Issues and challenges in integrating ict
- 1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION In 1966, Malaysia has implemented the first computer system. So, the government introduced to Malaysian the several of initiatives to facilitate the greater adoption and diffusion of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve the capacities in several field such as business, industry, education and for general life. Besides, government also include the enhancement of education and training programmes, provision of an environment conducive to the development of ICT, provision of incentives for computerisation and automation and creation of venture capital funds. Recently, Malaysia is in full gear to drive the economy towards a knowledge-based one. While, in 1996 Malaysia identified ICT as one of the key foundations for its projected transition from a production-based economy to a knowledge-based economy by 2020. In declaring these visions, the government also acknowledged that such a transition will require a workforce capable of exploiting ICT to create new economic opportunities. In July 1997, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Smart School Flagship Application Conceptual Blueprint was launched by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Besides, the MSC Smart School Flagship Application is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Education (MoE) and the Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC). The ICT expertise for the initiative was provided by the Telekom Smart School (TSS) industry consortium. The MDeC, which has been entrusted with the development of the MSC, plays a key role in the implementation and ensuring that targets are achieved as planned. The Malaysian Smart School is a learning institution that has been systematically reinvented in terms of teaching-learning practices and school management in order to prepare children for the Information Age. There are some qualities of Malaysian Smart School that include a philosophy that say all students can learn if taught, a broad curriculum that considers the different capabilities and needs of all students, a school climate that is conducive to learning and a high level of parent and community involvement and support. In addition, the aim of the Smart School is to change the culture and practices of Malaysia’s primary and secondary schools, moving away from rote-memory learning toward fostering creative thinking skills. Moreover, it is also incorporate students to be more innovative and creative teaching while emphasizing self-paced learning. By the same method, the processes relating to 1
- 2. curriculum, pedagogy, assessment, and teaching-learning materials are reinvented to help students learn more effectively and efficiently, increase their comfort level with technology while enabling them to practice self-accessed and self-directed learning at their own pace. 1.2 SMART SCHOOL INITIATIVES Based on the Smart School Initiative, there have five main goals which focus on the need to develop a skilled work force for the Information Age and to promote the goals of the National Philosophy of education. The goals included increase participation of stakeholders, democratise education, produce thinking and technology-literate workforce, provide all-round development of the individual and provide opportunities to enhance individual strengths and abilities. To achieve those goals, an integrated set of strategies will be employed. For example, the strategies of democratise education are to provide equal access to learning opportunities and also provide for differing abilities, styles, and paces of learning. Furthermore, the stakeholders of the Smart School, namely parents, the community, and private sector, play important roles in improving the performance of the school. This can be achieved through their constant involvement in the professional and knowledge development relating to school management, teaching-learning, and other aspects of the Smart School. Besides, by create the awareness of what happens in schools also can attract the stakeholders be more concern to the students. On the other hand, provide all-round development of the individual including intellectual, physical, emotional and spiritual can be done by emphasise thinking skills, teach values and language across the curriculum and provide the broad curriculum for all. Moreover, provision to develop individual strengths and abilities can be applied by provide electives in the curriculum and allow for vertical integration such as virtual express class. While, to produce students with a thinking and technology-literate workforce, teachers must teach them to think across the curriculum and be more creative. Besides, applying technology in teaching and learning can help students in produce thinking and technology- literate workforce. Among the other ICT initiatives are TV Pendidikan, Pelaksanaan Pengajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris (PPSMI); teaching of science and mathematics in English, SchoolNet and Computer Lab. TV Pendidikan is a special television channel made available to schools as an alternative method of learning. The objectives of the channel are to underline the importance of technology in the development of education among teachers and 2
- 3. students, and to enrich the teaching and learning process through creative and innovative use of various media and technologies. There are also programs for teachers to help improve the teaching and learning process. PPSMI is an initiative to teach science and mathematics subjects in English rather than Bahasa Malaysia. 1.3 TEACHING LEARNING COMPONENTS Teaching and learning components are the main features that are important in Smart Schools. There are components used in Smart Schools which are teaching-learning process, management and administration, human resources, skills and responsibilities, processes, technology, and policies. The progress and development of Smart School in Malaysia are mainly depends on the six components. 1.3.1 Teaching-Learning Process The teaching-learning processes are the main components of the Smart School. The processes are relating to curriculum, pedagogy, assessments, and teaching-learning materials. They are reinvented to make the students learning more effective and interesting. Curriculum is an important element of education. The Smart School Curriculum will be designed according to other successful Smart School by referring to its curriculum elements. The curriculum has to be well designed to enable the education system to achieve the goals of National Philosophy of Education. Curriculum has to be design based on the integration of student knowledge and skills. It is important to help students achieve overall and balanced development in their learning. In addition, curriculum must have intended learning outcomes explicitly stated for different levels of abilities. Every studenthas different levels of abilities and different thinking level. So the intended learning outcomes can ensure all the students with different levels of abilities to gain equal knowledge among them. The Malaysia Smart School has its own vision of curriculum. The curriculum should be meaningful, socially responsible, multicultural, reflective, holistic, global, open-ended, goal-based, and technological. 3
