
void fun(int &y)
{
{
cout << y << endl;
cout << y << endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
int x = 4;
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
6
x
? x
9

47
47
void fun(int &y)
void fun(int &y)
{
{
cout << y << endl;
cout << y << endl;
y=y+5;
y=y+5;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
void main()
void main()
{
{
int x = 4;
int x = 4;
fun(x);
fun(x);
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl;
}
}
x
? x
9
7

48
48
Constant Reference Parameters
Constant Reference Parameters
 Constant reference parameters are used under
Constant reference parameters are used under
the following two conditions:
the following two conditions:
 The passed data are so big and you want to save
The passed data are so big and you want to save
time and computer memory
time and computer memory
 The passed data will not be changed or updated in
The passed data will not be changed or updated in
the function body
the function body
 For example
For example
void report (
void report (const
const string
string &
& prompt);
prompt);
 The only valid arguments accepted by reference
The only valid arguments accepted by reference
parameters and constant reference parameters
parameters and constant reference parameters
are variable names
are variable names
 It is a syntax error to pass constant values or
It is a syntax error to pass constant values or
expressions to the (const) reference parameters
expressions to the (const) reference parameters

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