- 4. The Smart School pedagogy is used to make learning more interesting, motivating and involving the student’s minds in the learning process. The pedagogy used an appropriate mix of learning strategies to ensure the meaningful learning process.The classroom atmosphere is compatible with the different teaching-learning strategies to allow the students with different in learning styles to boost their performance in class. In Smart School, there are many types of learning strategies such as teacher-centered, teacher as mentor and model, teacher as coach or facilitator and student-centered. In teacher- centered, the learning objectives, instructional tasks and resources for tasks are determined and selected by teachers while those tasks are determined and selected by students in student- centered strategies. In teacher as mentor and model, learning objectives are established by teachers but for instructional tasks and resources for tasks, teachers will suggest the suitable tasks from appropriate resources and students have right to give their own opinions. In pedagogy, there are also discussed about how teachers have to create suitable atmosphere for students by managing student’s behavior and organizing physical space. Teachers also have to make assessments on their student’s performance to get the clear vision on the student’s achievement, readiness, progress, learning styles and abilities. Besides that, teaching-learning materials also important in Smart School. The materials can be acquired from many sources such as education network (Edunet), internet and classified printed directories. 1.3.2 Management and Administration The management and administration of the Smart School helps the principals and headmasters to manage resources and processes required for teaching-learningin school more efficiently. There are nine primary functions of Smart School management that are school governance, student affairs, educational resources, external resources, finance, facilities, human resources, security and technology. School governance and student affairs involves communications, school policy, making curriculum, management, student profiles, student’s performance and evaluation that empower information to and from all the stakeholders. It also manages curriculum so that it is suitable and appropriate to be use in teaching and learning process in Malaysia Smart Schools. Resource database management and input to curriculum development are under educational resources which makes schools easier to have resources. It 4
- 5. also enable the school to access the national and international research database. The external resources deal with management of resources outside the school that helps teachers and principals to utilize external resources effectively. The financial and maintaining and managing the utilization of school facilities are under financial and facilities management while the human resources department responsible in handles teachers, schools staff and school administrators. Smart School security also responsible in management because it monitor the physical and student safety in school while technology is important to implements and managing the technology components in schools to prevent problems in teaching-learning process. 1.3.3 Human Resources, Skills and Responsibilities The Smart School has a commitment to provide equal opportunities for all students with different needs and capabilities which it involves the development of the main stakeholders. The main stakeholders will include teachers, principals, staff, parents and the community. All stakeholders must have specific skills and right attitude to develop the school. Teacher is the most important person to be developed with many specific skills because they are the one that will teach and giving learning in school. The teachers have to undergo intensive training on Information Technology (IT) skills because technology is the main component used in Smart Schools. The intensive training will enhance their thinking and creativity. Principal also have to attend intensive management training course to help them manage new facilities and technologies develop in Smart Schools. 1.3.4 Processes The Smart School processes are viewed as a system. These processes will continuously be monitor to ensure that the system provides accurate and functional input to produce the desired output. For the Smart School system, the major inputs are the resources which are students, teachers, technology and tools, and the Ministry of Education in the form of curriculum specification, financing, management and control functions. As the system proceeds, it has to undergo through a series of sub processes. The sub processes are play roles for identifying and localizing teaching plans, selecting and organizing teaching-learning materials, determining a student’s entry level, holding classroom sessions and providing feedback for the student assessment. The sub processes normally is done by teachers who are in charge for the teaching deliveries to the students. 5
- 6. 1.3.5 Technology Technology is an element that cannot be separated in Smart School because the concept of Smart Schools is depending on the development of technology as their teaching and learning are delivered to students via technology. Technology is used as an enabler for Smart Schoolpractices in teaching-learning, management, and communicationswith external constituencies. 1.3.6 Policies Smart Schools are same with the other institutions and schools which they have policies that have to be followed by all the stakeholders. The policies are important to ensure the successful implementation of the SmartSchool, changes in existing policies and regulations, as well asthe formulation of new policies and regulations, have to beconducted. Technology that are be used in Smart Schools are have their own policies. 1.4 TECHNOLOGY AS AN ENABLER Technology is required as an enabler for running the Smart Schools. Technology is used in three ways at Smart Schools which are Smart School practices, technical requirements and Smart School technology solutions. Smart Schools practices are including teaching and learning, management system and external constituencies. As we know, there are many teaching and learning practices that are being used by teachers to help their students in Smart Schools. Some of the practices are self- exploratory learning which means every computer shall have access to the latesteducational materials available locally, as well asto external resources. In this learning, students are let go by teachers to discover the technology by their own. The other example of practices is collaborative learning thatfacilitates group work within the classand across classes. This type of practices is suitable to be used by teachers when they are planning to make assessment of each student by grouping. This learning can help students to share their opinions and thought with their peer. Distance learning and experiential learning is the creative way of learning that maybe interest students to learn more. Distance learning 6
- 7. focusing on the communication with outside constituencies using technology such video conferencing, email and broadcast while experiential learning are using simulation software to stimulate learning. By using experiential learning, students will be more creative and understand to use the technology very well. Besides that, technology also used in Smart School management system. School governance use technology as computer for communication such as video conferencing to connect the school to the Ministry of Education for administration and policy implementation purposes. Technology also used in student’s affair department to maintain student’s profiles and backgrounds. For educational resources and external resources, the computer communication is used to link the schools databases to central resource databases to regulate and organize educational resources and also to link the schools to external constituencies. External resources such as internet help students to access information for their studies. Smart School technology solutions are implemented to support, fulfill and integrate theSmart School. In school level, the requirements are varied and easy access to teaching- learning resources. The physical facilities such as classroom must be completed with equipment including hardware and software. If students need to find resources from network-based materials, the library should have provided them for the materials. The database center of multimedia courseware must be functional to help them finish their research and findings. 7
- 8. 1.5 OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SMART SCHOOL The smart school exists in Malaysia at 1999 as the initiative to implant the ICT skill among the Malaysian student. There are four wave of smart school from 1999 until now. The first wave is Pilot wave. At this wave, there are only 87 schools taken to be smart school as the trial of the project. This program gets many feedbacks from the Ministry of Education and local academics. The feedbacks from Ministry of Education are under-utilization of software application and courseware, not effective technology/infrastructure/helps desk, complicated smart school management system, and some recommendation from them such as they provide the technical support. In March to April 2003, the local academics give their overviews about the smart school. The overviews are limited teaching-learning materials, insufficient well-trained teacher, inadequate of the technology infrastructure, know how to utilize some of the smart school management system component and complain from the parent that they not aware that the pilot wave have been implanted in their school. The second wave of the smart school is the Post-Pilot wave from 2002 until 2005. This wave is the subsequent of the first wave, Pilot wave. In this phase, the ICT must become a key enabler for learning. The monitoring and corrective measures are so critical that negligence in addressing constraints highlighted in the various studies will jeopardize the successful implementation of the Smart School. There is an urgent need for supervision and support. Hence, 8
- 9. the Roadmap will need to incorporate this as an integral part of the expansion plan for Smart Schools. Wave three of the smart school is to make all schools become smart school (2005-2010) and the final wave is consolidated and stabilizes (2010-2020).The Roadmap begins with the setting of targets to realize an advanced Smart School scenario by 2020. These targets will clarify the deliverables expected of the main players and stakeholders consisting of representatives from the Ministry of Education and its industry partners, parents, teachers and students. The deliverables are in the form of services to be delivered such as materials, training, etc. It also means delivering on quality, such as quality of materials and quality of training. The Smart School expansion process adopts a performance-based approach where progress is evaluated and reported and feedback gathered for immediate corrective action. The Roadmap will eventually lead to the realization of an advanced Smart School scenario by 2020. 1.6 CHALLENGES There are many challenges in applying the smart school in Malaysia. First challenge is information skill. Information skills are those needed to define the information task, locate 9
- 10. sources and select data, process and present information and evaluate the task. Most of the students and teachers can be seen never have enough skill to get information. The information skills are print, interpretive, visual and aural, expressive and technological skills. Print skill is the ability to locate and read, critically and analytically, any form of print in any format, from book to computer screen. The interpretive skills are the ability to analyze, collate, assess and interpret information in print, person, AV or electronic purpose in relation to information purpose. Visual and aural skills are the ability to analyze information in visual and aural forms. The expressive skills are the ability to communicate through oral or writing research results, finding, opinions, and to use technology as a communication device with confidence. The technological skills are the ability to use hardware and software, when appropriate, to retrieve, process and present information. The information skills training must be delivered in a variety ways or employing flexible delivery to meet the varied needs of the client that are the student. However, it is clearly the outmost importance that the training be seen to be and be relevant and timely. This can be done by integrating information skills training into curriculum. Through that strategic approach, students will value the training and benefit from its immediate application. The second challenge is pedagogical change. Pedagogy is the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept. Pedagogical developments demands continuing dialogue between teachers and librarians with emphases on client autonomy, information skills and the attributes of students through continual innovation. Through such conversations, librarians are engaging with the core of education and the necessary emphasis on quality. The other challenge that can be in integrating smart school in Malaysia is the way to have affective e-learning in classroom. Some teacher may use the same method of e-learning to teach the student. For example, the teacher always show video about the topic that he what to teach to the student. At the first learning, the class was fun but the student will get bored to the method and the learning will be ineffective. To overcome this problem, the teacher must vary the techniques in applying the materials and technology that can be used in the classroom. For example, the teacher can use smart board, Educational TV (ETV), and use hardware or courseware to increase the understanding level of the student. Most of the new courseware developed will be web-enable, so it will always be updated to the current level of study. 10
- 11. Other than that, the awareness of the society about smart school also can be a challenge to the smart school. The society can be parents, employer, NGO’s or religious group that always observes the development of the smart school. For them, the smart school is same as the other normal school. In other hand, some will think that the smart school is for smart student only. So, their interest about smart school will decrease and have no interest to support the development of the smart school. The program of smart school is not under the ministry of education, but under the principle of the school. This situation will give less info about smart school to the society. To overcome this problem, a program to introduce and give info about the smart school should be held. By held this program, the society can see the right perspective of the existence of smart school. So, their awareness will increase and support the smart school program. In Malaysia, the schools are everywhere nowadays. To integrate the smart school, the connection to internet coverage is very important. The issue here is the internet coverage is limited and some of the rural school does not get the connection to the internet. In other hand, the problem faced in integrating the smart school is heavy investment of facilities. In the Pilot wave, the Smart School Integrated Solution (SSIS) was rolled out to 87 schools in the country at the cost of about USD78 million (RM300 million). The next issue is the lack of the well-trained teacher in ICT at the smart school. They lack ICT knowledge and not comfortable with the use of hardware and courseware. Most of them prefer traditional way of teaching which is teaching by using text book or whiteboard. Some of them think that using courseware is a waste of time so they rather pay more attention on parts that are related to exams. A teacher that knows the skill of ICT is the main element to produce e- learning classroom. At the academy, most of the teacher not taught to handle the ICT application. So, the issue nowadays is the effort to prepare teachers as catalyst for student to master the ICT skills. The intern must go through rigorous training course and undergoing retraining in five skill that are learning skill, creative and critical thinking, facilitating, assessment and evaluation and technologically competent. Some teachers are not keen on using the courseware. The next problem is the lack of back up technician. Some school does not have enough technicians because to hire the technician, a lot of cost must be spending. In applying the ICT in the classroom of the smart school, some technical problem may occur. If the technical problems 11
- 12. occur during class, teacher and the student have to wait until for the technician to continuing the lesson. So, this situation will affect the teaching and learning process. 1.7 CONCLUSION The Smart School initiative, as envisaged in the Conceptual Blueprint, can revolutionize learning in ways that are beyond our grasp today. The Pilot and the Post-Pilot phases have helped in identifying weaknesses and corrective steps have been identified to rectify these and enhance the strengths. Ensuring the successful implementation of the nationwide expansion of the Smart School will require certain moves as summarized below. From the essay, we know the smart school has many pro and contra. Other than that, we know about the overview of the wave of smart school that are consist of four wave, Pilot, Post-Pilot, Make All School Smart by 2010 and Consolidate and Stabilize. 1.8 REFERENCES http://www.moe.edu.my/btp/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/CRF_00041.pdf http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan011288.pdf http://www.msc.com.my/topic/About+Smart+School http://www.ue.edu.pk/jrre/articles/52002.pdf http://www.mscmalaysia.my/sites/default/files/pdf/publications_references/SMART_SCHOOL_ ROADMAP_020506.pdf http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet26/thang.html http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan011288.pdf http://www.mscmalaysia.my/sites/default/files/pdf/publications_references/SMART_SCHO OL_ROADMAP_020506.pdf 12